Program: Liberal Studies
Instructor: Theresa (Terri) Senft
Instructor’s email: terri.senft@nyu.edu
CONTENTS
The Basics:
When and where do I acknowledge my sources? Page 1
What gets italicized? Page 1
What goes in quotation marks? Page 1
One way to acknowledge sources: Harvard System Page 2
Creating In-‐text Citations
How do I create in-‐text citations for print/film sources? Page
How do I create in-‐text citations for internet sources? Page
3
4
Creating Bibliographies
How do I create a bibliographic entry for a print or film source? Page 5
How do I create a bibliographic entry for an internet source Page 6
THE BASICS
When and where do I acknowledge my sources?
There are two times and places you will be expected to acknowledge your sources:
1.
In the body of your paper . Each time you quote or paraphrase thoughts that are not your own, you are expected to credit your source within the body of your paper. Credit usually given at the end of the sentence or paragraph you’ve quoted or paraphrased. To learn more, see the section below called “References within the essay.”
2.
At the end of your paper.
Every academic essay must end with a complete list of references used, arranged in alphabetical order by author. To learn more, see the section called “Bibliography.”
What gets italicised ?
•
Titles of Books
•
Titles of Magazines, journals
•
Titles of Newspapers
•
Titles of Films
•
Titles of TV shows
• Titles of Radio programmes
•
Titles of Albums/CD-‐ROMs
•
Titles of Websites (your word processor will underscore for you)
• Titles of Videogames
•
Titles of Plays
What goes in “inverted commas”?
•
Titles of “articles” in magazines, journals, newspapers or on websites
•
Titles of “chapters” in books
•
Titles of “songs”
•
Titles of “poems” (except epics)
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One System you Might Like: The Harvard System
Although you are free to use any style you wish, as long as you are consistent, I use the Harvard referencing system to acknowledge sources. As you will see below, this system causes minimum disruption to the reader, while still providing all the necessary information. The librarians at the University of Southern Queensland (Australia) have produced some excellent online materials to help you with
Harvard referencing. I suggest you bookmark the following URLs for help with all future papers: o Guide for citing non-‐internet sources (e.g. print, film, video, music, etc) using Harvard style: http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/ehelp/ref_guides/harvard.htm
o Guide for citing sources you find on the internet using Harvard style:
http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/ehelp/ref_guides/harvardonline.htm
• Video guide to help you understand the Harvard system: http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Business/Harvard_Referencing_A_Brief_Guide/
IMPORTANT NOTE : The Harvard citation system differs slightly depending on whether your source is located on the internet (e.g. a web site) or off it (e.g. a book or film.) We’ll cover both internet and non-‐
internet citation practices below.
See next page for my “cheat sheets” for using the Harvard system in your work.
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CREATING IN-‐TEXT CITATIONS FOR BOOKS, ARTICLES, FILMS,
OR ANYTHING NOT INTERNET RELATED.
At certain points in an academic essay you’ll want to use direct quotes from other work in order to reinforce the point you’re making. When you quote or paraphrase from a non-‐internet source (e.g. a book, film, newspaper article, etc.), use the following guidelines:
•
If you are directly quoting someone, include the following information in brackets after a quotation:
(author’s surname, year of publication: page) Example: In terms of contemporary celebrity culture, it is important to consider whether it is still true that while there are “television personalities, there are no television stars”(Abercrombie, 1996: 11).
•
If you are summarising/paraphrasing someone’s work , the page number is not included. Example:
Daytime talk shows are not empowering for women, although they do provide a therapeutic forum for many marginalised voices (Shattuc, 1997).
•
If you are including the author’s name as part of your sentence , place the date in brackets after it.
Example: Spigel (1991) argues that television quickly began to represent particular domestic values.
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If you are quoting one author speaking about another, use the word “in”.
What if you are reading a book by Shattuc, and in this book there is a quote from another author, Lupton. You would like to use
Lupton’s quote, but you haven’t read Shattuc’s original source (that is, Lupton’s work.) To correctly quote this, make use of the word ‘in’. Example:
Here we see the shows “marking guests out as ‘strange’ and ‘unusual’, forced to justify their choice of lifestyle to an audience positioned as uncomprehending, hostile, confused, viewing the guests’ narrative with suspicion as abnormal and inexplicable”(Lupton, in Shattuc, 1997: 40).
