BIO 141 Unit 6 Learning Objectives Upon your successful completion of the unit, you should be able to do the following. Chapter 15 -­‐ Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous system Overview Somatic Nervous system (SNS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 1. List the similarities and differences between the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous systems (ANS) in terms of the following a.
b.
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overall functions Types of sensory information, control center, motor pathway from spinal cord to effectors, neurotransmitters type of effectors Divisions of the ANS autonomic nervous system 2. Differentiate between the general function of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS. 3. Differentiate between the degree of response of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS. Parasympathetic Division (Craniosacral Division) 4. Identify the locations of pre-­‐ganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division. 5. Explain the difference between the terminal and intramural ganglia of the parasympathetic division. 6. Name the organs that would be affected by the following parasympathetic nerves, a. CN III, VII, IX, and X b. S2-­‐S4 nerves Sympathetic Division (Thoracolumbar Division) 7. Identify the locations of pre-­‐ganglionic neurons of sympathetic division. 1 8. Explain the differences between the sympathetic trunk ganglia and the pre-­‐
vertebral ganglia in terms of location. 9. Explain how the adrenal medulla pathway helps to prolong the effects of the sympathetic stimulation. 10. Briefly explain the symptoms of Horner syndrome. Neurotransmitters and receptors of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions 11. Differentiate cholinergic and adrenergic receptors. 12. Name the neurotransmitter released from, a. preganglionic neuron of the two divisions. b. postganglionic neuron of the two divisions. 13. Name the types of cholinergic or adrenergic receptors found in a. the postganglionic neurons of the two divisions; b. the target tissue of the parasympathetic division; c. the target tissue of most of the sympathetic division; d. the sweat glands. Interaction between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions 14. Define dual innervation and explain why it is important in the ANS. 15. Identify the four body structures that do not exhibit dual innervation. 16. Describe main effects of the two divisions on the following (see Table 15.6 in the textbook) a. Cardiovascular system (heart and blood vessels) b. Respiratory system (airways) c. Digestive system (GI tract gland secretion) d. Urinary system (urinary bladder) e. Integumentary system (sweat glands) f. Reproductive system (penis) g. Eye (pupil size) 17. Apply the knowledge of autonomic receptors to explain the use of beta receptor inhibitors in the treatment of hypertension. Autonomic reflex 18. Define an autonomic reflex. 19. Apply the autonomic reflex to explain micturition. 2 Chapter 16 -­‐ Nervous System: Senses Introduction to sensory receptors 1.
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Define sensory receptors. Describe the general function of sensory receptors as transducers. Define a receptive field. Explain the relationship between the size of a receptive field and the ability to precisely locate the point of simulation. 5. Define a sensation. 6. Explain the characteristics of a stimulus, a.
b.
c.
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location, intensity, duration, and modality. 7. Define adaptation. 8. Distinguish between tonic receptors and phasic receptors in terms of rate of adaptation. 9. Classify sensory receptors based on: a. receptor distribution, b. stimulus origin, c. modality of stimulus. 10. Explain why pain sensation does not adapt. General Senses 11. Describe three types of un-­‐encapsulated tactile receptors in terms of location, function, and rate of adaptation. 12. Explain the source of referred pain. 13. Explain the clinical significance of referred pain in heart attack. Special Senses – Olfaction 14. Describe the function and location of olfactory receptors. 15. Name the areas in the brain that receive information from the olfactory tracts. 3 Special Senses – Gustation 16. Describe the structure and location of taste receptors. 17. List five basic taste sensations. 18. Name the areas in the brain that receive information from the gustatory neuron. Special Senses – The Eye 19. Given an image of the eye, locate the following, a. sclera. b. cornea. c. iris. d. ciliary body. e. choroid. f. suspensory ligaments. g. lens. h. retina. i. macula lutea. j. fovea centralis. k. optic disc. 20. Briefly describe function(s) of accessory structures of the eye, a. Eyebrows and eyelids. b. Conjunctiva. c. Lacrimal apparatus. 21. Briefly describe the location and the consistency of vitreous humor and aqueous humor. 22. State the composition and the function of the three layers of the eyeball, a. fibrous tunic. b. vascular tunic. c. neural tunic. 23. Compare the function of the two regions of the fibrous tunic, sclera and cornea. 24. Briefly describe the function of the structures of the vascular tunic: a. choroid. b. ciliary body. c. iris. 4 25. Briefly describe glaucoma. 26. Explain why corneal transplant is not rejected by the body. Retina 27. Briefly describe the function of the pigmented layer. 28. Name the three major cells that form the neural layer. 29. State the cells that form the optic nerve. 30. Name and describe the general function of the two types of photoreceptors. 31. Describe the components and function of the following regions of the retina: a. macula lutea and fovea centralis, b. optic disc. 32. State the location on the retina where the cones and rods are housed. 33. Explain why the optic disc is also called the blind spot of the eye. 34. Briefly describe the effect of macular degeneration. Lens 35. Describe the two basic functions of the lens. 36. Define accommodation. 37. Explain what happens to the lens, ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments a. when one looks at a near object. b. when one is looking at a distant object. 38. Briefly describe the development of cataracts. Physiology of vision 39. Describe the differences in the location of the focal points of the light in normal vs. near and farsightedness. 40. Given a diagram, identify emmetropia (normal vision), hyperopia (farsightedness), and myopia (nearsightedness). 41. Explain briefly dark adaptation and light adaptation. 42. Briefly explain color blindness. 43. Explain the role of vitamin A in vision. Visual pathway 44. Briefly describe the pathway of light from the photoreceptors to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. 5 Hearing and Equilibrium Ear structures 45. Given an image of the ear, locate the following, a. auricle, b. external acoustic meatus, c. tympanic membrane, d. malleus, e. incus, f. stapes, g. auditory (Eustachian) tube, h. cochlea, i. vestibule and j. semicircular canals. 46. Describe the functions of the following, a. auricle, b. external acoustic meatus, c. tympanic membrane, d. malleus, e. incus, f. stapes, g. auditory (Eustachian) tube, h. cochlea, i. vestibule and j. semicircular canals. Hearing 47. Name and describe the location of the hearing receptors in the ear. 48. Name the membrane on which the base of the hair cell receptors rest. 49. Name the membrane in which the hairs of the hair cell receptors are embedded. 50. Name the cranial nerve that is involved in hearing. 51. Describe the following two properties of sound, a. Pitch. b. Loudness. 52. Briefly describe the auditory pathway from the cochlea to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. 6 53. Differentiate between conductive deafness and sensorineural deafness and give one example for each. 54. Name the structures in the inner ear involved in maintaining a. static equilibrium, b. linear movements of the head, c. angular acceleration (rotational movement of the head). 55. Briefly describe motion sickness. 7