Chapter One
Exploration, Discovery, and
Settlement. 1492-1700
Introduction
• The first people to settle America could have
arrived as many as 40,000 years ago, using a
land bridge that connected Siberia and
Alaska. When Columbus discovered them,
they numbered in the 50 to 75 millions.
Cultures of North America
Small Societies
• Most Native Americans lived in semipermanent settlements, with a small
population usually less than 300.
• The women grew corn, beans, and tobacco.
• The Sioux and the Pawnee followed the
buffalo
Larger Societies
• The Pueblos in the Southwest lived in
multistoried buildings, and developed irrigation
• East of the Mississippi River, the Woodland Native
Americans prospered with a rich food supply
• Mound-Building cultures included the Adena,
Hopewell, and Mississippian
• Permanent settlements were supported by
hunting, fishing, and agriculture
• Cahokia had as many as 30,000 inhabitants
Cultures of Central and South America
Introduction
• As many as 25 million people lived in Central
and South America
• Between AD 300 and 800, the Mayas erected
their cities in the Yucatan Peninsula
• Later came the Aztecs and the Incas, in Mexico
and Peru
Europe Moves Towards Expansion
Introduction
• Until the late 1400’s, when Columbus made
his journey, Europeans and Asians had no clue
about America, which is why no voyage was
previously made
Improvements In Technology
• The Renaissance, which occurred in the late
1400’s to early 1500’s, was part of what made
Columbus and the other explorers make their
journeys.
• The Europeans began to use gunpowder, from
the Chinese, and the compass, from the Arabs.
• There were also major improvements in
shipbuilding and mapmaking.
• This spread of knowledge and improvements in
technology in part lead to Columbus’s voyage
Religious Conflict
• The Roman Catholic Church was threatened by
the Ottoman Turks, and the Protestant revolt
against the Pope
• When Isabella and Ferdinand united their
Christian kingdoms, the Moors of Granada were
defeated, and the Roman Catholic Church gained
power
• In the early 1500’s, Christians in Germany,
England, France, and Holland were revolting
against the Pope. This lead to a series of religious
wars.
Expanding Trade
• In the past, the trade route had passed
through Venice, to Constantinople, to the
capital of China, until the Ottoman Turks
seized Constantinople. This prompted the
Columbus Voyage
• Prince Henry eventually succeeded in making
a long sea route around South Africa
• Portuguese Vasco de Gama was the first
person to reach India this way
Developing Nation-States
• Monarchs in Europe were gaining power, and
building ‘nation-states’ in Spain, Portugal,
France, England, and the Netherlands
• The basic idea of a nation-state is that most of
the people are the same, and feel the same
way about the government
• The monarchs tried to use their power to find
riches and make the Roman Catholic Church
more powerful
Early Explorations
Columbus
• Columbus searched for funding for 8 years
• Isabella and Ferdinand finally bought him
three ships for which to sail with
• He landed in the Bahamas on October 12th
• He died in 1506
Columbus’s Legacy
• Many people viewed Columbus as a failure
• However, it’s undisputable that he brought
about the first permanent interaction
between Europeans and the Native Americans
Exchanges
• Native Americans gave the Europeans beans,
corn, sweet potatoes, potatoes, tomatoes, and
tobacco, and syphilis
• Europeans brought sugar cane, bluegrasses,
pigs, horses, the wheel, iron implements, and
guns
• They also brought smallpox and measles
• Mortality rate of over 90%
Dividing the New World
• Spain and Portugal turned to the Pope to try
to divide the new land
• In 1493, the Pope made the boundary through
America, giving all land to the west to Spain,
and all land to the east to Portugal
• In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas moved the
line a few degrees to the west
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
• Spanish Conquistadores:
– Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• Journeyed across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific
Ocean
– Ferdinand Magellan
• Circumnavigated the world
– Hernan Cortes
• Conquests of the Aztecs in Mexico
– Francisco Pizzaro
• Conquests of the Incas in Peru
• Gold supply was increased over 500%
Encomienda and Asiento
• Encomienda
– The kind of Spain would give grants of land and
Indians to individual Spaniards. These Indians had
to farm or work in the mines
• Asiento
– The Spanish were required to pay a tax to their
king on each slave they imported from Africa
English Claims
• In 1497, John Cabot (Italian under English
contract) explored the coast of Newfoundland
• In the 1570’s and 80’s, under Queen Elizabeth
I, English challenged Spanish shipping
• Sir Francis Drake
– Attacked Spanish ships and seized gold and silver
• Sir Walter Raleigh
– Failed to establish a settlement at Roanoke in
1587
French Claims
• Giovanni de Verrazano (Italian, under French
contract) was the first interest shown by the
French, in 1524
• He explored the east coast
• Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence
River extensively
• The first permanent French settlement was
established by Samuel de Champlain in 1608
in Quebec
Extended French Claims
• Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette
– Explored the upper Mississippi River in 1673
– Robert de la Salle explored the Mississippi Basin,
which he named Louisiana, in 1682
Dutch Claims
• Henry Hudson (English, under Dutch contract)(
was hired to find a northwest passage.
• In 1609, he sailed up a great river, later named
after him, and established Dutch claims to the
area around it, later known as New
Amsterdam
• The Dutch West India Company took control
of the above mentioned region
Early English Settlements
Introduction
• In 1588, the English defeated the Spanish
Armada, which cleared the path for them to
immigrate.
• Also, a large number of homeless poor took the
opportunity to come to America
• Joint Stock Companies pooled the savings of
people of moderate means and supported
trading venues for profit
• English Colonies attracted much attention after
the beginning of the 17th century
Jamestown
• King James I of England created the Virginia
Company, a Joint Stock Company that created
Jamestown, the first English settlement, in
1607
Early Problems of Jamestown
• Problems included…
– Indian attacks
– Famine
– Disease
• Dysentery
• Malaria
– Settlement mistakes
• Located in a swamp
– Settlers not used to physical labor
Tobacco Prosperity
• John Smith
– Leader of the colony
• John Rolfe
– Started the tobacco industry
– Married to Pocahontas
• The tobacco industry brought much money to the
colonies
• Tobacco plantations were manned by indentured
servants
– Worked in exchange for free transport to the company
Transition to a Royal Colony
• Eventually, the Virginia Company went
bankrupt in 1624, and the charter got pulled.
The colony was then under the direct control
of King James I, thereby making it a Royal
Colony
Puritan Colonies
• Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were founded
by English Protestants, who believed in
Predestination
• King Henry VII founded the Church of England, or
the Anglican Church, which was protestant
• Some people wanted to change ceremonies and
hierarchy. These people were known as puritans.
• Big surprise, James sees them as a threat to his
Fascism, and has them jailed.
Plymouth Colony
• The Separatists didn’t like the idea of
reforming the Church of England, and wanted
a church free from royal control. The
Separatists, or Pilgrims, left England, and went
to Holland
• In 1620, Pilgrims went to Virginia aboard the
Mayflower
• Most of them wanted money. Very few were
looking for freedom.
Early Hardships
• Half of the Pilgrims were killed during the first
winter
• After the winter, the Naïve (*Cough*, Native)
Americans helped them survive
• The first Thanksgiving was held in 1621
• Captain Miles Standish and Governor William
Bradford helped the colony grow
• Fish, furs, and lumber became staple goods
Massachusetts Bay Colony
• A group of Puritans, who were not Separatists,
managed to get a royal charter for a new
colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• John Winthrop founded Boston and several
other towns
• The Great Migration
– A civil war in England in the 1630’s drove more
than 15,000 more people to the Massachusetts
Bay Colony
Early Political Institutions
Majority Rule in Plymouth
• The Mayflower Compact dictated that the
Pilgrims would make decisions by the will of
the majority
Representative Government at
Jamestown
• The Virginia Company, to try to bump up the
population in Jamestown, promised the same
rights as in England
• In 1619, the House of Burgesses was formed
– First representative assembly
Representative Government in
Massachusetts
• Limited but important democratic actions
• All free men who were members of the
Puritan Church had the right to vote
Limited Nature of Colonial Democracy
• A large part of the colony was not given the right
to vote
• Only male property owners could vote
• Females and landless had fewer rights
• Indentures servants and slaves had no rights
• Colonial governors ruled with unlimited powers
• Slavery and mistreatment of Native Americans
was widespread
Spanish Settlements in North America
Florida and New Mexico
• Florida
– In 1565, the Spanish established a settlement at
St. Augustine
– Many failed attempts due to Indian resistance
preceded this settlement
• New Mexico
– Santa Fe was established in 1609, but the Spanish
tried to convert the Indians, and the Pueblos
eventually kicked them out in 1680
Texas and California
• Texas
– After the Pueblo established dominance in New
Mexico, the Spanish fled to Texas, and the population
of their colonies grew as they tried to keep the French
out
• California
– The Spanish colonized San Diego (1769) and San
Francisco (1776) in response to Russian colonization in
the north.
– Father Junipero Serra founded nine Franciscan
Missions along the Californian coast
European Treatment of Native
Americans
Introduction
• Spanish
– Conquer, rule, and intermarry
• Aztec, Maya, Inca
• English
– Occupied the land, and forced the tribes to move to
the inlands
• French
– Treated Indians as economic and militaristic allies
• Long term effects of European Colonization
– Destruction of a large amount of the population
– Permanent legacy of subjugation
Spanish Policy
• Killed millions of Native Americans
– Warfare, enslavement, and diseases
– Survivors were married to Spanish settlers
• Africans were used for slave labor
• The Spaniards developed a rigid class system,
which they dominated
English Policy
• The English and Native Americans coexisted,
traded, and shared ideas
• Peaceful relationships soon failed, and war
followed
French Policy
• French maintained good relations with the
Indians in the St. Lawrence Valley and the
Great Lakes
• French soldiers assisted the Huron people in
fighting the Iroquois, to dominate the fur
trade
• French had few people, farms, or towns, and
therefore posed little threat.
Chapter Two
The Thirteen Colonies and the British
Empire. 1607-1750
Introduction
• Between the first colony (Jamestown, 1607) and
the last colony (Georgia, 1733), thirteen colonies
were erected by the British
• Each colony was created through a Charter,
obtained by the English King
– Charters described what sort of relationship the
colony would have with the royalty
• Corporate colonies were operated by joint-stock companies
• Royal companies were under direct control of the king
• Proprietary colonies were under the king’s lackeys
The Chesapeake Colonies
Introduction
• In 1632, under King Charles I, the Virginia
colony was divided, and the Maryland colony
was created under the control of Lord
Baltimore
Maryland
• Instead of controlling the colonies through joint-stock
companies, the king established proprietorships,
because he believed it would give him total control.
• Lord Baltimore died in 1632, and his son, the second
Lord Baltimore, took over in 1634
• The Act of Toleration:
– In 1649, Lord Baltimore 2nd convinced the Assembly to
pass the Act of Toleration, the first statute for religious
freedom
• Protestant Revolt
– In the late 1600’s, the Protestants rebelled, and repealed
the Act of Toleration. The Catholics lost their right to vote.
Virginia
• Economic Problems
– Tobacco prices were low, due to overproduction
– When the House of Burgesses raised tobacco
prices, London merchants raised their own prices
• Political Problems
– Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia,
favored plantations, and was against the
backwoods farmers
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon took advantage of the angry
farmers, and incited them to lead a rebellion
against Berkeley’s leadership.
• In 1676, his army massacred Indian villages.
• Berkeley accused Bacon of rebelling against the
authority
• Bacon’s army burned down the Jamestown
settlement.
• Unfortunately, Bacon contracted dysentery, and
died. Berkeley destroyed the rest of the
resistance
Lasting Problems
• Sharp class differences between wealthy
planters and landless farmers
• Colonial resistance to royal control
Labor Shortages
• Impeding the Chesapeake Colony’s grown was
an unhealthy climate and a high death rate.
• Most of the settlers were brought from
England and Scotland
• To solve labor shortages, indentured
servitude, the Headright System, and slavery
were instituted
Indentured Servants
• Indentured Servants, in case you missed it the
first time, were younger, stronger workers,
who agreed to work for a specific time period,
usually 4 to 9 years, in return for room and
board in America.
• At the expiration of that time, they were free,
and either worked for wages or obtained land
of their own to farm
Headright System
• Virginia offered 50 acres of land to each
immigrant to paid for his own passage, and
any plantation owner who paid for an
immigrant’s passage.
Slavery
• The first slaves, imported from Africa, arrived
with the Dutch in 1619.
• In 1650, there were only 400 African slaves
Development of New England
Rhode Island
• Started by Roger Williams in 1636
• Recognized the rights of the Native Americans and paid them for
use of land
• Complete religious toleration for Catholics, Quakers, and Jews
• Williams founded one of the first Baptist churches in America
• Anne Hutchinson
– Believed in Antinomianism
• Faith alone, not deeds, was necessary for salvation
– She was banished from the Bay colony, and was killed by Indians
several years later, in Long Island
• In 1644, Williams was granted a charter form the English
Parliament, creating Rhode Island.
Connecticut
• Reverend Thomas Hooker led puritans into the
Connecticut River Valley, and founded Hartford in
1636
• The first written constitution, the Fundamental
Orders of Connecticut was written in 1639
– Established representative government and a
governor
• A settlement called the New Haven was started
by John Davenport in 1637
• In 1665, a charter turned the New Haven and
Hartford colonies into Connecticut.
