White paper
Efficient resource utilization
improves the customer experience
Multiflow, aggregation and multi band load
balancing for Long Term HSPA Evolution
Executive summary
Contents
2. Executive summary
3.Resource utilization in
current networks
5.Features enhancing
network utilization
5.Multi Band Load
Balancing
7.Multi Carrier HSDPA
9.
Multiflow
12. HSPA – LTE Carrier
Aggregation
13. Further considerations
14. Summary
15. Abbreviations
With the growing popularity of
smartphones and the increasing use of
applications designed to make use of
their capabilities, traffic is rising
dramatically. As well as application
related traffic, with frequent updates to
and from applications such as social
networking sites and health monitoring
functions, smartphones are giving rise
to significant signaling loads.
Much of this traffic is bursty in nature,
leading to imbalances in network
utilization. Resource requirements vary
greatly over time and between cells
and frequency layers. At any one time,
many parts of the network have
significant free resources, while other
parts need to deliver high data speeds.
Underused resources are common in a
typical network. This is inefficient for
network operators, as well as
potentially degrading the user
experience, it also means
communications service providers
(CSPs) may not be making efficient
use of network investments.
An answer to this is provided by
features that form part of the latest
3GPP standardization release of Long
Term HSPA Evolution, the 3GPP Rel
11, as well as related features from
earlier HSPA standardization releases.
3GPP
These features take advantage of
under-used resources to enhance
performance for the user.
Present
The first of these features is Multi Band
Load Balancing (MBLB), which spreads
traffic over the different layers, such that
more resources are made available for
each user and performance is therefore
improved.
Another feature is Multi Carrier HSDPA,
which is extended in Rel 11 to eight
carriers. This improves utilization by
allowing free resources in the other
carriers to be used flexibly.
Multiflow is a 3GPP Rel 11 feature
candidate, designed to improve cell edge
data rates by enabling the transmission of
data from multiple cells instead of via a
single cell as in HSDPA today. This leads
to a doubling of the power available for
the wanted signal, increasing the overall
user throughput
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation, a feature
candidate for future 3GPP releases,
enhances traffic steering by enabling fast
load balancing between the two radios,
ensuring efficient spectrum utilization
even when traffic is very bursty. The gain
is similar to that of multi carrier HSPA: if
the load is low, large efficiency gains can
be expected, whereas when loads are
high, the gain decreases.
These features bring a major
improvement to HSPA by using network
resources more efficiently, giving larger
throughputs for end users and allowing
faster response times.
New features
Future
Carrier aggregation
MIMO MIMO
4x
2x
Multipoint systems
Further enhancements
to CELL_FACH
+
HSPA+LTE
aggregation
Figure 1. Long Term HSPA Evolution components.
2
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
3GPP Release
11+ Long Term
HSPA Evolution
Resource utilization in
current networks
HSPA is the leading cellular data
service currently in use around
the world. Traffic on HSPA
networks continues to grow and
evolve as users develop new
ways of interacting with one
another and the information
around them, and CSPs seek
to differentiate and maximize
their revenue.
expect always on, landline-like
connectivity and which may operate
even while the user is not interacting
with the phone. Social networking,
news, healthcare monitoring, push
e-mail and other autonomous apps
may give rise to small amounts of
update data in both directions. Another
factor is interactive usage, which may
range from web browsing, for which
short, high burst speeds are critical to
the user experience, to voice and
video, where steady QoS is key. It also
covers file down/uploading, in which
average burst speeds affect the user
experience. Apart from application
data, smartphones generate signaling
load that must be dealt with effectively
by the network.
The smartphone segment of the
market has experienced very
rapid growth within a short time,
leading to a wide user base and
a rich diversity of applications.
Smartphone traffic may be driven
by a number of processes that
Average usage
12.2% over
48 hour period
Average TTI usage over all cells
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Hours for two days
Figure 2. Average TTI usage over all cells in an RNC area versus the hours in a 48 hour period.
