Vertebrate Structure and Development
ZOOL 3405
Exam #3
August 7, 2015
This exam consists of 60 questions (40 multiple choice and 20 short answer). Indicate the
single most correct answers to the multiple-choice questions on your answer sheet.
Please be sure to write your name at the top of the answer form. You may keep this test form.
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I. Multiple-choice questions. Select the single most correct answer.
1) Macrophages and mast cells have what kind of function within body tissues?
a) hormone secretion
b) storage of fats and oils
c) defense
d) oxygen transport
e) secretion of elastin and collagen fibers
2) The epimere is the:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
outer layer of the integument
inner layer of the endoderm
most ventral portion of the embryonic mesoderm
portion of the embryonic mesoderm closest to the notochord and nerve cord
portion of the embryonic mesoderm lying closest to the gut
3) The basal layer of the epidermis is the:
a) keratin layer
b) stratum corneum
c) dermis
d) hypodermis
e) stratum germinativum
4) Fish scales differ from “reptilian” scales in that fish scales:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
consist of epidermal ridges only
consist of dermal bone overlain by epidermis
are homologous with bird scales
are outgrowths of the axial skeleton
originate from scleratomes
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5) Which of the following structures originate from mesodermal tissue only?
a) hair follicles
b) intestinal tract
c) eye lens
d) human skin
e) heart
6) Which of the following would not be a function of the mucous coating on the skin of a
freshwater fish?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
reducing salt loss from the body
increasing swimming efficiency
“sloughing off” particulate matter
reducing water loss from the body
offering some protection from predators
7) Carotenoids and pterins are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
neurotransmitters
plant pigments sequestered by chromatophores
hormones involved in osmoregulation
hormones secreted by the pancreas
proteins involved in bioluminescence
8) The exchange of gases across an epithelial surface:
a) is more efficient when the blood is moving quickly
b) is by means of active transport of gas molecules
c) results from diffusion from a high-concentration medium to a low-concentration
medium
d) occurs only in gills or lungs
e) can occur across either wet or dry surfaces
9) The nasal cavity is connected to the buccal cavity in all of the following groups except:
a) amphibians
b) lungfishes
c) mammals
d) birds
e) bony fishes
10) Which of the following structures develops primarily from ectoderm?
a) brain and spinal cord
b) intestinal tract
c) pancreas
d) heart
e) vertebral column
11) The possession of a camouflaging color pattern is called:
a) bioluminencence
b) apomixis
c) warning coloration
d) osmoregulation
e) crypsis
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12) Electrical organs:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
are found in all fishes and amphibians
are homologous in all organisms in which they occur
are used primarily to stun potential prey
are more common in amphibians than in fishes
consist of modified myofibers
13) Actin and myosin:
a) are found only in vertebrates
b) are active in skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
c) are the only proteins involved in muscular contraction
d) are found only in striated muscle
e) contribute to bone formation
14) The oldest known vertebrate fossils having feathers were:
a) dinosaurs
b) amphibians
c) pterosaurs
d) mammals
e) birds
15) Luciferin and luciferase are:
a) components of smooth muscle
d) proteins involved in muscle contraction
b) components of the dermis
e) hormones
c) proteins involved in light production
16) A synapse:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
is a physical connection between the membranes of two neurons
ensures unidirectional flow of nerve impulses
passes electrical impulses primarily from dendrites to axon
works by means of very long-lived neurotransmitter molecules
encases the axon within a sheath of myelin
17) Olfactory receptors differ from taste buds (gustatory receptors) in that olfactory receptors:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
are found only in mammals
are located only on the tongue in vertebrates
primarily detect water-soluble chemicals
primarily detect fat-soluble chemicals
are tertiary receptors
18) Sensory receptors located within muscles, tendons, and joints:
a) labyrinth organs
b) proprioceptors
c) chemoreceptors
d) radioreceptors
e) pit organs
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19) The idea that the heart is the center of love and emotion probably results from the fact that:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
the iron in hemoglobin produces a red color
it is innervated by the autonomic nervous system
cardiac muscle is intrinsically contractile
we can feel the rhythmic pulsing of the aortic arch
the body dies when the heart stops beating
20) Which of the following structures do not develop from somites?
a) branchiomeric muscles
b) myomeres
c) vertebrae
d) dermatomes
e) hypobranchial muscles
21) Some sharks can undergo long migrations, following the magnetic field of the earth by
means of their:
a) neuromasts
b) ampullae of Lorenzini
c) pineal glands
d) chemoreceptors
e) olfactory receptors
22) Pharyngeal pouches:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
have hemibranchs on their anterior and posterior sides
are external in larval fishes and amphibians
produce gills in vertebrate embryos
occur in all vertebrates at some stage of development
develop into lungs in terrestrial vertebrates
23) Which kind of structure would not be found in the dermis?
a) nerves
b) chromatophores
c) keratinized epithelium
d) adipose cells
e) capillaries
24) A rete is a general term for a:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
cluster of cell bodies within the brain
blood-pressure sensor
cluster of nerve endings within a tendon
countercurrent network within the circulatory system
mass of lymphatic vessels
25) The timing of circadian and monthly cycles is strongly influenced by hormonal secretions of
the:
a) optic tectum
b) cerebral hemispheres
c) pineal body
d) adenohypophysis
e) metencephalon
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26) Which of the following structures are not composed of smooth muscle?