New Hampshire
• New Hampshire was the last colony created in
new England
• King Charles II took New Hampshire,
separated it from the Bay colony in 1679, and
made it a royal colony
Halfway Covenant
• During the 1660’s, the Puritans were losing
members
• They came up with the halfway covenant, for
limited religious commitment
New England Confederation
• Under threat of attack from the Indians,
Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut,
and New Haven formed an alliance known as
the New England Confederation in 1643
King Philip’s War
• The Chief of the Wampanoag's named
Metacom, or King Philip to the settlers, was
constantly moving in on native American
territory.
• In the war, the colonials killed Metacom, and
Native American resistance ended
Restoration Colonies
The Carolinas
• King Charles II gave land between Virginia and
Florida to eight nobles, who became ‘lord
proprietors’ of the Carolinas
South Carolina
• Large rice-growing plantations worked by
African slaves
North Carolina
• Fewer large plantations and less reliance on
slavery, due to few good harbors and poor
transport
New York
• The lands lying between Connecticut and
Delaware Bay were granted to the Duke of
York (James II)
• James II sent army to take it over from its
governor, Peter Stuyvesant
• New taxes, duties, and rents were ordered,
without consent of the governed
New Jersey
• James gave New Jersey to Lord John Berkeley
and Sir George Carteret
• Land was sold on the promise of religious
freedom and assembly
Pennsylvania and Delaware
Quakers
• The Religious Society of Friends was known as
the Quakers
• They believed in the equality of all men and
women
• Nonviolence
• Resistance to military service
• In the 17th century, the Quakers were widely
persecuted for their
William Penn
• The royal family owed the Penn family a great
debt, which was repaid to William Penn in
1681. He was given a land grant, which he
called Pennsylvania
The Holy Experiment
• William Penn provided his colony with a
Frame of Government
• This guaranteed a representative assembly
and a constitution
• Penn’s plan was to test ideas based on Quaker
beliefs, hence the Holy Experiment
Delaware
• In 1702, William Penn gave a separate
assembly to the lower three parts of
Pennsylvania. This created Delaware.
Georgia: The Last Colony
• In 1732, the last colony, called Georgia, was
created.
• It was the only colony to receive direct
financial support from London
• Reasons for creating it included:
– A defense buffer against Spanish Florida
– A place to ship debtors, to get them out of prison
Special Regulations
• In 1733, Savannah was founded by James
Oglethorpe, who acted as Georgia’s governor
• Prohibition abounded on slavery and alcohol
Royal Colony
• In 1752, Oglethorpe gave up, and Georgia
became a royal colony
• Prohibition on slavery and alcohol was
dropped
• Even so, Georgia was still the poorest of all the
colonies
Mercantilism and the Empire
Introduction
• Mercantilism was the idea that trade,
colonies, and accumulation of wealth was a
basis for a countries strength
• A government should regulate trade and
production to enable it to become self
sufficient
• Colonies existed only to enrich the parent
colony
Acts of Trade and Navigation
• The Acts of Trade and Navigation established
three rules for colonial trade
– Trade to and from colonies could only be carried
by English or colonial built ships, and only be
operated by English or colonial crew
– All goods imported into the colonies may only
pass through ports in England
– Specified (Enumerated) goods can only be
exported to England
Impact on the Colonies
• Positive Effects
– Shipbuilding prospered
– Chesapeake tobacco became a monopoly
– English military forces protected colonies
• Negative Effects
– Manufacturing was severely limited
– Farmers received low prices for goods
– Colonists had to pay high prices for goods
Enforcement of the Acts
• The English government generally didn’t care
if the colonists broke the rules, and the
enforcers were known as corrupt men.
• However, the Crown was a different factor.
• In 1684, it took away Massachusetts's charter
because they were the center of the
smuggling.
Brief Experiment: The Dominion of
New England
• King James II took the throne in 1685
• He wanted to increase royal control
• In 1686, New York, New Jersey, and other New
England colonies were polymerized into the
Dominion of New England
• Sir Edmund Andros was the governor
• In 1688, the Glorious Revolution deposed James
and brought in William and Mary
• The Dominion of New England was brought to an
end
Permanent Restrictions
• Even after the Glorious Revolution,
mercantilist policies were kept intact
The Institution of Slavery
Introduction
• During the beginning of the 18th century
(1700), the population of slaves multiplied
ten-fold. By 1750, half of the population of
the colonies were slaves.
Increased Demand
• Reduced Migration
– Less people were poor in England, so the flow of
immigrants to the colonies was staunched
• Dependable Work Force
– Plantation owners were still wary of indentured
servants, as Bacon’s Rebellion was fresh in their mind.
They believed slaves would be less likely to rebel
• Cheap Labor
– The new staple product of the colonies became
Indigo, and it required many laborers to harvest
Slave Laws
• Massachusetts was the first colony to call
slaves the ‘lawful captives’, in 1641.
• Virginia passed an edict, dictating that all
children of slaves were also slaves
• Maryland made it so that slaves could not be
baptized, and that white females could not
marry black males
Triangular Trade
• Steps…
– A rum-running ship would start from New
England, and go to Africa
– The rum would be traded for Africans
– The Africans would be taken down the Middle
passage, that few survived, to be sold as slaves in
the west Indies, for sugarcane
– The ship would return to New England, and the
sugarcane would be made into rum 
Noteworthy Thing(s)
• During 1649, wealthy English Catholics
emigrated to Maryland and established large
plantations to avoid persecution, but they
were quickly outnumbered by protestant
farmers.
Chapter Three
Colonial Society In The Eighteenth
Century
Population Growth
Introduction
• The beginning population of the colonies, in
1701, was a mere 250,000
• 75 years later, the population multiplied tenfold
• This was only white citizens – African
Americans made the jump from 28,000 to
500,000
• The factors that most influenced this jump
was immigration, and a high birthrate
European Immigrants
• Most immigrants came from England, Scotland,
Wales, Ireland, France, Germany, and other parts
of Western and Central Europe
• Main reasons include:
– Religious persecution
– War
– Economic opportunity
• Most immigrants settled in the middle colonies,
or on the west part of the southern colonies
• Few immigrants went to New England, because it
was controlled by the puritans.
English
• In general, problems in Great Britain had
lessened, so there were less disgruntled
people moving across the ocean to escape
debt, at least from England.
German
• Most of the Germans settled in what was
known as the Pennsylvania Dutch country,
west of Philadelphia
• They kept their heritage and culture, and had
small interest in English affairs.
• Accounted for 6% of the population
Scotch-Irish
• Emigrated from northern Ireland
• Little respect for the British
• Settled in the western parts, including
Pennsylvania, Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia.
• Accounted for 7% of the total population
Other Europeans
• All of the others were comprised of French,
Dutch, and Swedes.
• They accounted for 5% of the total population
Africans
• Africans were the largest denomination of
immigrants in the Americas
• In 1775, the population of the Africans made
up 20% of the entire population
• 90% of Africans lived in the southern states
• In all colonies, laws discriminating against
African Americans were in full force
Structure of Colonial Society
General Characteristics
• Dominance of English Culture
– The majority of all settlers were English in decent
• Self-government
– Most colonies had self appointed governments.
– Only a few colonies had royal appointed governments
• Religious Toleration
– The practice of all religions was permitted, but with varying degrees of
freedom
• No Hereditary Aristocracy
– A class system was present in the colonies, but it was based on
economic prosperity, not birth
• Social Mobility
– All people had the opportunity to improve their social status, besides
the slaves
The Family
• Colonists married at a young ages
• 90% of colonists lived on farms
• Family was the center of life
Gender
• Men
– Most men worked
– Only men could own land
– Husbands could do whatever they wanted, including
beat their wives
• Women
– Generally had at least 8 children
– Work includes…
• Cooking, cleaning, clothes making, medical care
– Divorce was rare
The Economy
Introduction
• When the 1760’s rolled around, more than
half of England’s economy included America
• England tried to keep America from starting
businesses that could compete with English
businesses
New England
• Farming was very limited
• Farms usually smaller than 100 acres
• General economic opportunities included
logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and
rum-distilling
• The family generally worked the farm alone
Middle Colonies
•
•
•
•
The soil in the middle colonies was very rich
Crops included wheat and corn
Farms were usually 200 acres, at least
Indentured servants and hired labor were
common
• Philadelphia and New York grew because of
the stimulated economy
Southern Colonies
• There were small farms, and vast plantations,
because of the erratic change of the climate
over the south.
• Cash crops included tobacco, rice, timber, tar,
pitch, and indigo
• Slave labor was most common
• Cash crops were sent directly to Europe
Monetary System
• To attempt to control the colonies, the English
decided to limit their use of money
• Colonies made paper money, which lead to
inflammation
• Colonial laws that could hurt English business
were vetoed
Transportation
• Most goods were transported by water
• Boston, new York, Philadelphia, and
Charleston were all well-located near the
water
• Postal systems using horses and small ships
were used as well
Religion
Introduction
• Most large towns accumulated a Jewish
population
• The majority of colonists were Protestant
• Presbyterians mainly lived in New England
• The Dutch congregated in New York
• Lutherans, Mennonites, and Quakers were the
most common in Pennsylvania
Protestant Dominance
• Established churches
– The Church of England / Anglican Church
– Congregational Church
• Anglicans:
– Farmers and merchants, plantation owners
– Now leadership
• Congregationalists
– Found mainly in New England
– Overly complex
The Great Awakening
• In the 1730’s and 40’s, opinions and feelings
about religion began to change, and was
called the Great Awakening
• Jonathan Edwards
– Initiated the Great Awakening
– Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
– Preached penitence would save the soul
George Whitefield
• Immigrated in 1739
• Preached ‘hell and damnation’ absolutely
everywhere
• God would only save those people who openly
professed belief in Jesus Christ
Religious Impact
• The Great Awakening ended up causes an
enormous split between the Congregational
and Presbyterian churches.
• New Lights
– Those who supported the new teachings
• Old Lights
– Those who condemned the teachings
Cultural Life
Achievements in the Arts and Sciences
• Finally, as the instinct of survival over all else
began to fade, people were able to focus on
other things, such as art, and other aspects of
civilized living
Architecture
• Generally, houses followed the ‘Georgian’
style, prevalent in London
– Characterized by
• Brick and stucco
• Symmetrical placement of windows
• Two fireplaces
Painting
• Most artists were like wandering bards,
hoping that someone would want their
portrait painted
• Two more popular artists, Benjamin West and
John Copley, got the training in England before
coming to America
Literature
• Most subjects were religion and politics
• Most important authors:
– John Adams
– James Otis
– John Dickinson
– Thomas Paine
– Thomas Jefferson
– Benjamin Franklin
Education
• New England:
– Emphasis on the bible
– First tax supported school
• Middle Colonies
– Either church sponsored or private
• Southern Colonies
– Parents taught their children
• Higher Education
– Harvard was the first college
– Later came William and Mary, and Yale
– Other colleges included Princeton, Columbia, Brown,
Rutgers, and Dartmouth
Professions
• Physicians
– Little or no training
• Lawyers
– John Adams, James Otis, Patrick Henry
The Press
• Newspapers:
– In the earlier times, only 5 newspapers were in
the colonies. By 1776, there were 40
– The first cartoon was put in the Philadelphia
Gazette, by Ben Franklin
The Zenger Case
• If an article offended the authorities, the
offender could be jailed for life
• John Peter Zenger was brought to trial for
criticizing New York’s governor
• Eventually, Zenger was acquitted
Rural Folkways
• No book was read besides the bible
• People generally worked from sunup to
sundown
• Entertainment included playing cards,
horseracing, theater, and religious lectures
Politics
Structure of Government
• Eight colonies were considered Royal, and had
governors appointed by the King
• Three colonies were proprietary
• Only two colonies elected governors by
popular vote
• Legislature consisted of two houses
Local Government
• In New England
– A Town Meeting
• In the South
– The sheriff controlled everything
Voting
• No rights
– Women, poor white men, slaves, free blacks
– Religious restrictions were removed, slowly but
surely
Chapter Four
Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest
Empires at War
The First Three Wars
• In the latter part of the 1600’s, a war which
involved Great Britain, France, and Spain was
sparked
• This led to three other wars, which took place
internationally across Europe, India, and North
America
• The wars were named for the Monarch whose
dominion they took place on
The First Three Wars
• King William’s War:
– Fought from 1689 to 1697
– English sought to gain Quebec, but failed
• Queen Anne’s War:
– Fought from 1702 to 1713
– English sought to gain Quebec, but the Indians assisted the French,
and the English failed
– English gained Nova Scotia from France, and trading rights in Spanish
America
• King George’s War:
– Fought from 1744 to 1748
– The French and Spanish attacked the colonies
– In the peace treaty that ended the war, the English gave Louisburg
back to the French in exchange for gain in India
The French and Indian War
• While the wars seldom involved the colonists,
the fourth war began in America
• It was also known as the Seven Years War
The Beginning of the War
• The French began the war by building forts on
the Ohio River Valley, to stop British growth
• Britain’s General Washington took the newest
French fort, but was then forced to surrender
• This sparked the war
• British General Edward Braddock lost at Fort
Duquesne
• British invasion of French Canada in 1757
failed
The Albany Plan of Union
• To make a more coordinated defense plan,
representatives from seven colonies were
called to Albany in 1754
• The Albany Plan of Union was thought up by
Benjamin Franklin
• Ideas included an intercolonial government,
system for recruiting troops, and collecting
taxes
British Victory
•
•
•
•
The British retook Louisburg in 1758
Quebec was surrendered in 1759
Montreal was taken in 1760
A peace treaty (The Peace of Paris) was signed
in 1763
• French power in America was ended
• France gave up Louisiana to Spain
Immediate Effects of the War
• Britain was the undisputed naval power in the
world
• American colonies didn’t have to worry about
attacks form the French, Spanish, or the
Indians
• The relationship between the colonies and the
British changed phenomenally
The British View of America
• Low opinion of colonial military
• The colonists were unable and unwilling to
defend their own frontiers
Colonial View of British
• Colonies were proud of their military
performance
• Unimpressed with British troops and
leadership
Reorganization of the British Empire
• Britain no longer let their laws go unenforced
• Policy of Salutary Neglect was abandoned
• Because of the costly nature of the war, King
George III and the Whig party decided to
heavily tax the colonies
Pontiac’s Rebellion
• In 1763, Chief Pontiac attacked the colonies
• Pontiac destroyed forts and settlements from
New York to Virginia
• British immediately sent troops to crush the
rebellion, rather than having the colonies deal
with it
Proclamation of 1763
• The British prohibited the colonists from
settling west of the Appalachian Mountains
• It was hoped that this would prevent more
fights with the Indians
• The Americans didn’t adhere to this
proclamation, and streamed in the thousands
past the boundary
British Actions and Colonial Reactions
Introduction
• Proclamation of 1763 was one of the first acts
that made the colonists angry with their
mother country
• The British saw them as attempting to protect
the colonists
• The colonists saw them as the British taking
away their rights
New Revenues and Regulations
• The Sugar Act of 1764
– Placed taxes on sugar and other luxuries
• Quartering Act
– Colonists were required to provide food and shelter to British
soldiers
• Stamp Act
– A revenue stamp must be placed on all legal documents,
newspapers, pamphlets, and advertisements. It was later
repealed by Parliament when a new Minister came into office.