0.9
Cumulative distribution
A key characteristic of the traffic growth
is that traffic has become bursty, with
periods of activity in which high burst
speeds are critical to user experience,
interspersed with periods of inactivity.
Radio resource requirements vary
greatly over time and between cells
and frequency layers. At any one time,
many parts of the network have
significant unused resources, while
other parts need to deliver high
data speeds.
From the figures, the following can
be seen:
1
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
The coming years are also expected to
witness a significant expansion in the
amount of machine-to-machine (M2M)
communications within networks,
which will bring new types of traffic
profile and QoS requirements.
An example of this can be seen in
Figures 2 and 3, where the average
Transmission Time Interval (TTI) usage
over all cells in a Radio Network
Controller (RNC) area of a mature 3G
network is shown, both against the
hours in a 48 hour period and as a
cumulative distribution function (cdf)
over the different cells. The TTI usage
is a measure of the network load in
a cell.
0.08
0
In many markets, tablets and PC
dongles have seen significant uptake,
generating large amounts of data when
users are active. Traffic patterns may
involve web browsing, video streaming
and file up/download, with
requirements similar to smartphones
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
TTI usage
Figure 3. Cumulative distribution of average TTI usage during busy hour per cell.
0.9
1
•The average load over 48 hours
is 12.2%.
•During the busiest hour of the day,
20% of the cell capacity is used on
average, or 6.8% of the overall
daily traffic.
•19% of the cells have a load of
less than 1%, where the median
TTI load over the different cells
is 9%.
•5% of the cells have an average
load during busy hour of more
than 77%.
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
3
Resource utilization in
current networks
Due to the bursty nature of the data
traffic and delays in state transfers
between idle and connected modes,
the number of users connected to a
cell is much larger than the number of
users with actual data reception or
transmission. An example of this can
be seen in Figure 4. Sampled over a
24 hour period and across all cells in
one RNC area, it compares the
cumulative distribution of the average
number of connected users per hour
with the average number of
connected users with data in the
buffers. The median for the number of
connected users is around 3.6, while
only in 5% of the time and cells is
there more than one user with
data present.
With packet traffic, two key aspects of
performance are user equipment
(UE) burst throughput and packet call
capacity. Packet call capacity is the
maximum packet call load that, when
offered to a cell, can be served to the
users. Packet call capacity is typically
restricted by the slowest burst
throughputs, so improving these not
only makes it fairer for users but also
improves packet call capacity.
In recent years, research and
standardization has focused on
maximizing link spectral efficiency
through features such as Higher order
Modulations, MIMO, Continuous
Packet Connectivity (which also aims
to improve user equipment battery life)
and on managing or mitigating
interference via technologies such as
interference cancelling receivers in the
downlink and uplink interference
cancellation. Progress on these
features has enabled good link
efficiency and interference
management. However, improving the
ability of the network to focus
resources instantly where they are
needed by using a more liquid capacity
has great potential for enabling
improved user experiences and higher
packet call capacities. The rest of this
paper focuses on these features.
1
0.9
Cumulative distribution
0.8
0.7
0.6
Number of
active users
Number of
active users
with data
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
Number of users
Figure 4. Cumulative distribution of the number of connected users and number of users with data in the buffers over a 24 hour period in a mature 3G network.
4
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
Features enhancing
network utilization
As we saw in the previous section,
underused resources are common in a
typical network. In this section, we
introduce four features that use these
free resources to enhance
performance for the user.
Multi Band Load Balancing
Multi Band Load Balancing (MBLB) is
applicable when separate bands are
used for HSPA, such as the 900 and
2100 MHz band. The feature spreads
the traffic over the different layers, such
that more resources are made
available for each user and
performance is improved. This is
relevant for today’s mature HSPA
networks today, since, as shown in the
previous section, traffic is distributed
quite unequally over the different cells
(see Figure 2). There are several
benefits, as illustrated in Figure 5.
multi-band HSPA networks. A user can
be redirected to another layer under
different circumstances:
•Maximize coverage from the low
frequency layer.