NOTE: The page number given is from Shattuc’s book, where you got the quotation. Your bibliography would include the text by Shattuc, but you cannot include the text by Lupton because you haven’t read it.
•
If you are using material from an edited collection (a book that has chapters/articles written by different people, as opposed to a single author), cite the name of the author of the material you’re using, not the editor(s).
For example, let’s say you are using an article from Spigel in a book edited by Hartman and Lowe. The correct way to cite it would be as follows: (Spigel, 1990: 40).
Although Spigel’s work appears in a book with someone else’s name on the cover, if you’re using her work (quoting directly or paraphrasing), cite Spigel as the author-‐-‐ the source -‐-‐NOT the editor of the collection (who is responsible for putting together the book). See the next section for the way to cite this in your bibliography.
See next page to learn how to create in-‐text citations for internet-‐related materials…
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CREATING IN-‐TEXT CITATIONS FOR INTERNET-‐RELATED MATERIALS
REMEMBER: Do not give a full web addresse in the body of your essay . It breaksup the flow of your writing. Instead, use the guidelines below, and put full addresses in the bibliography.
If you are citing a Web document (author known)
list the website editor or compiler and the date on which the document was created or last revised.
Example: According to experts at the National Narcotics Control Board (1999) …
If you are citing a web document (no author) , give the title of the document followed by the date of creation or most recent revision.
Example: “Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by Columbia University,1993-‐2000.” (initial workshop draft) (1994).
If you are citing a conversation that takes place on a blog or a bulletin board
Cite the web site with the rules above. However, if you want to help your reader get fast access to a conversation on the Web, you can add a footnote.
Example:
1 This conversation is available online at http://www.livejournal.com/ohnotheydidnt.html
<accessed 12
January 2012>
If you are citing an electronic book, follow the examples listed for print books. Examples: “According to Fitzgerald (1999) ...”; “these conclusions have since been questioned (Sheridan, Smith & Brown 2001)”
If you are citing CD-‐ROMs (including videogames) your in-‐text references should contain the title (in italics) and date of the CD-‐ROM.
Example: Australia through time (1994)
Other Helpful Hints (courtesy of University of South Queensland, Australia)
•
Specify the date you accessed the item, since Web documents can change or disappear at any time.
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If a Web document includes both a date of creation and a date updated, use only the date updated.
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If you have trouble identifying the title, look at the top of the Web page above FILE on your browser.
•
The date a Web document was created is usually listed right at the bottom of the document.
For Creating bibliographies, see next page.
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CREATING BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTRIES FOR BOOKS, ARTICLES, FILMS, AND
ANYTHING NOT-‐INTERNET RELATED
Every academic essay includes a bibliography. This is simply a list of the sources you’ve cited in your essay but it includes more information, formatted differently, than what you have in the body of the essay. Bibliographies should include both primary and secondary sources, so if you’re writing an essay about a particular film, for example, the film should be included in the bibliography. The bibliography is organised alphabetically, by author’s surname. If there is no author cited, place the title first. Format as follows: o Books with one author:
Author’s surname, first initial. (year of publication) Title. Place of publication: publisher.
Example: Abercrombie, N. (1996) Television and Society . Cambridge: Polity. o Books with more than one author:
List the authors in the same order their names appear on the cover of the book.
Example: Branston, G. and Stafford, R. (1996) The Media Student’s Book . London: Routledge. o Works in edited collections:
Author’s surname, first initial. (year of publication) “Title of chapter/article’. Editor’s surname, first initial (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: publisher.
Example: Farmer, B. (2003) “Everyday Technology’. Martin, F. (ed.) Interpreting Everyday Culture .
London: Edward Arnold. o Articles in journals:
Author’s surname, first initial. (year of publication) “Title of article”(NOT the title of the journal in
which it appears). Title of journal. Volume number, issue/part number. Page numbers.
Example: Harris, S. and Hyland, T. (1995) “Basic Skills Learning and Learning Support in Further and
Higher Education’. Journal of Further and Higher Education.
Volume 19, issues 2. 42-‐47. o Newspapers:
Author’s surname, first initial. (year of publication) “Title of article’. Title of newspaper. Date. Page number(s).
Example: Hoggard, L. (2003) “Thinking Outside the Box’. The Observer . 29 June. Page 9.