• Declaratory Act
– Parliament had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in
all cases whatsoever
Protesting the Stamp Act
• Patrick Henry demanded that the King’s
government recognize the rights of all citizens
• James Otis asked for cooperative action in
protesting the stamp act
• The Sons and Daughters of Liberty tarred and
feathered revenue officials
• Boycotts were the most popular form of
protest
The Second Phase of the Crisis
• Charles Townshend proposed another tax
measure
• Townshend Acts
– Taxes collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper
– Search of private homes for smuggled goods
– A writ of Assistance was required, rather than a
warrant
– Suspended New York’s assembly
Colonial Reaction
• Colonial Leaders protested the new taxes
• In Letters From A Farmer In Pennsylvania, John
Dickinson said that taxation required consent
• Massachusetts Circulation Letter was written
in 1768 by Sam Adams
– Urged colonies to petition to repeal Townshend
Acts
– British increased troops in Boston
Repeal of the Townshend Acts
• Prime Minister Fredrick North repealed the
Townshend Acts in 1770
• A tax on tea was kept to enforce British
superiority
Boston Massacre
• In March 1770, colonists were bothering
soldiers, so the soldiers shot into the crowd
• Five people were killed
• John Adams got them acquitted
Renewal of the Conflict
• The Committees of Correspondence, started
by Sam Adams in 1772, helped spread discord
with the British
The Gaspee
• The British ship, the Gaspee, was a ship that
attacked smugglers
• When the ship ran aground, colonists dressed
as Indians burned the ship
Boston Tea Party
• The Tea Act of 1773 was passed, which made
British tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea
• Colonists refused to buy, because they didn’t
want to recognize British taxation
• Colonists disguised as American Indians
dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor in
December 1773
Intolerable Acts
• Collective name given to new laws from
British
• Coercive Acts (1774)
– The Port Act closed the Boston port
– Massachusetts Government Act reduced
Massachusetts legislature power
– Administration of Justice Act let royal officials be
tried in England
Intolerable Acts Continued
• Quebec Act (1774)
– Organized Canadian lands gained from French
• Provisions
– Roman Catholicism was the main religion of
Quebec
– Set up a government without representative
assembly
• American Anger
– Quebec Act viewed as an attack on Colonists
Philosophical Foundations of American
Revolution
The Enlightenment
• In America, the Enlightenment was influenced
by John Locke and his Two Treatises on
Government
• Many enlightenment thinkers in America were
Deists, who believed God established natural
laws
• Believed in Rationalism
• Jean Jacques Rousseau had a large influence
on educated Americans
Chapter Five
The American Revolution and
Confederation, 1774-1787
The First Continental Congress
Introduction
• Due to the public opinion of the Intolerable
Acts, all colonies but Georgia sent
representatives to a Philadelphia convention
in 1774
• The purpose of this Continental Congress was
to determine the reactions of the colonies
The Delegates
• Views ranged from radical to conservative
• Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and John
Adams lead the delegation
Actions of the Congress
• Measures adopted:
– Intolerable Acts rejected, and immediate repeal
called for
– Declaration of Rights and Grievances sent to king
– The Association enforced economic sanctions of
the Congress
– If colonial rights were not recognized, a second
congress would be called for
Fighting Begins
• The King declared Massachusetts to be in a state
of rebellion
• Troops were dispatched to deal with them
• Lexington and Concord
– April 18th, 1775
– General Thomas Gage were sent to seize colonial
supplies
– Paul Revere and William Dawes warned Lexington of
the impending doom
– The British entered Concord and destroyed supplies
Bunker Hill
• Soldiers formed from Massachusetts's farmers
were attacked at Breed’s hill, and the British
won but suffered over 1000 casualties
The Second Continental Congress
• In May 1775, the second continental congress
was held
• Delegates from New England supported
independence
• Delegates from the middle colonies wanted to
negotiate a new relationship with Great
Britain
Military Actions
• Congress adopted a Declaration of the Causes
and Necessities for Taking Up Arms
• Washington appointed as Commander in Chief
• Benedict Arnold’s force raided Quebec
• American Navy and Marine Corps was
organized in the fall to attack British shipping
Peace Efforts
• The delegates sent an Olive Branch Petition to
King George
• Pledged loyalty to Britain and asked the King
to help them secure peace and rights
• The king burned the plea, and established the
Prohibitory Act of 1775, declaring the colonies
to be in rebellion
• Parliament then restricted all trade with the
colonies
Thomas Paine’s Argument for
Independence
• In January 1776, Thomas Paine published his
Common Sense pamphlet which argued why
the colonies should become an independent
state
• Paine said that it didn’t make sense for a vast
nation to pledge their loyalty to a corrupt, tiny
country across the ocean
The Declaration of Independence
• Five delegates, including Thomas Jefferson,
formed a committee to write the Declaration
of Independence
• Independence was declared on July 4th, 1776
The War
Patriots
• Most patriots were from New England and
Virginia
• No more than 20,000 troops were mobilized
at a time, generally
• African Americans were promised freedom to
join either side
Loyalists
• Torries:
– Maintained allegiance to the king
– Generally tended to be wealthy and conservative
– Most government officials and clergymen
remained loyal to the King
• Native Americans
– Originally tried to stay neutral
– The King promised to limit Colonial expansion, and
so gained the support of the Native Americans
Initial American Losses and Hardships
• The British occupied both New York and
Philadelphia
• Washington's troops suffered through the
winter at Valley Forge
• Paper money was worthless
Alliance With France
• American victory at Saratoga in October 1777
• France agreed to help because of this victory
• Main motive was to undermine Great Britain
Victory
•
•
•
•
Britain pulled out of Philadelphia
New York became chief bas of operations
George Clark captured many British forts
In 1781, the last battle, Yorktown, ended with
General Cornwallis surrendering to
Washington
The Treaty of Paris
• Britain would recognize the existence of the
United States as an independent country
• The Mississippi river would be the western
border of the nation
• Americans would have fishing rights off of
Canada
• The Americans would pay debts owed to
British merchants and honor Loyalist claims
for property confiscated during the war
Organization of New Governments
• State Government
– By 1777, ten out of thirteen of the states had
written constitutions
• List of Rights
– Jury trial, freedom of religion, etc
Separation of Powers
• Legislative powers given to an elected two
house legislature
• Executive powers given to an elected governor
• Judicial powers given to a system of courts
Other Ideals
• Voting
– The right to vote was given to all property owning
white males
• Office-holding
– Usually held to a higher property qualification
The Articles of Confederation
• John Dickenson created the first constitution
for the United States
• Adopted in 1777
• Ratification delayed by a dispute over the
western lands
Structure of Government
• The Articles of Confederation established a
government that consisted of only one thing:
Congress
• Each state given one vote
• Nine out of thirteen votes required to pass a
new law
• To amend the Articles required a unanimous
vote
Powers
• The Articles of Confederation conveyed to
Congress the power to make war, treaties,
borrow money, and send diplomats
• Congress was not given the power to regulate
commerce or collect taxes
• Congress had no executive power to enforce
its own laws
Accomplishments of the Articles
• Winning the War
– The US government played some part in the
victory and the later treaty
• Land Ordinance of 1785
– The US Government established a policy for selling
western lands
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787
– Set the laws for creating new states
Problems with the Articles
• Financial
– War debts were unpaid
– Money was worthless
– No taxation powers
• Foreign
– Other countries had no respect for the United
States
• Domestic
– Rebellions, started by Shay’s Rebellion, abounded
Social Change
•
•
•
•
Aristocratic titles were abolished
The church and the state were separated
Women remained second class citizens
Slaves remained sub-human
Chapter Seven
The Age of Jefferson
Jefferson’s Presidency
Introduction
• Jefferson maintained the national bank and
debt repayment plan
• Carried on neutrality policies of Washington
• Policy of limited central government
• Limited the size of the military
• Eliminated many federal jobs
• Repealed excise taxes
• Lowered the national debt
The Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon lost interest in Louisiana
– French forces needed for fighting England
– Rebellion led by Toussaint l’ Ouverture
• Bought the entire Louisiana Territory for $15
million
• Jefferson strictly interpreted the Constitution,
which did not state that the President could
purchase land
Consequences
• Doubled the size of the United States
• Removed a foreign presence from the nation’s
borders
• Guaranteed the extension of the western
frontier to lands beyond the Mississippi
Lewis and Clark Expedition
• In 1804, Louis and Clark set out to reach the
Pacific Ocean, and then turned back to the
east coast
• Improved relations with the Indians
• Developed maps and land routes
John Marshall and the Supreme Court
• The only power remaining to the Federalists was
their control over the federal court
• Jefferson wanted to block the Federalist
appointment
• He ordered Madison not to deliver the
commission to Marbury, a Federalist
• Marbury sued for his commission, and Marshall
ruled that he had a right to the commission,
according to the Judiciary Act in 1789
• Marshall established Judicial Review
– The supreme court would rule on constitutionality
Judicial Impeachments
• Jefferson suspended the Alien and Sedition
Acts
• He also supported a campaign of
Impeachment
• He impeached one judge on the grounds that
he was ‘mentally unbalanced’
Jefferson’s Reelection
• Jefferson was reelected president in 1804
Aaron Burr
• A republican meeting made the decision not
to nominate Aaron Burr for a second term as
Vice President
• Burr, in response, made several actions that
had poor consequences for the Union
• Burr planned to win the governorship of New
York, unite that state with the New England
states, then secede
• Burr then shot Alexander Hamilton in anger
Difficulties Abroad
• Barbary Pirates
– To protect US ships, the previous presidents paid
tribute to Barbary
– Jefferson sent navy to Barbary, and the attacks
ceased
• Challenges to Neutrality
– British attacked American ships, and impressed
American soldiers
More Problems
• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
– The British ship Leopard attacked the Chesapeake.