•Balance the network load, i.e.
maximize the user throughputs.
•Avoid frequent handovers by, for
instance using different settings for
fast moving mobiles.
•Matching device and network
capability, such as MIMO, Dual
Carrier (DC), and operating band
capability.
•Matching services to network
capability, such as speech service.
•During the setup of a call
•When there is no active data
transmission and reception
•During transition to the
Cell_DCH state
•When entering a new cell with
different preferred layer priorities
The MBLB feature uses several
mechanisms to manage the load and
customer experience in multi-layer and
Maximum coverage
from low frequency band
Balance the network load
900
900
2100
2100
Avoid frequent handovers
Match UE and
network capability
900
2100
Micro
Only far away calls
go to low band
Several criteria are taken into account
in the layer selection decision,
including capabilities and speed, the
service used, the load and channel
quality in the source and target cells
and the signal strength of the target
cell. The actual change of layer can
then be applied via handover, radio
bearer re-configuration, or redirection.
Direct load to least loaded
layers, ensuring that micro
layer also gets traffic
2100
2100
2100
2100
Micro
High speed UE goes to
umbrella layer, avoid macros
Direct UEs according
to service or HSPA
capability (DC, MIMO)
Figure 5. Example of Multi Band Load Balancing features and the improvements they bring.
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
5
As an example, Figure 6 shows the
performance in terms of user
throughput of the redirection scheme at
the transition to Cell_DCH. The layer
selection in this example takes into
account information on channel quality
and load in the serving and target cells:
at the transition to Cell_DCH, a UE
(Rel 6 or later) can report the best
intra/inter-frequency cells (target cells).
The RNC may then enforce a redirect
to a target cell if it has sufficient
channel quality and whose load is
lower than the serving cell, thus
optimizing the customer experience.
The performance plot shows that the
redirection mechanism offers no
significant benefit in terms of UE
throughput when the mobility settings
for idle and connected mode are
optimized. However, redirects provide
a large gain when non-optimal mobility
settings are adopted. The optimum
settings are challenging to identify in
real networks with inconsistent load,
cell size, antenna orientations and
tilting. Therefore, the redirect scheme
could be a simple way to boost
network performance.
Average user throughput
1200
User throughput (Mbps)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Optimal settings
Suboptimal settings
Figure 6. Average UE throughput with and without MBLB redirection (redirect).
6
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
Suboptimal settings
with MBLB redirection
Multi Carrier HSDPA
Dual Carrier (DC) HSDPA is a 3GPP
release 8 feature commercially
deployed in a large number of markets.
However, the disadvantage of the
feature is that it limits the aggregation
to two 5 MHz radio carriers within the
same band. This is changed in Rel 9,
which introduces DC for carriers in
different bands. Rel 10 extends the
functionality to aggregation over four
carriers, with Rel 11 extending it still
further to eight carriers. This leads to a
peak data rate of 672 Mbps when
combined with 4x4 MIMO.
The benefits of aggregating multiple
carriers are significant for the end user,
since a diversity gain can be achieved
from scheduling on the best carrier(s)
and especially due to the fact that free
resources in the other carriers can be
used flexibly. As described in the first
section, free resources are often
available. The gains can be seen in
Figures 7 and 8. These show the
cumulative distribution of the average
user throughput and the mean packet
call delay for the macro cells scenario,
with an average cell load of 1 Mbps
consisting of bursty traffic.
1
0.9
0.8
Cumulative probability
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
1 carrier available from 8 carrier bandwidth
0.2
4 carriers available from 8 carrier bandwidth
All carriers available in 8 carrier bandwidth
0.1
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
User data throughput (Mbps)
Figure 7. Cumulative distribution of the average data throughput (Mbps) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers at low
offered load (1 Mbps).