•
Television and radio:
Title of programme, episode number (if available), “Title of episode” (if available), production
company. Broadcaster/channel, full date (day, month, year), time of broadcast.
Example: Cutting It . BBC1, 17 June 2003, 21.00 hours.
If all the information isn’t available of applicable (not all programmes have episode numbers and/or titles, for example), include as much of the information as you have available.
Example: Women’s Hour . BBC Radio 4. 30 June 2003. 10.30 hours.
• Film:
Title of film (director’s surname, year of production/release, country of origin/production).
Example: Chinatown (Polanski, 1974, US).
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CREATING BIBLIOGRAPHIC ENTIRES FOR
INTERNET-‐BASED RESOURCES
When writing up bibliographic references for materials obtained over the internet (e.g. web sites, etc.) follow the following guidelines (examples provided by University of South Queensland):
•
Journal article found on the web
Author Year, 'Article title', Journal Title , volume, issue, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.
Example:
Griffith, AI 1995, 'Coordinating family and school: mothering for schooling', Education Policy Analysis
Archives , vol. 3, no. 1, viewed 12 February 1997, <http://olam.ed.asu.edu/epaa/>.
•
Full-‐text journal article found through an electronic database
Author Year, 'Article title', Journal Title , volume, issue, paging if given or indication of length, viewed
Day Month Year, Name of database service, Name of database, item number (if given).
Example: Rasid, ZM & Parish, TS 1998, 'The effects of two types of relaxation training on students' levels of anxiety', Adolescence , vol. 33, no. 129, p. 99, viewed 23 September 1998, EBSCOhost database Academic Search Premier, item: AN589758.
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Newspaper article found on the web
Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title , Day Month, page number (if given), viewed Day Month
Year, <URL>.
Example: Cleary, P & Lewis, S 2001, 'It's the end of a long boom', The Australian Financial Review , 8
March, viewed 8 March 2001, <http://afr.com/australia/2001/03/08/FFXIM9PU0KC.html>.
•
Newspaper article in electronic database
Author Year, 'Article title', Newspaper Title , Day Month, page number (if given), viewed Day Month
Year, Name of database, item number (if given).
Example : Pianin, E 2001, 'As coal's fortunes climb, mountains tremble in W.Va; energy policy is
transforming lives', The Washington Post , 25 February, p. A03, viewed 8 March 2001, Electric Library
Australasia.
• Portion or all of a web page (author known)
Author/editor or compiler Year of the most recent version, Title , version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day
Month Year, <URL either full location details or just the main site details>.
Example:
Anderson, J (Minister for Transport and Regional Services) 2000, CASA approves avgas contamination test , media release, 23 January, Department of Transport and Regional Services,Canberra, viewed 7
February 2000, <http://www.dotrs.gov.au/media/anders/archive/2000/jan_00/al6_2000.htm>.
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•
Portion or all of a Web page (no author)
Title Year, version number (if applicable), description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, <URL either full location details or just the main site details>.
Example:
Educating America for the 21st century: developing a strategic plan for educational leadership by
Columbia University 1993-‐2000(initial workshop draft) 1994, draft workshop report, Institute for
Learning technologies,Columbia University, viewed 16 May 1995,
<http://ariel.adgrp.com/~ghb/trips/940717_ICT/policy/ILT/EdPlan.html>.
•
Portion or all of a Web page (no publication date)
Author n.d., Title , version number (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, <URL either full location or just main site details>.
Example:
Sherman, C n.d., The invisible web , Free Pint Limited, UK, viewed 27 November 2000,
<http://www.freepint.co.uk/issues/080600.htm#feature>.
•
Electronic mail: Discussion list message
Author <Author's details -‐ usually an e-‐mail address> Year of posting, 'Subject/title of posting', description of posting, discussion list Owner, viewed Day Month, <URL>. Example:
Wilson, D <wilsond@rocketscience.com.au> 2003, 'Using the Web to your advantage', discussion
group, National Computer Network, viewed 28 January 2003, <NETTRAIN@ubvm.cc.buffalo.edu>.
•
Image found online
Title of image (or a description) Year, description of document (if applicable), name and place of the sponsor of the source, viewed Day Month Year, <URL either full location details or just the main site details>.
Example:
The lunar interior 1999, PlanetScapes, US, viewed 31 January 2003,
<http://www.planetscapes.com/solar/browse/moon/moonint.jpg>.
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