• Embargo Act of 1807
– In response to the sinking of the Chesapeake,
Jefferson proposed the Embargo Act, which kept
American ships from sailing to any foreign port
– In the end, it hurt the US more than Britain, and it
was repealed
Madison’s Presidency
•
•
•
•
•
Madison was another democratic-republican
Weak public speaker
Stubborn temperament
Lacked political skills
Finally took the United States to war
Events of Madison’s Presidency
• Nonintercourse Act of 1809
– America could trade with all countries besides
Britain and France
• Macon’s Bill No. 2
– Restored trade with Britain and France
• Napoleon’s Deception
– Napoleon told Madison he would end the seizure
of American ships, but he did not
The War of 1812
• Causes
– Free seas and trade
• British impressed American seamen
– Frontier pressures
• America wanted to take over Britain’s land in Canada
• British provided aid to Indians
– War hawks
• Eager for war with Britain
– Declaration of War
• British delayed their meeting of US demands, and Madison
finally declared war
A Divided Nation
• In Congress, Pennsylvania and Vermont
supported the southern and western states,
who were for the war
• Most of the northern states were voting
against war
• Madison won reelection against Clinton, the
anti-war candidate
Opposition to the War
• Most outspoken in criticism of the war
– New England merchants
• Making profits after the repeal of embargo acts
– Federalist politicians
• Saw it as a scheme to gain Canada and Florida
– Quids / old republicans
• Violated Republican commitment to limit federal power
Military Defeats and Naval Victories
• Invasion of Canada
– From Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain
– Easily repulsed
• Naval Battles
– Superior shipbuilding and valorous deeds achieved
many victories
• Chesapeake Campaign
– The defeat of Napoleon let the British increase forces
– Set fire to the White House
Southern Campaign
• Andrew Jackson stopped the British Creek
Nation
• British control of the Mississippi River was
stopped at New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent
• Americans were unable to win a decisive
victory
• Terms:
– A halt to the fighting
– Return of all conquered territory
– Recognition of prewar boundary between Canada
and the United States
• The war ended as a stalemate, with no gain
for either side
The Hartford Convention
• New England states came close to seceding
from the Union
• To limit the growing power of the republicans,
the Hartford Convention was held, where it
was decided that a 2/3 vote of both houses
was required for any declaration of war in the
future
Consequences of the War
•
•
•
•
The US gained respect
The US accepted Canada as a neighbor
The Federalist party came to an end
The Native Americans surrendered large
tracts of land
• America became more self sufficient
• Strong feeling of American nationalism
Chapter Eight
Nationalism And Economic
Development
The Era of Good Feelings
• The Monroe years were years of nationalism,
optimism, and goodwill, particularly because
the Federalists disappeared
James Monroe
• As a boy, he fought in the Revolutionary War
• Defeated the Federalist, Rufus King
• Supported the growing nationalism of
America
• Noted for gaining Florida, the Missouri
Compromise, and the Monroe Doctrine
Cultural Nationalism
• Monroe had been elected mainly from the
young generation
• Excited about the prospects of a new nation
• Little interest in European politics
• The country was very patriotic
Economic Nationalism
• Internal Improvements was one part of the
economic nationalism
• US industries were also protected from
European competition
• The Tariff of 1816
– After the War of 1812, Congress raised the tariff
rates on goods to protect the US factories
– The Tariff of 1816 was the first ‘protective tariff’
– New England opposed the higher tariffs
Henry Clay
• Henry Clay, Kentucky, proposed a new plan to
better economic growth
• Called the American System
– Protective tariffs
• To promote American manufacturing and raise revenue
– National bank
• Keep the system running easily by providing currency
– Internal improvements
• Promote growth in the West and South
• Monroe vetoed Internal Improvement bills frequently
The Panic of 1819
• The first major problem since the Constitution
was ratified
• Credit had been tightened to prevent inflation
• State banks closed
• Money became worthless
• Unemployment, bankruptcies, and debtors prison
rose
• Large amounts of western farmland foreclosed on
Political Changes
• After the defeat in 1816, the federalist party
did not nominate a candidate in the election
of 1820, and was no longer a national party
• Some members of the republican party tried
to hold on to old ideals, but the majority of
them adopted a semi-federalist set of ideals
Marshall’s Supreme Court and Central
Government Powers
• John Marshall was one of the only Federalists
left
• He favored central government, and property
rights over state rights
Marshall Cases
• Fletcher vs. Peck
– Ruled that the state could not pass legislation
invalidating a contract
• Martin vs. Hunter’s Lease
– Ruled that the Supreme Court had jurisdiction
over state courts
• Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
– Ruled that a contract for a private corporation
could not be altered by the state
Marshall Cases Continued
• McCulloch vs. Maryland
– Ruled that the federal government had the implied
power to create a bank, and the state could not tax a
federal institution
• Cohen's vs. Virginia
– Ruled that the Supreme Court could review a state
court’s decision
• Gibbons vs. Ogden
– Ruled that the federal government had broad control
over interstate commerce
Western Settlement and The Missouri
Compromise
• The population out west had doubled
• Native American’s lands were seized
• It became necessary economically to expand
west
• Improved transportation made travel easier
• Immigrants crowded over the original borders,
and had to settle somewhere else
New Questions and Answers
• Western Objectives
– Cheap money from state banks rather than the
bank of America
– Land made available at low prices
– Improved transportation
– Slavery was indecisive – could not decide to
permit or exclude it
Tallmadge Amendment
• Called for prohibition of more slaves into
Missouri
• All slaves in Missouri became emancipated at
25
Clay’s Proposal
• Missouri was admitted as a slave state
• Maine was admitted as a free state
• North of 36-30, slavery was prohibited
Foreign Affairs
• The United States adopted more aggressive
relations
• Rush-Bagot Agreement
– Strictly limited naval armament on the Great Lakes
• Treaty of 1818
– Shared fishing rights off of Newfoundland
– Joint occupation of the Oregon territory
– Setting the north border of Louisiana at the 49th
parallel
Florida
• Slaves ran to Florida, which gave Monroe a
reason to attack
• Commissioned General Jackson to stop raiders
• Destroyed Seminole villages
• Hung two Seminole chiefs
• Drove out the Spanish governor
• Hung two British traders
Florida Purchase Treaty
• Spain gave up Florida to the US for $5 million,
and all claims on Texas
The Monroe Doctrine
• Declared that the United States was opposed
to attempts by a European power to interfere
in the affairs of any republic in the Western
Hemisphere, ending the problems in South
America
Population Growth
• Between 1800 and 1825, the population
doubled
– High birthrate
– Large amount of immigrants
Transportation
• Roads
– The Lancaster Turnpike connected Philadelphia with
farmlands around Lancaster
– Cumberland Road reached from Maryland to Illinois
• Canals
– Erie Canal completed in 1825
– Stimulated economic growth
• Steamboats
– Developed by Robert Fulton
• Railroads
– Newest favorite mode of transportation
Money Making Changes
• Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
• New York passed a law that made it easier for
businesses to incorporate and raise capital
• Samuel Slater gave the US British cotton
spinning secrets
Labor
• Young women
• Extensive use of child labor
• Unions became more popular
Commercial Agriculture
• Farming was more of an enterprise than
providing food for family
• Cheap land and easy credit
• Markets opened up everywhere
Effects of the Market Revolution
• Growing interdependence among people
• Women could find jobs as domestic service
people or teachers. Factory jobs were not
common.
• Arranged marriages were less common
• Wages improved in general
• People thought that slavery would gradually
disappear
Chapter Nine
Sectionalism
The North
• Two parts
– The Northeast
• New England
• Middle Atlantic
– The Old Northwest
• From Ohio to Minnesota
Organized Labor
• Farmers and artisans were now dependant on
factory wages
• Due to low pay, long hours, and unsafe working
conditions, unions logically formed
• Commonwealth vs. Hunt
– Peaceful unions had the right to negotiate labor
contracts
• Improvement was limited by
– Periodic depressions
– Employers and courts that were hostile to unions
– Abundant source of cheap labor
Urban Life
•
•
•
•
•
Slums expanded due to rapid growth
Crowded housing
Poor sanitation
Infectious disease
High rates of crime
African Americans
• African Americans were denied membership
to unions
• Sometimes hired as strike-breakers, but fired
directly after
Agricultural Northwest
• Old Northwest
–
–
–
–
–
–
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan
Wisconsin
Minnesota
• Tied to the northern states by:
– Military campaigns
– Building of canals and railroads
Agriculture
• Steel plow
– John Deer
• Mechanical reaper
– Cyrus McCormick
• Grain used to feed cattle and make beer
New Cities
• Buffalo, Cleaveland, Detroit, Chicago,
Cincinnati, St. Louis grew larger
Immigration
• Sudden increase in 1832
• Few went to the south
• Result of
– Famines in Europe
– Inexpensive ocean transportation
– Reputation of the US as a economic oppurtunity
Irish
• Two million, almost half, came from Ireland
• Mostly farmers
• Discriminated against because of Roman
Catholic background
• Congregated in northern cities
• Initially excluded from the Democratic
Organization of Tammany hall
• Later took this organization over
Germans
• One million Germans came to the US in the
1840’s and 50’s
• Searched for cheap farmland
• Political influence was originally limited
• Strong supporters of public education
• Opponents of slavery
ativists
• Native born americans feared the immigrant
takeover
• Protestants
• Distrusted roman catholicism
• Lead to riots in cities
• The Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner
• Became the Know-Nothing party
• Nativism faded away with the coming of the Civil
War
The South
Agriculture and King Cotton
• Small factories in the south produced 15
percent of the nations goods
• Tobacco, Rice, and Sugarcane
• Cotton cloth was more affordable because of
the development of textile mills and the
cotton gin
Slavery
• Wealth was measured in terms of land and
slaves
• Supported slavery because it was ‘good for
slave and master’
• Four million slaves in 1860
• Slaves did whatever they were told, mostly in
the fields or in construction
Resistance
• Denmarck Vesey
– 1822
• Nat Turner
– 1831
• Quickly and violently suppressed
Free African Americans
•
•
•
•
250,000 in the south were not slaves
Some emancipated during the revolution
Children of white men
Self purchase
White Society
• Aristocracy
– 100 slaves, 1000 acre farm
– Politically powerful
• Farmers
– Fewer than 20 slaves, 100 acres
– Modest living
• Poor Whites
– Hillbillies, poor white trash. Lived on hills as fake farmers
• Mountain People
– Lived in the mountains
– Loyal to the union
– Disliked slavery
Southern Thought
• Code of Chivalry
–
–
–
–
Largely a feudal society
Strong sense of honor
Defense of womanhood
Paternalistic treatment of inferiors
• Education
– Upper class valued education
– Slaves prohibited from reading and writing
• Religion
– Methodist and Baptist church supported slavery
– Unitarians challenged slavery
– Catholics and Episcopalians took a neutral stance
The West
• Native Americans
– All living west of the Mississippi river
• Life on the Plains
– Horses became a revolutionary benefit for Indians
– Nomadic buffalo hunters
The Frontier
• Mountain Men
– Native born white Americans saw the Rocky Mountains as a total
wilderness
– Lewis and Clark were considered Mountain Men
– They served as guides and pathfinders
• White Settlers on the Western Frontier
– Settlers in the western frontier were almost the same as the early
colonists
– Many died early from disease or malnutrition
• Women
– Women on the frontier had a limited life span due to pregnancy,
endless work, and isolation
• Environmental Damage
– Forests were cut down, and the beaver and buffalo were hunted
almost to extinction
Industrial Northeast
Establishments
Employees
Value
North Atlantic
69,831
900,107
1,213,897,518
Old Northwest
33,335
188,651
346,675,290
Southern
27,779
166,803
248,090,580
Western
8,777
50,204
71,229,989
Chapter Ten
The Age of Jackson, 1824-1844
Jacksonian Democracy
The Rise of a Democratic Society
• During the 1830’s, the United States was very
informal in their behavior and class system
• Equal opportunities among whites, and equal
oppression of blacks
• The ‘Self Made Man’ referred to someone
who rose as far as his natural talent would
take him, regardless of class
• No belief in the ‘Self Made Woman’
Politics of the Common Man
• New suffrage laws enabled more citizens to
vote
• Changes in political parties, education, and
newspaper circulation assisted the democratic
trend
Important Political Changes
• Universal Male Suffrage
– All white males could vote and hold office
• Party nominating conventions
– In the past, candidates were nominated by king
Caucus (A closed-door meeting)
– Nominating conventions replaced this idea
– The Anti-Masons were the first to support this
• Popular Election of the President
– A more democratic method of allowing citizens to
choose the presidential candidate was enacted
Important Political Change
• Two Party System
– Campaigns for president were now held on a national
scale
• Rise of Third Parties
– Third parties drew attention away from other big
parties, but never had a chance of winning the
election
• More Elected Offices
– More officials were elected to office instead of being
appointed (Like through the Spoils System)
Popular Campaigning and the Spoils
System
• Public Campaigning
– For the first time, presidential candidates made
their appeal directly to the common people
• Spoils System
– Appointing people to public office still occurred.
– Jackson believed in rotating the holding of the
office
Jackson vs. Adams
The Election of 1824
• King Caucus had combusted
• John Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford,
and Andrew Jackson entered the presidential
race
• Henry Clay bought off voters to get John
Adams elected, whereupon Adams gave Clay
the Secretary of State
• This was known as the Corrupt Bargain
Policies of John Q. Adams
• Supported internal improvements,
universities, and corporate aid
• Angered Jacksonian supporters
Revolution of 1828
Cue the mudslinging!!
• In response to the election of 1828…
• Jacksonians accused Adam’s wife of being
born out of wedlock
• Adam’s supporters accused Jackson’s wife of
adultery
The Presidency of Andrew Jackson
• Jackson won the election of 1828
• Heralded as the ‘common man’
• Role of the President
– Counted himself as a Jeffersonian
– Vetoed twelve bills
– Vetoed the Maysville Road
• Peggy Eaton Affair
– Suspected of being an adulteress
– Ostracized socially
Indian Removal Act of 1830
• Jackson believed native Americans were subhuman
• The Indian Removal Act was signed in 1830,
which forced thousands of Indians to move
their settlements
• The Cherokee nation sued Georgia in
Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia
– The supreme court ruled that the Cherokee Nation
did not have the right to sue in a federal court
Nullification Crisis
• Jackson supported the states rights, but…
• Tariff of Abominations
– South Carolina declared it void
– South Carolina continued to void tariffs
– Jackson demanded military action and stated that
voiding the tariff was considered treason
Bank Veto
• Jackson believed that the Bank was corrupt
and misused its powers
• He declared it unconstitutional, and called it a
private monopoly
• Clay’s battle failed, and Jackson was re-elected
with a ¾ majority
Two Party System
• The Era of Good Feelings ended with a new
two-party system
• Jacksonians took the name Democrats
• Henry Clay lovers were called Whigs
– Democrats
• Based on republicans
– Whigs
• Federalists
Jackson’s Second Term
• Banks
– Jackson vetoed the national bank, and took away all of
it’s funding.