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
7
0.18
Mean data connection delay (s)
The gains depend significantly on the
load in the system. If the load is high,
then there will be fewer free resources
on the other carriers, which results in
lower gains. Multi carrier HSPA also
gives a capacity gain, which can be
seen in Figure 9, which shows the
mean cell throughput per carrier as a
function of the offered load per carrier.
It can be seen that with an offered load
per carrier of around 2 Mbps, the
system with a single carrier starts to
become saturated, whereas with a
larger number of carriers, the offered
load can still be served. Using
multicarrier aggregation increases the
total packet call capacity of the
network, in addition to the gains in
individual user throughput.
0.16
0.14
1 carrier available from 8 carrier bandwidth
0.12
4 carriers available from 8 carrier bandwidth
All carriers available in 8 carrier bandwidth
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
Scheme
Figure 8. Mean data connection delay (s) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers at low offered load (1 Mbps) with data
connections of 1 Mbit.
Mean packet call throughput (Mbps)
60
50
Single carrier
Quad carrier
40
Oct carrier
30
20
10
0
0
1
2
3
Offered load per carrier (Mbps)
Figure 9. Mean normalized cell throughput (Mbps) for 1, 4 and 8 carriers as a function of the offered load.
8
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
4
5
Multiflow
Another feature enabling a better use
of resources in cellular systems is
Multiflow. This is a 3GPP Rel 11
feature candidate, designed to improve
cell edge data rates by enabling the
transmission of data from multiple cells
to a UE at the common cell edge,
instead of transmitting the data via a
single cell as in HSDPA today. This is
illustrated in Figure 10 for dual cell
operation.
Each of the data flows in Multiflow can
be scheduled independently. This
leads to a doubling of the power
available for the desired signal at the
UE, which is used to increase the
overall user throughput. For Rel 11,
Multiflow is considered for up to four
different flows over two different
frequencies, one can send data from
up to four different cells to a UE.
Multiflow can be done among cells of
the same site (intra-site Multiflow) or
between sites (inter-site Multiflow). In
the latter case, the data is split in the
RNC and directed to each of the
different base stations, taking the
throughput and load from that cell into
account. In the intra-site case, the data
is split in the MAC layer and the base
station can perform joint scheduling in
order to further optimize resource
usage (similar to DC HSDPA). Both of
these cases are illustrated in Figure 11.
Scheduling of the Multiflow streams
can be done in different ways. A
common requirement for the scheduler
is to minimize the effect on the non
Multiflow terminals. This can be done
by differentiating scheduling for the
serving cell and the cell that is assisting
in Multiflow transmission. More
precisely, the traffic in each cell is
prioritized in such a way that traffic
belonging to UEs that use the cell as a
serving cell is prioritized over the UEs
that use it as an assisting cell. This
means the benefit from Multiflow will
only be seen when the neighboring cell
has unused resources. As outlined
previously, in current networks there is
a large Multiflow potential, as typically,
many TTIs are available where there is
no user scheduled.
Current HSDPA
Interference
HSDPA Multi Point
Signal
Signal
Signal
Signal
Data stream 1
Data stream 2
Data stream 1
Data stream 1
Figure 10. Multiflow transmission and conventional HSDPA.
RNC
Base station
Base station
Inter-site multi flow
Inter-site multi flow
Base station
RNC
Figure 11. Intra-site and inter-site Multiflow.
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
9
Other scheduling methods are also
possible, based, for example, on the
UE throughput, load, service type, or
QoS.
Multiflowdoes not require coordination
of the packet schedulers taking part in
the Multiflow transmission, thus
simplifying the concept and enabling
inter-site deployment. Uncoordinated
transmission, however, may lead to
situations where a UE receives two
flows simultaneously from two base
stations. To spatially separate and
successfully decode the flows, the
terminal must have a minimum of two
receive antennas and interferenceaware receiver chains.
