REMOVAL OF COPPER AND CADMIUM IONS FROM SYNTHETIC
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER USING CONTINUOUS ION EXCHANGE
COLUMN SYSTEM
SALEM OMAR SALEM BAMATRAF
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical)
Faculty of Chemical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
JANUARY 2013
DECLARATION
ii
ABSTRACT
Removal of copper and cadmium ions from synthetic industrial wastewater
using commercial cation exchange resin (Ambrlite 200) was investigated. The
experimental investigations were conducted in a fixed bed column system. Where the
experiments studied the effect of three essential parameters: 1) bed height (3-5cm),
2) initial concentration (5-20 mg/l), 3) flow rate (15-25 ml/min) in three different
solutions: 1) Cu(II) solution, 2) Cd(II) solution 3) and a mixture solutions of metals (
Cu(II), Cd(II), Cr(III) and Cr(VI)). The experimental investigations were undertaken
based in the response surface area (RSM). The inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICM-Ms) technique was used to determine the concentration of heavy
metals in the treated water. Minitab 15 software was used to analyse the data. In
addition, space velocity and distribution coefficient were used to determine the
effectiveness of the ion exchange resin to remove Cu (II) and Cd (II). The obtained
results from the response surface plots and breakthrough curves indicates that the ion
exchange resin efficiency increases at lower initial concentration, lower value of
flow rate and higher resin bed heights. The Distribution Coefficient ( Kd) values for
Cu (II) and Cd (II) at different concentration values indicates that the commercial
cation exchange resin (Ambrlite 200) has a high selectivity in removing Cu (II). In a
brief, the results indicated that the removal percentage of Cu (II) was in the range of
98-99.99% while the removal percentage of Cd (II) was in the range of 90-99%.in a
nutshell, Ambrlite 200 resins can be used efficiently to remove Cu (II) and Cd (II)
from synthetic industrial wastewater using a continuous ion exchange column
system.
iii
ABSTRAK
Penyingkiran tembaga dan ion kadmium daripada air sisa sintetik industri yang
menggunakan resin pertukaran kation komersial (Ambrlite 200) telah dikaji. Ujikaji
eksperimen telah dijalankan ketinggian tetap lajur sistem. Jika eksperimen mengkaji kesan
tiga parameter penting: 1) ketinggian katil (3-5cm), 2) kepekatan awal (5-20 mg / l), 3)
kadar aliran (15-25 ml / min) dalam tiga penyelesaian yang berbeza : 1) Cu (II)
penyelesaian, 2) Cd (II) penyelesaian 3) dan penyelesaian campuran logam (Cu (II), Cd
(II), Cr (III) dan Cr (VI)). Siasatan eksperimen telah dijalankan berdasarkan kawasan
permukaan respons (RSM). The induktif ditambah plasma spektrometri jisim (ICM-Cik)
teknik telah digunakan untuk menentukan kepekatan bahan logam berat di dalam air yang
dirawat. Minitab 15 perisian telah digunakan untuk menganalisis data. Di samping itu,
halaju ruang dan pekali agihan telah digunakan untuk menentukan keberkesanan resin
pertukaran ion untuk membuang Cu (II) dan Cd (II). Keputusan yang diperolehi dari plot
permukaan tindak balas dan “breakthrough curves” menunjukkan bahawa pertukaran ion
kecekapan kenaikan resin pada kepekatan yang lebih rendah awal, nilai yang lebih rendah
daripada kadar aliran dan tinggi ketinggian katil damar. Pengagihan Pekali (Kd) nilai pada
nilai berbeza kepekatan Cu (II) dan Cd (II) menunjukkan bahawa resin pertukaran kation
komersial (Ambrlite 200) mempunyai kepilihan yang tinggi dalam membuang Cu (II).
Dalam ringkas, keputusan menunjukkan bahawa peratusan penyingkiran Cu (II) adalah
dalam julat 98-99,99% manakala peratusan penyingkiran Cd (II) adalah dalam lingkungan
90-99%. Secara ringkas, Ambrlite 200 resin yang boleh digunakan dengan cekap untuk
membuang Cu (II) dan Cd (II) daripada air sisa sintetik industri menggunakan pertukaran
ion yang berterusan lajur sistem.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION OF THESIS
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
1
2
TITLE PAGE
i
STUDENT’S DECALARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
3
1.3
Objectives of the Study
4
1.4
Scope of the Study
4
1.5
Dissertation Outline
6
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1
Heavy Metals
7
2.1.1 Copper (Cu)
8
2.1.1.1 Applications
9
v
2.1.1.2 Health Effects of Copper
10
2.1.1.3 Environmental Effects of Copper
11
2.1.2 Cadmium (Cd)
2.2
2.3
2.1.2.1 Applications
13
2.1.2.2 Health Effects of Cadmium
14
2.1.2.3 Environmental Effects of Cadmium
15
Ion Exchange Process Principles
17
2.2.1 Mechanism of Ion Exchange
17
Ion Exchange Resins
20
2.3.1 Classification of Ion Exchange Resins
20
2.3.2 Anion Exchange Resins
21
2.3.3
21
Cation Exchange Resins
2.4
Amberlite 200C Na Resin
22
2.5
Fundamentals of Ion Exchange Fixed-Bed Operations
23
2.5.1 Ion Exchange, Adsorption and Sorption
23
2.5.2 Fixed-Bed Operations
24
2.6
Ion Exchange Capacity
26
2.7
Breakthrough Capacity
27
2.8
Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
28
2.8.1 Central Composite Rotatable Designs (CCRD)
29
2.9
Inductively Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry
(ICP-MS)
29
2.10
Effects of Operating Temperature
31
2.11
Effects of Operating pH
31
2.12
Selective Removal of Copper (II)
32
2.13
Selective Removal of Cadmium (II)
34
2.14
Previous Studies Related To Removal of Cu (II) and Cd (II)
with Ion Exchange System
3
12
35
METHODOLOGY
37
3.1
Chemicals, Reagents and Equipment
37
3.2
Pre-treatment of Resins
38
3.3
Preparation of Synthetic Solutions
39
3.4
Batch System Study
39
vi
4
3.5
Ion Exchange Column Study
39
3.6
Procedure
40
3.7
Experimental Design
41
3.8
Breakthrough Data analysis
42
3.9
Distribution Coefficient
43
3.10
Space Velocity
44
3.11
Spectrometer Analysis ICP-MS
44
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
46
4.1
Introduction
46
4.2
pH Determination
47
4.3
Optimization of Column Performance using Minitab
47
4.3.1 Regression Analysis
48
4.3.2 Plots of the Main Effect
49
4.4
4.5
Effects of Operating Parameters in Removing
Heavy Metals
51
Determination of the Breakthrough Curves
53
4.5.1 Effect of Initial Concentration on Breakthrough
Curves
54
4.5.2 Effect of Bed heights on Breakthrough Curve
60
4.5.3 Effect of Feed Flow Rate on Breakthrough Curves 65
4.6
4.7
5
Equilibrium Distribution Coefficient (Kd)
Determination of Space Velocity
70
-1
(SV h )
72
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
74
5.1
Conclusion
74
5.2
Recommendations for Future Research
75
REFERENCES
77
APPENDICES
82
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