– Preferred State Banks, which he transferred the
National Bank’s money to
• Specie Circular
– Inflation occurred because of Jackson’s policies
– All purchases were required to be in gold or silver,
rather than paper
– The Panic of 1837 threw the economy into a minidepression
The Election of 1836
• Democrats
– Martin Van Buren
• Whigs
– Nominated candidates from three different
regions
– This epic-failed
• Van Buren won!
‘Log Cabin and Hard Cider’ Campaign
• In the election of 1840, the Whigs were more
able to defeat the Jacksonians
• Voters were dissatisfied with the way that
they had made things
• Nominated William Henry Harrison as the
‘humble’ man
• Harrison took office, was inaugurated, and
died a month later, whereupon John Tyler
succeeded him7
Democrats
Whigs
Positions
Local rule, limited
government, free trade.
Opposed monopolies,
national bank, and high
prices
Favored the American
System, and opposed
immorality
Voter Support
Southerners
Northern and Middle
states
Chapter 11
Society, Culture, and Reform, 18201860
Religion: The Second Great Awakening
Revivalism
• During the beginning of the 19th century, ‘revival’ of
religion was prevelant in the United States
• The idea of original sin and predestination was rejected
• Calvanism became more popular
• Charles G. Finney started a ‘revival’ in New York
• Baptists and Methodists traveled the world converting
people to their denomination of Protestantism
• Other congregations arose, who predicted the Second
Coming of Christ (The Millerites / Seventh-Day
Adventists)
Mormons
• Started by Joseph Smith in 1830
• Brigham Young lead them to the western
frontier to avoid persecution
• Practiced polygamy
Culture: Ideas, The Arts, and Literature
The Transcendentalists
•
•
•
•
People who questioned the ideals of churches
Wanted a more ‘spiritual’ way of finding God
Supported the Anti-Slavery movement
Ralph Emerson, Henry Thoreau were
Transcendentalists
More Specific
• Ralph Waldo Emerson
– “the American Scholar” adress at Harvard
– Urged Americans not to imitate European culture
– Advocated self-reliance, independent thinking, and mindover-matter
– Leading anti-slavery person
• Henry David Thoreau
– Used observations of nature to discover the truth of Life,
the Universe, and Everything
– Did not come to the conclusion of 42.
– Wrote ‘Walden’
– Advocated nonviolent protest, and not obeying unjust laws
Communal Experiments
• Shakers
– Newest religious movement in the 1840’s
– Kept men and women separate absolutely. No marriage or childbirth.
– For lack of new members, they eventually died out (I wonder why? ;) )
• New Harmony
– Secular experiment by Robert Owen
– Hoped to procure an answer to the issues of inequity and alienation
• Oneida Community
– Attacked as a sinful ‘free love’ advocating farce
• Fourier Phalanxes
– Charles Fourier recommended people share work and living
arangements
Arts and Literature
• Painting
– Everyday life motifs became popular
• Architechture
– Fell back on ancient greek mythos
• Literature
– Transcendentalist authors
– American themes
Reforming Society
Temperance
• Alchohol was attacked as the cause of all social
problems
• American Temperance Society
– Attacked morality of drinkers
• Washingtonians
– Believed alcholism was a disease
• German and Irish were opposed to the
temperance movement
• Maine was the first state to make alcohol illigal
Public Asylums
• Mental Hospitals
– Began by Dorothea Dix
• Schools for the Blind and Deaf
– Thomas Gallaudet and Samuel Howe founded
schools for the deaf and blind, respectively
• Prisons
– New prisons were also raised in response to the
large reform of asylums
Public Education
• Free Common School
– Horace Mann began the public school movement
– Started the Massachusetts Board of Education
• Moral Education
– William Holmes McGuffey created moral
instruction in schools
• Higher Educations
– Usually only available to white males, women
began to be admitted into colleges as well.
The Changing American Family and
Women’s Rights Movement
• Roles of men and women were redefined after
the Industrial Revolutoin
• Birth control was readily available
• Cult of Domesticity
– The view of women as people only fit to raise a family
or teach children
• Origin of the Women’s Rights Movement
– Sara and Angelina Grimke
• Letter on the Condition of Woemn and the Equality of the
Sexes
– Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Seneca Falls Convention
• In 1848, a meeting of the feminists was called
at Seneca Falls, New York.
• The feminists published a document uncannily
similar to the Declaration of Independence,
known as the Declaration of Sentiments
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
were the ringleaders for suffrage and other
rights
The Antislavery Movement
• The Second Great Awakening encouraged
abolotionists
• American Colonization Society
– Transported freed slaves to a colony in Africa (1817)
• American Antislavery Society
– William Lloyd Garrison
• The Liberator (Magazine)
• Called for immediate abolition of slavery
• Liberty Party
– Ran James Birney as their party candidate in 1840
Abolitionists
• Black Abolitionists
–
–
–
–
Fredrick Douglass
Harriet Tubman
Sojourner Truth
William Still
• Violent Abolitionists
– David Walker
– Henry Highland Garnet
• Claimed that the only way to beat slavery was to provoke uprisings
– Nat Turner
• In 1831, Nat Turner caused a revolt which lead to the deaths of 55
white people
Other Reforms
• The American Peace Society
– Abolish war
•
•
•
•
Prevent the beating of seamen!!
Anti-eating disorders
Dress-Code reform for women
Studying the shape of one’s skull for
personality
Southern Response to Reform
• Slowly supported reform in prisons and
schools, but did not condone anti-slavery
reform at all.
Chapter 12
Territorial And Economic Expansion
1830-1860
Conflicts Over Texas, Maine, and
Oregon
• Texas
– Stephen Austin helped 300 families immigrate to
Texas
– In 1829, the Texas Mexicans outlawed slavery and
made the official religion Roman Catholicism
• Revolt and Independence
– General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became Texas
dictator
– In the Battle of San Jacinto River, Sam Houston
captured Santa Anna
– Santa Anna was forced to give up Texas, but Mexico
voided their treaty
Boundary Dispute in Maine
• Canada, which was still owned by the Britain's,
was too close to Maine for comfort for many
Americans.
• The Aroostook War was the name given to the
fighting that occurred over this matter
Boundary Dispute in Oregon
• Spain, Russia, England, and the United States
all claimed Oregon
– British made its claim on the profitable trade
between the Indians
– America made its claim because they discovered
most of the land in Oregon
• People in America called it ‘manifest destiny’,
and that they ‘had’ to expand into Oregon
The Election of 1844
• Northern were opposed to Texas being added
to the union because slavery was practiced
there
• Martin Van Buren opposed annexation
• Henry Clay tried to take both sides
• James K. Polk was for annexation, and he
eventually won the election
Annexing Texas and Dividing Oregon
• John Tyler, in his last act as president,
submitted a treaty to the senate for the
annexation of Texas
• British Columbia was removed from the land
in question, and the treaty was accepted
War With Mexico
• John Slidell was sent to Mexico from Polk to…
– Buy California and New Mexico
– Stop the fighting about Texas
• John Slidell epic-failed
Immediate Causes of the War
• General Zach Taylor began to mass his troops
on the Rio Grande, on Mexican land. A scout
patrol was taken and 11 killed by the
Mexicans, and Polk used this provoked action
to send his request of war to Congress
• Both houses approved of the war
Military Campaign
• General Stephen Kearny took over Santa Fe
and southern California
• John Fremont took over northern California
• Zachary Taylor took over Buena Vista
• Polk sent General Winfield Scott to invade
Mexico
• Mexico City was captured in September 1847
Wartime Consequences
• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
– The Rio Grande was the border of Mexico
– The United States would receive California and New Mexico for $15
million
• Whigs believed this was an attempt to benefit slavery, therefore
they denounced it
• The Wilmot Proviso
– Davit Wilmot demanded in the senate that slavery be banned in the
new states. He was shot down. Metaphorically speaking.
• Prelude to Civil War
– Due to the growing problem of pro-slavery vs. anti-slavery, and the
expanding borders of the United States with which to argue over, it
could be said that this ultimately led to the civil war, and that the
Wilmot Proviso was what sparked it.
Southerly Manifest Destiny
• Ostend Manifesto
– A deal was proposed for Cuba, for 100 million dollars,
but Spain refused
– A few private operations attempted to take over Cuba.
This did not go that well.
• Walker Expedition
– William Walker tried to take over Baja California
– Took over Nicaragua in 1855
– His intent was to make a pro-slavery central America
Other Treaties and Purchases
• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850)
– Neither the United States nor Great Britain would
attempt to take singular control over any canal in
Central America
• Gadsden Purchase
– New Mexico and Arizona were sold to the United
States for use of Railroading, by Mexico, for 10
million dollars.
Expansion After the Civil War
• Even after the civil war, America was still
attempting to expand.
• In the midst of the chaos and trying to put
everything back together again, Alaska was
purchased
Settlement of the Western Territories
Fur Trader’s Frontier
• The first settlers in the mountains of the west,
these ‘mountain men’ revolved around the
selling and trading of animal skins
• James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, kit Carson,
and Jedediah Smith
Overland Trails
• Other pioneers travelled to Oregon and
California in search of settlement
opportunities
• Disease and malnutrition were the biggest
killers
Mining Frontier
• In 1848, the Gold Rush began
• Colorado, Nevada, and Dakota were swarmed
over with gold-rushers
• California’s population went up 2000% during
these times
• One third of these miners were Chinese
Farming Frontier
• The Preemption Acts of 1830 and 1840 gave
‘squatters’ the ability to buy and live on land
in the west
Urban Frontier
• Many western cities came about because of
– Railroads
– Minerals
– Farming
• ‘Instant cities’ were created by the gold rush
• Supplies and food for miners were offered,
which contributed to their growth
The Expanding Economy
Industrial Technology
• Clothes and other items were being massproduced in factories
• Technology was moving forward
• Elias Howe created the sewing machine
• Samuel F. B. Morse created the first
communication device in 1844
Railroads
• 2.6 million acres was given to build the Illinois
Central Railroad
– Ran from Lake Michigan to the Gulf of Mexico
• Railroads put the northeast and the Midwest
closer together
Foreign Commerce
• Trade was expanding to include other
countries
• Shipping cross-country was encouraged
• A treaty was signed with Japan that convinced
them to open up ports to US trading vessels
The Panic of 1857
• Prices fell
• Unemployment soared
• However, cotton prices in the south stayed at
the top
• This made southerners feel like they were the
best, and brought on feelings of discord
involving the secession from the Union
Chapter 13
The Union in Peril
1848-1861
Introduction
• Shit, this is a long one =/
The Free-Soil Movement
• Free-Soilers believed that the western frontier
should be kept white-only
• During the election of 1848, the Free Soil
party came into existence
• Main idea was to prevent the further spread
of slavery, but not to completely remove it
Southern Position
• In general, the southerners twisted the
Constitution to their own designs, claiming
that by abolishing slavery, the government
was taking away their property
Popular Sovereignty
• Lewis Cass brought about the idea of letting
the people who live in the territory decide on
the issue of slavery. This was known as
Popular Sovereignty
The Election of 1848
• Democrats
– Lewis Cass
• Whigs
– General Zachary Taylor
• Free-Soil Party
– Martin Van Buren
• Taylor was victorious
The Compromise of 1850
• Thought up by Henry Clay
– California entered as a free state
– Utah and New Mexico formed out of the ashes of
the Mexican Secession, and Popular Sovereignty
imposed
– The trafficking of slaves was banned in DC
– The Fugitive Slave Law was created
Fugitive Slave Law
• Slaves who escaped from the south and
looked for protection in the north were
hunted down and given back to their owners
• People who assisted the fugitive slaves were
fined greatly
The Underground Railroad
• Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape
to Canada or the northern states
Literature on Slavery
• Uncle Tom’s Cabin
– Conflict between slave (Tom) and his evil white master Simon
Legree
– The south banned this book
• Impending Crisis of the South
– Used statistics to show that slavery was bad in general for the
economy
– The south banned this book as well. Go figure.
• Southern Reaction (Not a book)
– Preached that slavery was supported in the bible
– Claimed that bonds developed between slave and master
– Reacted by accusing the capitalist system of being worse than
slavery
Effects of Law and Literature
• Did nothing but turn the two parts of the
nation further against eachother
The Election of 1852
• Whigs
– General Winfield Scott
– Internal improvements supporter
• Democrats
– Franklin Pierce
– Won all states but four
The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
• The Nebraska territory was split into two
states: Kansas and Nebraska
• Went against the Compromise of 1820
New Parties
• Know-Nothing party
– Formed by aggression toward Protestants and
immigrants
– Served only to weaken the Whig party slightly, as
no president was ever elected
• Republican party
– Made up of remnants of the Free-Soil party, and
abolitionist Whigs and Democrats
– Felt that slavery was justified as long as it stayed
in the south
The Election of 1856
• Republican
– John Fremont
– Stop the spread of slavery
• Know Nothings
– Millard Filmore
• Democrats
– James Buchanan
• Buchanan won the election
Extremists and Violence
Bleeding Kansas
• Stephen Douglas
– Expected slavery to end peacefully and quietly
• Pro-slavery citizens in the states next to
Kansas moved into Kansas, for the sole
purpose of winning that state for the south
• Fighting erupted (State-wide) between antislavery advocates and slavery advocates, and
the state was christened ‘Bleeding Kansas’
The Caning of Charles Sumner
• This paragraph really does deserve a slide all
to itself. How freakin’ boss.