Figure 12 shows the cumulative
distribution of the throughput
experienced by the user with and
without Multiflow (including both intrasite and inter-site Multiflow UEs). At the
low values of the cumulative
distribution, users at the cell edge gain
particular benefit from Multiflow, since
they are the most likely to receive
transmissions from multiple cells with
adequate signal quality.
1.0
Cumulative distribution
0.9
Reference all UEs
0.8
Multiflow all UEs
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
User experienced throughput (Mbps)
Figure 12. Cumulative distribution of throughputs experienced by users with and without inter-site multiflow. Total offered load is 400 kbps/cell.
10
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
20
Several variations of Multiflow are
considered in 3GPP, depending on
the number of carriers in use in the
network and on the amount of
simultaneous RX chains that the UE
can handle. In a network in which only
one carrier frequency is used, the UE
will be required to receive up to two
links simultaneously. Hence this
variant is called Single Frequency
Dual Cell (SF-DC) aggregation. In a
dual carrier network, the UE can best
take advantage of a neighboring cell’s
carriers if it has a receiver with four
RX chains; hence this variant is
labeled Multiflow Dual Frequency
Quad Cell (DF-4C) aggregation.
The combination of Multiflow and
multiple beams can be used to further
11
User experienced throughput (Mbps)
The Multiflow gain depends on the
offered load, see Figure 13. At low
load, the gains are considerable,
whereas they disappear at high load.
This is because at high load, the
assisting cells do not have free
resources and thus will never
schedule to the Multiflow user.
All UEs ref
All UEs mflow
5-% tile ref
5-% tile mflow
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Offered load (Mbps)
Figure 13. Mean user throughput versus offered load per cell.
optimize the system. As an example,
Figure 14 shows the case where
vertical sectorization is used in
combination with Multiflow. This way,
during high load, one can utilize the
capacity increase due to vertical
sectorization, whereas during low
load, users at the cell edges benefit
from Multiflow.
Potential Multiflow areas
Figure 14. Combination of vertical sectorization and multipoint.
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
11
B: Femto terminals seeing
DL macro interference,
esp. under cell range
extension
A: Macro terminal
Many pico cells
seeing strong
downlink interference
from small cell
D: Many small cell
terminals creating uplink
interference to macro cell
C: Macro terminal creating
strong uplink
interference to small cell
HSPA – LTE Carrier
Aggregation
Macro cell
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation is a
feature under consideration in 3GPP
for future releases beyond 3GPP Rel
11. The idea is that one UE can
simultaneously use resources from
both LTE and HSPA, thus increasing
the peak data rate and cell edge data
rates of both systems. Even before Rel
11, it is possible to aggregate over
several carriers in both LTE and HSPA,
LTE
with traffic being steered between the
two systems by inter-system
handovers, as illustrated in Figure 15.
HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation
enhances traffic steering by enabling
fast load balancing between the two
radios, ensuring efficient spectrum
utilization even under the most bursty
traffic conditions. The gain
mechanisms are very similar to that of
multi-carrier HSPA: if the load is low,
large gains can be expected, whereas
when loads are high, the gain
decreases.
LTE carrier
aggregation
Handover
between HSPA
and LTE
HSPA
Figure 15. HSPA + LTE aggregation.
12
Multi carrier
reception of LTE
HSPA + LTE
aggregation
HSPA carrier
aggregation
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
Pico cell
Multi carrier
reception of
HSPA
Simultaneous
reception of
HSPA and LTE
Further considerations
The previous section described
different features which help boost the
customer experience by improving
radio utilization. These features focus
primarily on the downlink but also lead
to uplink improvements:
•Multi Band Load Balancing
improves the uplink performance,
since, when directing the UE to
another layer, both downlink and
uplink are considered in cell and
layer selection. Benefits are similar
to those in the downlink.
•Multiple carrier HSPA is also
supported for the uplink from Rel 9,
however the number of carriers is
limited to two. A different number of
carriers is supported in the
downlink and uplink because
downlink traffic volumes exceed
uplink volumes, and because the
UE will often become limited by
transmit power as the number of
carriers increases.