a) intrinsic eyeball muscles
b) hair erector muscles
c) intestinal wall muscles
d) feather erector muscles
e) mimetic muscles
27) The secondary circulatory system that returns ‘leaked’ fluids to the blood-vascular system:
a) hepatic portal
b) pulmonary
c) afferent
d) lymphatic
e) systematic
28) The optic vesicle, an outgrowth of the brain, stimulates the development of the lens and
cornea by a process called:
a) induction
b) gastrulation
c) enterocoely
d) cleavage
e) differentiation
29) The limbic system in humans is primarily:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
an olfactory center
a switchboard for visual functions
a brain region in which locomotory movements are generated and controlled
a brain region linking emotions to basic physiological processes
a center for the control of respiratory functions
30) The basic function of the utriculus and sacculus of the labyrinth organ is to enable the
organism to:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
keep track of the position of the endolymphatic fluid in the semicircular canals
maintain a constant direction of motion of the body
sense pressure waves moving along the body
determine the position of the body with respect to gravity
sense the position of potential predators or prey nearby
31) Which of the following is not a component of the acoustico-lateralis system of a fish or
amphibian?
a) endolymphatic fluid
b) neuromast
c) lagena
d) semicircular canals
e) auditory ossicles
32) The region (lobe or vesicle) of the brain that is primitively associated with olfaction is the:
a) telencephalon
b) diencephalon
c) metencephalon
d) mesencephalon
e) prosencephalon
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33) The derived portion of the labyrinth in mammals that greatly increases hearing sensitivity:
a) cristae
b) utriculus
c) cochlea
d) sacculus
e) otoliths
34) Secondary receptors able to detect heat and cold are located in the:
a) epidermis
b) wall of the digestive tract
c) skeletal muscles
d) stratum corneum
e) dermis
35) The inner-ear function that is common to all vertebrates:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
detection of low-frequency pressure waves
electromagnetic reception
orientation and equilibrium
detection of high-frequency pressure waves
hearing
36) Which is not true about dorsal medial eyes?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
they are associated with circadian rhythms
they form focused images
two develop in embryos, but at most one is functional in adults
they are absent in most living adult vertebrates
they are derived from the roof of the diencephalon
37) Portal systems:
a) are large blood cavities not lined by endothelium
b) always receive venous blood
c) have arisen independently in a number of vertebrate groups
d) serve as blood filters
e) always receive arterial blood
38) In tetrapods, the intrinsic eye muscles attached to the lens originate on the:
a) ciliary body
b) retina
c) cornea
d) sclera
e) choroid layer
39) Terrestrial vertebrates control the focus of the image on the retina by changing:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
the shape of the retina
the amount of light entering the eye
the distance between the lens and the retina
the shape of the lens
the kinds of radioreceptors with which light is detected
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40) The group of living mammals that is characterized by many “reptilian” traits (e.g., scales,
cleidoic eggs, heterothermic body temperature):
a) marsupials
b) monotremes
c) metatherians
d) placentals
e) eutherians
II. Short answer questions. Provide the terms (words or phrases) for which the following are
definitions. Give terms, not examples.
41) Neurohypophysis,
hypothalamus,
infundibulum
The portion of the brain that forms the dorsal (posterior, in
humans) portion of the pituitary gland.
42) Endothelium
The epithelial tissue layer that provides an inner lining for most
of the circulatory system.
43) Cones
The sensory cells within the retina that are sensitive to bright
light and color.
44) Natural selection
An evolutionary model accounting for adaptation of
populations to their environments due to differences in fitness
among organisms.
45) Coelom
The embryonic cavity that is surrounded by mesodermal cells
and does not open to the outside of the body.
46) Cleidoic
The type of egg that is characteristic of reptiles (including birds)
and mammals.
47) Leucocytes
The blood cells that are specialized for protection against
foreign cells and substances within the blood-vascular system.
48) Sebum
A complex mixture of hydrophobic oils and waxes that is
secreted within feather and hair follicles by birds and mammals.
49) Tympanic/angular,
malleus/articular,
incus/quadrate,
stapes/hyomandibular
50) Diencephalon
The name of one of the auditory ossicles of mammals, along
with the corresponding ancestral jaw bone with which it is
homologous.
The major region (lobe or vesicle) of the adult brain that is
differentiated into several different structures that secrete
hormones.
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51) Optic tectum
The thickened dorsal surface of the mesencephalon that serves as
a visual center in lower vertebrates and a secondary visual center
in higher vertebrates.
52) Glial, neuroglial
Cells that support, nourish, and interact with neurons within the
central nervous system.
53) Pleural
The coelomic cavity within which the lungs lie.
54) Dentin
A very hard, calcareous, dermal secretion that may coat
scales and teeth.
55) Neurotransmitters
The general name for chemicals that are produced by neurons
and that serve to conduct nerve impulses from one cell to
another.
56) Metencephalon
The name of the lobe or vesicle of the adult vertebrate brain in
which the cerebellum is located.
57) Myelin sheath
The wrapping of fatty connective tissue that surrounds and
insulates an axon.
58) Neural crest
The tissue that is most important in inducing the major structures
of the head and peripheral nervous system in vertebrates.
59) Somites
The longitudinally subdivided segments of mesoderm that give
rise to all of the structures of the vertebrate body associated with
body segmentation.
60) Peristalsis
Waves of muscular contraction (of smooth or cardiac muscle)
that move fluids or solids through tubes.