• After a particularly emphatic and passionate
speech against slavery, Congressman Preston
Brooks beat Sumner over the head with a
cane
Constitutional Issues
Lecompton Constitution
• A proslavery constitution was submitted from
Kansas, and Buchanan approved it
• This pissed many people off, and the
document was later destroyed by anti-slavery
settlers
Dred Scott vs. Sandford
• Dred Scott was a slave who had lived in
freedom for two years. When he was
returned to his slave state, he sued for his
freedom
• He was shot down (Figuratively), because
– African Americans were not citizens and were not
allowed to sue
– The court could not take away the property of
citizens
The Road to Secession
John Brown’s Raid at Harpers ferry
• John Brown tried to take the federal arsenal at
Harpers Ferry with the help of slaves
• Robert E. Lee captured, charged, and executed
them
The Election of 1860
• The Breakup of the Democrats
– Stephen Douglas was the favorite, but the south
rejected him. The south nominated John C.
Breckinridge, and Douglas was nominated by the
north.
• Republican Nomination of Lincoln
• Fourth Political Party
– The Constitutional Union Party
• John Bell of Tennessee
• Election Results
– Lincoln was elected without any votes from the south
The Secession of the Deep South
• In December 1860, South Carolina seceded.
• Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
and Texas followed them
• The Confederate States of America were formed
in February 1861
• The CSA was the same as the USA, besides the
fact that the government had less power to
impose tariffs and restrict slavery
• Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens served as
President and Vice President, respectively
Crittenden Compromise
• Senator John Crittenden proposed a
compromise with the south that would give
them the absolute rights to hold slaves, but
Lincoln would not give it to theme
Chapter Fourteen
The Civil War
1861-1865
The War Begins
Fort Sumter
• Fort Sumter was located in Charleston, South
Carolina
• Instead of starting a war over it, Lincoln sent
food to the fort
• The south opened fire on Lincoln’s troops
• The Civil War began in April 12th, 1861
Use of Executive Power
• Lincoln made use of his ‘executive’ power in
the Civil war by…
– Drafting 75 thousand volunteers to help Fort
Sumter
– Spent money for the war
– Suspended habeas corpus
Secession of the Upper South
• After Lincoln responded to the attack by the
Deep South, the rest of the south, Virginia,
North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas,
seceded
• Richmond was named the capital of the
confederacy
Keeping the Border States in the Union
• Lincoln used martial law and guerrilla forces to
keep the border states as part of the union
Wartime Advantages
• Military
– The south only had to defend, while the north had to
take over the entire southern states
– The north had 22 million people against the south’s 5
million
• Economy
– The north controlled 85% of the factories, 70% of the
railroads, and 65% of the farms
• Political
– The south had no government or public support, while
the north had both
The Confederate States of America
•
•
•
•
•
Nonsuccessive 6 year terms for the president
Protective tariffs
No foreign slave trade
Always in debt
Inflammation advanced to a dollar being
worth only 2 cents
First Years of a Long War – 1861-1862
• The First Battle of Bull Run
– 30,000 union troops attacked Manassas, Virginia
– Stonewall Jackson brought reinforcements and
kicked the Union back to Washington
• Union Strategy
– General Winfield Scott
• Blockade southern sea ports
• Take the Mississippi river to split the CSA apart
• Make an enormous army to swarm Richmond
Battles Continued
• Peninsula Campaign
– General McClellan
• Invaded Virginia
• Stopped by Robert E. Lee
• McClellan replaced by General John Pope
• Second Battle of Bull Run
– Lee attacked Pope’s flank
• Antietam
– McClellan was restored
– Union stopped Lee at Antietam, and 22,000 were killed
– Lee retreated
Battles Continued
• Fredericksburg
– Burnside (Union) attacked Lee at Fredericksburg
– 12,000 Union casualties
• Moniter vs. Merrimac
– Merrimac was a Confederate ship, and Moniter was a
Union ship
– Ended in a draw
• Grant in the West
– Ulysses S. Grant fought to take the Mississippi River
– Albert Johnston attacked Grant
– Union held, and defeated the Confederates
Foreign Affairs
Trent Affair
• Confederate Diplomats Mason and Slidell
were taken prisoner by the Union on a ship to
Britain
• Britain threatened military action unless they
were returned
• Lincoln gave into demands
Confederate Raiders
• The Confederates bought warships from
Britain
• After the war, Great Britain shelled out 15
million for damages to the Union
• Charles Adams, the diplomat to the British,
prevented them from selling ships with rams
to Britain
Failure of Cotton Diplomacy
• Europe found other sources of cotton
• The CSA lost at Antietam, which made the
British look down on them
• The Emancipation Proclamation made the
British look down on the CSA more
The End of Slavery
Confiscation Acts
• General Benjamin Butler (Union) refused to grant
captured slaves to their southernly owners. This
was known as the Confiscation Act
• The Second Confiscation Act freed all slaves in the
confederacy.
• Hand in hand with the Emancipation
Proclamation
• Consequences
– Slavery inside the Union continued
– Increased the seriousness of the war
– Used slaves as soldiers
Thirteenth Amendment
• Abolished slavery from the constitution
• Ratified in December 1865
Freedmen in the War
• 200,000 African Americans joined the Union
Army under the 54th Regiment
• Known as the ‘Army of Courage’
The Union Triumphs
Turning Point
• Vicksburg
– Union attacked Vicksburg for 7 weeks
– CSA surrendered
– Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas were cut off
• Gettysburg
– Lee attacked Maryland and Pennsylvania
– Lee epic-failed and ran back to Virginia, his tail
between his legs
Grant in Command
• His idea was just to beat Lee in an endurance
run
• Destroyed Lee’s army
Sherman’s March
• General Sherman took Chattanooga,
Tennessee, then Georgia, then South Carolina
• Burned everything
• Took Atlanta in September 1864
• Took Columbia in February 1865
Election of 1864
• Democratic
– General McClellan
– Called for peace
• Republicans / Unionist
– Lincoln, Andrew Johnson as VP
– Lincoln won 
The End of the War
Surrender at Appomattox
• Grant routed Lee, and made him surrender at
Appomattox Court House on April 9th, 1865
• Lee was allowed to return home alive
Assassination of Lincoln
• On April 14th, Lincoln was assassinated by
John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater
Effects of the War on Civilian Life
Political Change
• The secession of the South lead to a majority
of republicans
– Radical Republicans
• Favored immediate abolition of slavery
– Moderate
• Best opportunities for whites
– Peace Democrats and Copperheads
• Supported the war but complained about how it was
done
Civil Liberties
• Habeas Corpus
– Habeas Corpus had been suspended
– The Court declared the suspension of Habeas
Corpus legal
• The Draft
– Originally volunteers
– Later, laws came into place for the Draft
– Draft riots occurred frequently
Economic Change
• Financing
– 2.6 billion dollars were borrowed to fund the war
– The government raised tariffs to fund the rest of
the war
– Prices rose 80%
– National Banking System in 1863
Modernizing Northern Society
• The Morrill Tariff Act of 1861
– Increased the national tariffs to fund the war and
provide insurance to manufacturers in America
• The Homestead Act of 1862
– Sold land in the Great Plains for free
• The Morrill Land Grant of 1862
– Made the use of federal land grants legal
• The Pacific Railway Act of 1862
– Made a transcontinental railroad legal
Social Change
• Women
– Were able to get jobs
– Lost their jobs as soon as the men returned
– Nursing became a new occupation, even after the
men returned
– Began equal rights movement
• End of Slavery
– 4 million slaves were freed
Chapter Fifteen
Reconstruction
Reconstruction Plans of Lincoln and
Johnson
Lincoln’s Policies
• Lincoln wanted to put the South to a test of
political loyalty to let them back into the
States
• Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
(1863)
– Full pardons given out for swearing fealty to the
Union
– When 10% of the population of a state swore
fealty, they could come back to the Union
More Policies
• Wade-Davis Bill (1864)
– Required 50% of the state to promise loyalty
– Only anti-confederates could create the constitutions
– Lincoln vetoed this
• Freedman’s Bureau
– Welfare
• Food, shelter, medical
– Started many schools and colleges
– Taught 200 K blacks to read
Lincoln’s Last Speech
• Alluded to progressive and radical republican
ideas
• He was then assassinated
Johnson and Reconstruction
•
•
•
•
Supported poor white people
Confederate origins, but stayed loyal to the Union
White supremacist
Policy
– Disfranchisement of all authority of the Confederacy,
and all rich Confederates
• Southern Governments of 1865
– The Confederacy was part of the Union 8 months after
Johnson was inaugurated
– Many leaders of the Confederacy became
congressmen
Johnson’s Policies Continued
• Black Codes
–
–
–
–
Took away rights of African Americans
Could not own land
Made to sign work contracts
Could not sue whites in court
• Johnson’s Vetoes
– Increase of Freedman’s Bureau power
– Nullification of Black Codes
• Election of 1866
– Republicans won by an enormous margin
Congressional Reconstruction
• Part One of Reconstruction
– 1863 to 1866 – Lincoln and Johnson
– Brought the Union back together
• Part Two of Reconstruction
– Congress took over the reconstruction
Radical Republicans
• Moderate Republicans
– Favored making the whites richer
• Radical Republicans
– More rights for African Americans
• Blacks became equal to whites (For purposes
of the Census) in 1866
• Thaddeus Stevens – Pennsylvania
– Wanted to use the military to give blacks rights
Enacting the Radical Program
• Civil Rights Act of 1866
– All blacks became US citizens
– Overturned Dred Scott
• Fourteenth Amendment
–
–
–
–
–
All peoples born in the US were citizens
All rights of all citizens (Blacks) were to be observed
Political office revoked from all Confederates
Debts returned to Confederates
Punished states that kept citizens from voting
More Programs
• Report of the Joint Committee
– Confederates were not included in Congress
– Congress took over the reconstruction by declaring
that Congress had the right to readmit states to the
Union, and the president did not
• Reconstruction Acts of 1867
– Cut the Confederacy into pieces, under the Army’s
control
– Put the bar for readmission higher
• Had to accept 14th amendment
• Franchise guaranteed for all races
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
• Tenure of Office Act
– The president was not allowed to fire a federal
officer or military commander without the
senate’s permission
– Johnson fired his Secretary of War to challenge
the act
– In the courtroom, the republicans lacked one vote
for impeachment, and Johnson kept his job
Reforms After Grant’s Election
• The Election of 1868
– Republican
• Ulysses S. Grant
• Won by the 500,000 votes that the blacks gave him
• Fifteenth Amendment
– No one could be denied the right to vote
• Civil Rights Act of 1875
– Equal rights pertaining to public places and
courtrooms
– Poorly enforced, due to the fear of losing white
political support
Reconstruction In The South
Composition of the Reconstruction
Governments
• Whites were the majority in the legislative branch
• Scalawags and Carpetbaggers
– Derogatory towards republicans
– Southern Republicans
• Scalawag
– Northern Republicans
• Carpetbaggers
• African American Legislators
– Educated property holders
Evaluating the Republican Record
• Accomplishments
– Universal Male Suffrage
– More rights for women
– Internal Improvements
– Taxes added
• Failures
– More corrupt
– Wasted money
– Decline of ethics and integrity
African Americans Adjusting to
Freedom
• Building Black Communities
– Black churches
– Education
– College
• Howard, Atlanta, Fisk, Morehouse
• Sharecropping
– The owner provided supplies in exchange for half
of the harvest
The North During Reconstruction
Greed and Corruption
• Rise of the Spoilsmen
– Giving government jobs and favors to supporters
• Corruption in Business and Government
– Used the stock market to make money
illegitimately
– Boss Tweed stole 200 million from taxpayers
• The Election of 1872
– Grant vs. Horace Greenly
– Grant won, and Greenly died
The Panic of 1873
• Many in the north without jobs or homes
• Inflation
• Bill calling for additional money (Not insured
by gold) vetoed by Grant
End of the Reconstruction
White Supremacy and the Ku Klux Klan
• Started by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest
• Killed freedmen
• Congress passed the Force Acts to stop the
KKK
Amnesty Act of 1872
• All restrictions removed from Confederates,
albeit high leaders
Election of 1876
• Republicans
– Rutherford B. Hayes
• Democrats
– Samuel J. Tilden
• Hayes won by an minuscule margin
Compromise of 1877
• Hayes would become the president if:
– Stopped support for the Republicans in the South
(Troops in the south withdrawn)
– Gave money to the south transcontinental railroad
• The supreme court then took apart the
reconstruction laws piece by piece, exposing
blacks to racism again (1880/1890)
Chapter Sixteen
The Last West, and the New South
1865-1900
The West: Settlement of the Last
Frontier
The Mining Frontier
• First exodus to California caused by the
discovery of gold in 1848
• Gold and silver were found in Colorado,
Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South
Dakota
• 100,000 miners went to Pike’s Peak in 1859
• Nevada, Idaho, and Montana entered the
Union due to the spike in mining
Mining Continued