•Multiflow is a pure downlink feature.
The uplink signal will typically be in
soft or softer handover when
multipoint is being used in the
downlink.
In addition to the features mentioned in
the previous section, Long Term HSPA
Evolution brings further improvements:
•Further enhancements to Cell_
FACH, while maintaining the good
performance of Cell_PCH and
Cell_DCH. This is mainly focused
on traffic from smartphones.
•Uplink Closed Loop Transmit
Diversity, enhancing the uplink to
support TX diversity. At a later
phase, uplink MIMO may be added
to the specification, enhancing the
uplink peak data rate.
•Downlink 4x4 MIMO, enhancing
spectral efficiency and peak data
rate in the downlink.
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
13
B: Femto terminals seeing
DL macro interference,
esp. under cell range
extension
Summary
A: Macro terminal
Many pico cells
seeing strong
downlink interference
from small cell
D: Many small cell
terminals creating uplink
interference to macro cell
Traffic in today’s networks is bursty,
alternating between periods of activity
in which high burst speeds are critical
to user experience, and periods of
Macro cell
inactivity. This results in a significant
amount of free resources in today’s
mature HSPA networks. A number of
features are being introduced to
improve the customer experience by
increasing the utilization of these
network resources. An overview of the
different features and their benefits is
given in Figure 16.
These features bring a major
improvement to HSPA by simply using
network resources more efficiently
C: Macro terminal creating
leading to the end strong
user uplink
seeing larger
interference to small cell
throughputs and faster response times.
The benefits of these features are hard
to quantify because they are often
inter-dependent and also vary
according to the actual network
scenario. However, some possible
benefits include:
•MBLB: Optimum performance can
be achieved with a minimal amount
of tuning needed, leading to lower
operational costs
•Multi carrier HSPA: With eight
carriers, an increase in user
throughput of up eight times that of
a single carrier could be expected
As well as the features dealt with in
this white paper, other features
beyond its scope are being
developed and will be introduced
simultaneously, maintaining the
rapid evolution of HSPA.
Multi band load
balancing (MBLB)
- Improves the user performance
- Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other bands/carriers
- Operates on a per second level
- Supported for all UEs
Multi carrier HSPA
- Improves peak rates and user throughput
- Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other co-located carriers/cells
- Operates on a per TTI level
- Supported for Rel 8+ UEs (2 carriers for Rel 8 up to 8 carriers for 3GPP Rel 11)
- Improves cell edge user throughputs
- Utilizes free downlink resources in other cells (intra- and intersite)
- OPrates on a per TTI level
- Candidate for 3GPP Rel 11
- Requires UE support
Multiflow
- Improves the user performance
- Utilizes free downlink and uplink resources in other systems
- Requires UE support
HSPA - LTE
aggregation
Figure 16. Feature overview.
LTE
14
•Multiflow can lead to a gain at
the cell edge of up to 50%
•HSPA-LTE carrier aggregation
can achieve
significant peak
Pico cell
data rate gains although the
amount depends on spectrum
allocations and load.
LTE carrier
aggregation
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
Multi carrier
of LTE
Abbreviations
3GPP
Cell_DCH
Cell_FACH
Cell_PCH
CSP
DC
DF-4C HSDPA
HSPA
LTE
M2M
MBLB MIMO
QoS
RNC
SF-DC TTI
UE
Third Generation Partnership Project
Cell Dedicated Channel
Cell Forward Access Channel
Cell Paging Channel
Communications service provider
Dual Carrier
Dual Frequency Quad Cell
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
High Speed Packet Access
Long Term Evolution
Machine-to-machine
Multi Band Load Balancing
Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
Quality of Service
Radio Network Controller
Single Frequency Dual Cell
Transmission Time Interval
User Equipment
Efficient resource utilization improves the customer experience
15
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