• Placer Mining
– Looking for gold in the streams
– Very inexpensive
• Deep Shaft Mining
– Needed expensive equipment
• Mark Twain started his career in a mining town (Think this’ll be on
the AP? :P)
• Most of the population of mining towns foreign
• Miners Tax
– $20 a month to foreign miners
• Chinese Exclusion Act – 1882
– Chinese were barred from the Union
– First act of the Union to stop immigration
• Native Americans lost much land
The Cattle Frontier
• Joseph G. McCoy discovered the profits that
could be had on importing cattle from Kansas
to Chicago
• Problems
– Overgrazing left no food left
– Blizzard wiped out 90% of the population
• Barbed wire patented (Erm, invented)
The Farming Frontier
• The Homestead Act of 1862 encouraged settlement
• Sodbusters
– First settlers
– Built houses from sod bricks
• Problems
–
–
–
–
Water and wood were rare
Horrible weather
Low price for crops
High price for machinery
• Joseph Glidden invented Barbed Wire
• Dry Farming
– Russian wheat could survive horrible weather
– Dams and irrigation
Turner’s Frontier Thesis
• By the 1890’s, the entire Oklahoma frontier
was settled
• The Significance of the Frontier in American
History
– Written by Fredrick Jackson Turner
– ‘Promoted a habit of independence and
individualism’
• Rural farming began a slow descent
The Removal of Native Americans
• Two thirds of the Indians lived on the Great Plains
• Life revolved around the buffalo
• Andrew Jackson attempted to create
Reservations, but the homesteaders took them
over
• War
– 1864: Military slaughtered Cheyenne at Sand Creek
– Sioux destroyed Captain Fetterman’s army
– Custer destroyed by Sitting Bull at Little Big Horn
(1876)
Indian Conditions (Continued)
• A Century of Dishonor
– By Helen Jackson
– Campaigned for sympathy for the Indians
• Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
– Broke up Indian tribes
– 47 million acres of land given to the Indians
– This Act epic-failed
• Ghost Dance Movement
– Ritualistic dance done by the Indians
– Hundreds massacred because of it
• Aftermath: US policy in the 20th century
– All Indians granted citizenship
The New South
Economic Progress
• Birmingham, Alabama
– Steel center
• Memphis, Tennessee
– Lumber center
• Richmond, Virginia
– Tobacco center
Continued Poverty
• The north controlled much of the south
• Causes of Poverty
– The south began their Industrialization too late
– The workforce was entirely without schooling
Agriculture
•
•
•
•
Economy mainly based on growing cotton
Cotton prices around the world fell
Most farmers were tenants or sharecroppers
George Washington Carver
– Tuskegee Institute
– Grew crops like peanuts, sweet potatoes, etc
• Farmer’s Southern Alliance
• Colored Farmer’s National Alliance
– Both tried to solve the economic problems of the
farmers
Segregation
• Treated blacks as social inferiors
• Blamed poverty on the ‘race’
• In the 1870’s, the supreme court began to undo civil rights
laws
• Civil Rights Case of 1883
– ‘Court ruled that congress could not legislate against racial
discrimination’
• Plessy vs. Ferguson (Important if you don’t already know)
– SEPARATE BUT EQUAL
• Jim Crow Laws
– Segregated bathrooms, water, seats, and basically everything
public
Segregation Continued
• Disfranchisement abounded in the south
– Disfranchisement being not allowing people to
vote
• Examples of Discrimination
– Couldn’t serve on juries
– Given harsher punishments
– Lynching
– Jobs
Response of Blacks
• Bishop Henry Turner
– International Migration Society
• Helped blacks emigrate to Africa
• Ida B. Wells
– Campaign against lynching and Jim Crow Laws
• Booker T. Washington
– National Negro Business League
• Self help
Farm Problems – North, South, West
Changes in Agriculture
• Farming became much more commercialized
• Prices for wheat and corn fell drastically
• Manufactured goods’ prices skyrocketed
Fighting Back
• The National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry
– Oliver H. Kelley
– Social organization for farmers
– Most powerful in the Midwest
– Got the rates of railroads reduced
– Munn vs. Illinois
• The Supreme Court ruled that the state had the right to
regulate public business (Railroads)
Fighting Back (Continued)
• Interstate Commerce Act (1886)
– Ruled that railroad rates had to be appropriate
– Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
• Enforced anti-discrimination
• Wabash vs. Illinois
– Individual states were not allowed to regulate
interstate commerce
– Destroyed what had been gained by the Grangers
Fighting Back (Continued Again)
• Farmer’s Alliance
– Crop prices continued to bottom out
– A million farmers joined the Farmer’s Alliance
• Ocala Platform
– An organization known as the National Alliance
was formed
– Supported direct election of senators, lower
tariffs, income tax, and a new banking system
– Did not actually form a 3rd party
Chapter Seventeen
The Rise of Industrial America
1865-1900
The Business of Railroads
Eastern Truck Lines
• Many different kinds of trucks were made
• Cornelius Vanderbilt
– Millionaire from the steamboat industry
– Created the New York Central Railroad
Western Railroads
• Railroads in the Trans-Mississippi West
– Helped settle the Great Plains
– Put the west and the east together for the first
time
• Federal Land Grants
– Promoted shoddy workmanship
– Led to ridiculous levels of corruption
Transcontinental Railroads
• Union Pacific
– Built from Omaha to across the Great Plains
• Central Pacific
– Over the Sierra mountains to California
• Charles Crocker
– Used Chinese immigrants to explode tunnels
• Union and Central Pacific met at Promontory Point, Utah
• Southern Pacific
– New Orleans to LA
• Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
– Kansas City to LA
• Northern Pacific
– Minnesota to Washington State
Competition and Consolidation
• By the 1900’s, seven people controlled 2/3 of
the railroads
• Ran as monopolies
Industrial Empires
The Steel Industry
• Bessemer and Kelly discovered how to make
steel
• Carnegie
– CARNEGIE DID STEEL. REMEMBER THAT. IT’S
ALWAYS ON THERE.
• U.S. Steel Corporation
– Carnegie sold to J. P. Morgan
The Oil Industry
• Edwin Drake drilled the first Oil Well
• Rockefeller
– Took over the Oil business
– His Standard Oil Trust group controlled 90% of the
business
Antitrust Movement
• General fear of trusts abounded
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act
– ‘Prohibited any contract, combination, in the form
of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of
trade or commerce’
• United States vs. E. C. Knight Company
– Ruled that the S.A.T.A. could only be applied to
commerce, not manufacturing
Technology and Innovations
Inventions
• Samuel Morse
– Morse code
• Cyrus W. Field
– Messages across the sea
• Alexander Graham Bell
– Telephone
• Typewriter
• Cash register
• Calculating machine
• Adding machine
• Eastman
– Kodak Camera
• Waterman
– Fountain pen
• Gillette
– Safety razor
Edison and Westinghouse
• Edison
– Phonograph
– Incandescent lamp
– Power generator
– Mimeograph
– Motion Picture camera
• Westinghouse
– Air brakes
– High Voltage alternating current
Marketing Consumer Goods
• Macy and Marshall Field created department
stores
• Sears, Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward
followed
• Kellogg and Post became popular
Impact of Industrialization
The Concentration of Wealth
• The richest 10% controlled 90% of the nation’s
wealth
• Horatio Alger Jr
– Wrote books about common, normal people
becoming rich on a whim
The Expanding Middle Class
• Middle Class Jobs
– Accountants
– Clerics
– Salespersons
– Doctors
– Lawyers
– Storekeepers
Wage Earners
• David Ricardo
– Said that ‘raising wages would cause the working
population to increase, which in turn would cause
a decrease of wages because of the availability of
workers’
Working Women
• One out of five women worked
• Generally allowed to work only in the factories
that had something to do with the home
• Could also become secretaries, book keepers,
typists, and telephone operators
Labor Discontent
• People got new jobs every three years
• Artisans were less valued
• Conditions were horrible
The Struggle of Organized Labor
Industrial Welfare
• Defeating Unions
– Closing the factory (Lockouts)
– Giving out names of unionists (Blacklisting)
– Putting a clause in a contract not to join a union
– Calling in the army to stop the Union
– Court injunctions against strikes
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
• Shut down two thirds of the country’s
railroads
• President Hayes used the military to stop the
unions
• 100 people died
Attempts to Organize National Unions
• National Labor Union
– Started in 1866
– Lost support after 1877
• Knights of labor
– Began as a secret under Terence V. Powderly
– Supported…
• Worker cooperatives
• Abolition of child labor, trusts, and monopolies
• Haymarket Bombing
– Seven cops died
– Seven anarchists tried and executed
– Knights of Labor lost popularity (Their guilt was assumed)
• American Federation of Labor
– Focused on more practical goals
– Samuel Gompers worked for higher wages and better conditions
Chapter Eighteen
The Growth of Cities and American
Culture
1865-1900
A Nation of Immigrants
Growth of Immigration
• What made Europeans want to come here?
– Poverty
– Unemployment
– Religious persecution
Old Immigrants and New Immigrants
• Before the 1880’s
– Britain, Germany, Scandinavia
– Protestants
– Irish and German Catholics
• After the 1890’s
– Italian, Greek, Croat, Slovak, Pole, Russian
– Roman Catholic, Greek or Russian Orthodox,
Jewish
Restricting Immigration
• Frederic Auguste Bartholdi
– Sculpted the Statue of Liberty
• Chinese Exclusion Act
– Banned newcomers from China
• Because…
– Unions were against immigrants because of their
tendency to do anything
– The American Protective Associate hated Roman
Catholics
– Social Darwinists were against English and German
Urbanization
Changes in the Nature of Cities
• Streetcar Cities
– Trolleys, railroads, and subways dominated
• Skyscrapers
– William Le Baron Jenny built the ten-story home insurance
company building in Chicago
• Residential Suburbs
– Growth was caused by…
•
•
•
•
•
Cheap land
Cheap transport
Cheap construction
Racism
Desire for Privacy
Boss and Machine Politics
• Bosses controlled political machines
• Political machines controlled politics in cities
• Boss Tweed was a boss (Funny, that)
Awakening of Reform
Reform
• Books of Social Criticism
– Henry George
• Progress and Poverty
– Edward Bellamy
• Looking Backwards
• Settlement Houses
– Efforts to fix poverty by volunteering
– Hull House in Chicago, started by Jane Addams
– Frances Perkins and Harry Hopkins were settlement
workers that went on to help in the New Deal
More Reform
• Social Gospel
– Applying Christian principals to social problems
– Lead by Walter Rauschenbusch
• Religion and Society
– Catholics defended the Knights of Labor
– Protestants help evangelists adapt
– The salvation army helped the homeless
– Mary Baker Eddy
• Founded the Church of Christ, Scientist
Even More Reform
• Families and Women in Urban Society
– Divorces increased
– Birthrate dropped
– Seneca Falls Conference
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
• Began the National American Women’s Suffrage Associate
– Wyoming was the first state to give women the vote
• Temperance and Morality
– Blamed alcohol for poverty
– Women’s Christian Temperance Union
– Lead by Frances E. Willard (Not a woman? :P)
Intellectual and Cultural Movements
Changes in Education
• Public Schools
– Literacy rose
– Kindergarten became prevalent
– Tax supported high schools
– Colleges increased
• Because of the Morrill Act and universities founded by
BigWigs, and colleges for women
Literature and the Arts
• Realism and Naturalism
– Mark Twain
• Huckleberry Fin
– William Dean Howells
• Rise of Silas Lapham, and A
Hazard of New Fortunes
– Stephen Crane
• Maggie: A girl of the
Streets
• Red Badge of Courage
– Jack London
• The Call of the Wild
– Theodore Dreiser
• Sister Carrie
• Painting
– Thomas Eakins
• Everyday lives
– James Whistler
• Arrangement in Grey and
Black
– Mary Cassat
• Pastels
– Ashcan School
• Painted everyday life
More New Things
• Architecture
– Henry Hobson
Richardson
• Romanesque style
• Music
– Jazz became popular
Popular Culture
• Popular Press
– Mass Circulation increased
• Amusements
– More time for fun, due to less hours, better
transportation, more advertising, and loss of strict
religious restrictions
• Spectator Sports
– Baseball, football, basketball, boxing
– John L. Sullivan – Boxer
• Amateur Sports
– Croquet, biking, golf, tennis, polo, yachting7
Chapter Nineteen
National Politics in the Gilded Age
1877-1900
Politics in the Gilded Age
Causes of Stalemate
•
•
•
•
Prevailing political ideology of the time
The way the political parties campaigned
‘Party Patronage’
Little Government
– Laissez Fair was popular
• Campaign Strategy
– ‘bloody shirt’ to remind everyone that Democrats were ‘the
enemy’
• Democrats
– Generally Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews.
– Against temperance / prohibition
– States rights, limited federal government
Presidential Politics
• Rutherford B. Hayes
– Stopped the Reconstruction
– Supported temperance
– Vetoed immigration restriction
• James Garfield
– Made 100,000 new jobs
– Assassinated in 1881
• Chester Arthur
– Supported civil service
Congressional Leaders
• John Sherman
• Thomas Reed
– Maine
– Speaker of the House
– Autocratic rule
• James Blaine
– Maine
– Removed anti-slavery sentiment
– Replaced with organization
Election of 1884
• James Maine for Republicans
• Grover Cleveland for Democrats
• Cleveland won the election through a terrible
battle of mudslinging
Cleveland’s First Term
• Limited government, strict constitutionalism
• Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
• Dawes Act (Native Americans…remember?)
Issues: Civil Service, Currency, and
Tariffs
• Civil Service Reform
– Pendleton Act of 1881
• Set up the Civil Service Commission
• Money Question
– Voters wanted more money in circulation so they could
• Borrow more
• Pay off loans easier
• Greenback Party
– Money issued that wasn’t worth gold
– Farmers prospered
– Specie Resumption Act
• All ‘Greenbacks’ taken back
The Growth of Discontent, 1888-1896
The Election of 1888
• Democrats
– Cleveland
• Republicans
– Benjamin Harrison
• Harrison won election
Billion Dollar Congress
• The McKinley Tariff
– Raised foreign product tax
• Pensions were increased
• The Sherman Antitrust Act
– Made monopolies or trusts illegal
• Sherman Silver Purchase Act
– More silver was in circulation (But the farmers still
weren’t happy)
Rise of The Populists
• Omaha Platform
– Political and economic reform
• Populist Platform
– Unlimited silver
– Graduated income tax
– Public railroads
– Telephone system
– Better loans
– 8 hour days
The Election of 1892
• Populist
– James Weaver
• Harrison
• Cleveland
• Cleveland won (Harrison’s Tariff was
unpopular)
Depression Politics
• Panic of 1893
– Stock Market crashed
– Foreclosures and unemployment rose
• Gold reserve and tariff
– Gold was disappearing
– Sherman Silver Purchase Act repealed
– Wilson Gorman Tariff
• Tariff reduction
• 2% income tax on low incomes
• Jobless on the March
– Coxey’s Army
• Unemployed marched to Washington, under Jacob Coxey
Turning Point in American Politics
Election of 1896
• Democrats
– Cleveland
• Populists
– Williams Jennings Bryan
• Republicans
– McKinley
• McKinley won election
McKinley’s Presidency
• Gold in Alaska lead to economic revival
• Dingley Tariff of 1897
– Higher taxes
• Gold became the official standard of currency
Significance of the Election of 1896
• Populists faded into the void
• Urban America became more popular
• Modern campaigning came into view
Chapter Twenty
Foreign Policy
1865-1914
Seward, Alaska, and the French in
Mexico
The French in Mexico
• Napoleon III sent French troops to Mexico
during the Civil War
• William Seward threatened action, and the
French left
The Purchase of Alaska
• Russia sold Alaska to Seward for 7.3 million
The New Imperialism
International Darwinism
• Imperialism
– Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan were
taking over weaker countries
• Missionaries
– Went to Africa, Asia, and the Pacific to teach
• Politicians
– Henry Cabot Lodge and Theodore Roosevelt
supported imperialism
• Popular Press
– Newspapers sold more copies by printing about ‘far
away places’
Latin America
• Blaine and the Pan-American Conference
(1889)
– Pan-American Union was established
• Cleveland, Olney, and the Monroe Doctrine
– US wanted Britain to abandon Guiana
– US-Britain relations improved
The Spanish-American War
Causes
• Jingoism
– Aggressive Nationalism
• Cuban revolt
• Yellow Press
– Graphic headlines
• De Lome Letter
– Spanish leader spoke badly about McKinley
• The Maine
– 260 Americans killed
– Spanish blamed
• McKinley’s War Message
– Ordered a ceasefire from Spanish to Cuba
The Teller Amendment
• Congress authorized the US to go to war with
Spain.
• Specifically said that the US had no interest in
taking over Cuba
Fighting the War
• Began in Manila Bay, in the Philippines
• The Philippines
– Commodore Dewey sent to the Philippines
– Destroyed Spanish navy
• Invasion of Cuba
– Disease killed thousands of troops
Annexation of Hawaii
• Became a territory in 1900, and a state in
1959
Controversy Over the Treaty of Peace
• Terms
– Cuban Independence
– US ownership of two Spanish islands
– US took over the Philippines for $20 million
The Philippine Questions
• Treaty of Paris ratified on Feb 6th, 1899
• Anti-Imperialists objected to this. Obviously.
• Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo attacked the
US armies in an attempt for independence
Other Results of the War
• Insular Cases
– Did the Constitution apply to US Territories?
– Supreme Court ruled it did not
• Cuba and the Platt Amendment (1901)
– Required Cuba never to treaty with other powers
– Never to build up debt
– US could intervene in Cuban affairs
– US could have bases on Cuba
Election of 1900
• Republican
– McKinley
• Democrat
– William Jennings Bryan
• McKinley reelected
• US became a world power
Open Door Policy in China
Details
• Boxer Rebellion (1900)
– Boxers (Chinese nationalists) attacked
missionaries. US took over Beijing to staunch it
• Hay’s Second Round of Notes
– Written by John Hay
– US desire to preserve Chinese integrity, as well as
equal trade
Theodore Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” Policy
The Panama Canal
• Revolution in Panama
– Columbia refused to allow the US to dig in Panama
– Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty granted US control
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
– The US could dig without British involvement
• Building the Canal
– Began in 1904, completed in 1914
– George Goethals, William Gorgas main leaders
– US paid Colombia $25 million for Panama
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine (Remember this!)
• When the Dominican Republic could not pay
debts to Britain, British warships were sent to
collect. Roosevelt responded by sending
American gunships to the DR, and collecting
taxes on American terms, and delivering it to
the British
• Used to justify sending US forces to Latin
America
East Asia
• Russo-Japan War
– War between Russia and Japan
– Treaty of Portsmouth reached
• Gentlemen’s Agreement
– The Japanese restricted immigration to the US, while the
US slowly took down segregation of Japanese in America
• The Great White Fleet
– Roosevelt sent battleships on tour around the world to
demonstrate US power
• Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
– Mutual respect
– Support for the Open Door policy
Peace Efforts
• Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Price
for Russo-Japanese diplomacy
• Algeciras Conference in Spain stopped a fight
over Morocco between France and Germany
• Roosevelt also controlled the US participation
in the Second International Peace Conference
at Hague in 1907
William Howard Taft and Dollar
Diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy in East Asia and Latin
America
• The idea that financial investment lead to
peace
• Railroads in China
– Taft invested in building railroads throughout
China
• Intervention in Nicaragua
– Marines were sent to Nicaragua to staunch a civil
war
The Lodge Corollary
• Henry Cabot Lodge
– Introduced the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine
• All non-European powers could not own territory in the
western hemisphere
Woodrow Wilson and Moral
Diplomacy
Moral Diplomacy
• Righting Past Wrongs
– The Philippines
• Jones Act of 1916
– Promised
independence as soon
as a government was
created
– Puerto Rico
• All inhabitants given US
citizenship
– The Panama Canal
• US exemption from tolls
repealed
– Conciliation Treaties
• Disputes sent to
international level
• One year cease-fire
period before starting a
war
Military Intervention in Latin America
• Marines kept in Nicaragua
• Troops also kept in Haiti and the DR
Conflict in Mexico
• Tampico Incident
– Arms embargo against Mexico
– Fleet blockaded Vera Cruz
– Navy occupied Vera Cruz
– South American countries stepped in to help avoid
war
• Pancho Villa and the US Expeditionary Force
– Ran raids the US border and killed people in Texas
and Mexico
Chapter Twenty-One
The Progressive Era
1901-1918
A Quick Note
• This chapter is mainly about the principles of
the Progressive Era. I’ve trimmed it down a
lot. If you feel like you’re missing something,
it’s chapter twenty-one, page 424 in the
AMSCO book. 
Origins of Progressivism
Attitudes and Motives
• Who were the progressives?
–
–
–
–
Middle class citizens
White collar office workers
Bankers
Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follette, William Jennings Bryan,
Woodrow Wilson
• Philosophy
– Pragmatism
• Romantic transcendentalism
• Practical approaches
• Scientific Management
– Frederick Taylor
• Used a stopwatch to time the output of factory workers
Muckrakers
• Origins
– Henry Demarest Lloyd
• Wrote articles attacking the Oil and Railroad
monopolies
• Wealth Against Commonwealth (Title of collection)
• Magazines
– McClure’s, Collier’s, The Cosmopolitan
– Dug up dirt on corruption
Political Reform in Cities and States
Voter Participation
• The Secret (Australian) Ballot, Direct Primaries,
and Direct election of senators was adopted
• Progressives forced politicians to obey the people
through
– Initiative
• Voters make the legislature consider a bill
– Referendum
• Vote on laws on their ballots
– Recall
• Removing corrupt politicians from office
State Reform
• Temperance and prohibition abounded
Political Reform in the Nation
• The Square Deal
• Trust Busting
• Railroad regulation
– Elkins Act
– Hepburn Act
• Consumer Protection
– The Jungle (Upton Sinclair)
– Pure Food and Drug Act
– Meat Inspection Act
Taft’s Presidency
• More trust-busting
• Progressives in the Republican party were angry with
Taft
– Payne-Aldrich Tariff
• Raised the tariffs, instead of lowering them
– Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy
• Taft fired Pinchot, a Forest Service person, when he criticized a
member of Taft’s cabinet
– House Speaker Joe Cannon
• Taft did not reduce the overbearing powers of the HS
– Midterm Elections
• Progressive Republicans rose up and defeated anyone endorsed by
Taft
The Socialist Party
• Eugene V. Debs was the leader
• Formed from unionistic ideals
Election of 1912
• Republicans
– Taft
• Progressives (Bull Moose Party)
– Roosevelt
• Democrats
– Woodrow Wilson
• Socialists
– Eugene V. Debs
• Woodrow Wilson was victorious
Woodrow Wilson’s Progressive
Program
• Reduced tariffs
• Reformed banks
• New Freedom Program:
– Clayton Antitrust Act
• More powerful in breaking up trusts
– Federal Trade Commission
• Investigated unfair trade
– Federal Farm Loan Act
• Farmers got loans with less interest
– Child Labor Act
• Found to be unconstitutional in Hammer vs. Dagenhart
African Americans in the Progressive
Era
African Americans
• Booker T. Washington put stress on economics
and W.E.B. Du Bois put stress on civil rights
• Many blacks migrated to the north because of
racism, loss of cotton crops, and job
opportunities
• NAACP formed in 1908 at the Niagara
Movement
Women’s Suffrage
• Carrie Chapman Catt
– President of National American Woman Suffrage
Association
• Alice Paul
– Militant approach to suffrage
• Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
– Women received the right to vote in all elections
Chapter Twenty-Two
World War I
1914-1918
Causes
•
•
•
•
Archduke Francis Ferdinand is assassinated
Austria invades Serbia
Germany declares war against Russia
Germany declares war against France and
invades Belgium
• Great Britain declares war on Germany
• 
Neutrality
• The US wanted to remain neutral in the war
Submarine Warfare
• The Lusitania Crisis
– Germany sunk the British Lusitania, and 128
Americans died
• The Arabic was also sunk by Germans
• The Sussex was shot by German torpedoes,
injuring more Americans
Economic Links with Britain and France
• Trade with the Allies multiplied four fold,
while trade with Germany disappeared
• Loaned 3 billion dollars to Great Britain
The War Debate
Preparedness
• Even after the sinking of the Lusitania, the US
was unprepared for war
• Wilson called for expansion of the Armed
Forces
• National Defense Act, passed in June 1916,
increased the army force to 175,000
Opposition to War
• The Midwest and West were staunch
opponents to war
• Populists, progressives, socialists opposed war
The Election of 1916
• Wilson’s slogan, ‘He kept us out of war’
secured his reelection
Peace Efforts
Decision for War
• Germany entered Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare
• The Zimmerman Telegram asked Mexico to
help Germany in return for their conquered
lands
• Russian Revolution
– The czar was overthrown
Declaration of War
• On April 2nd, 1917, Wilson asked Congress to
declare war
• On April 6th, the majority of Congress voted to
declare war on Germany
Public Opinion
• Many people disapproved of the war, which lead to the
Espionage and Sedition Acts
• Espionage Act in 1917
• Sedition Act in 1918
– Imprisonment up to 20 years for anyone who tried to obstruct
the draft.
– In addition, disparaging remarks about the Nation were also
illegal
– Eugene Debs was sentenced to ten years in prison
• Schenck vs. United States
– The right to free speech could be limited when it represented a
danger to the public
Armed Forces
• Selective Service Act of 1917
– 2.8 million men called at random
• African Americans
– 400,000 blacks served in segregated units
Effects on Society
• Women took the place of men in the work
environment
• Mexicans crossed the boarder to the
southwest, and African Americans moved up
north
Fighting the War
• The Navy protected merchant ships bound for
Britain
• American Expeditionary Force
– Commanded by General Pershing
• Last German offensive
– At Chateau Thierry on the Marne River, the German
advance was stopped, and the Germans driven back
to their border
• On November 11th, 1918, an armistice was signed
• More US troops died of disease than combat
Wilson’s Fourteen Points (Important)
• The return of Alsace and Lorraine to France
• German evacuation of Belgium, Romania, and
Serbia
• Freedom of seas
• No more secret treaties
• Reduction of armaments
• Impartial adjustments to colonial claims
• Self determination for Austria-Hungary
• General Association of Nations (The League of
Nations)
Treaty of Versailles (Pronounced Versai
:P)
• Germany was disarmed and stripped of its
colonies
• Also forced to admit guilt and pay for the war
• Colonies were given to the allies, and
independence give to Estonia, Latvia,
Lithuania, Finland, and Poland
• The League of Nations was established by the
signers
Postwar Problems
• The US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles,
or joined the League of Nations
• Palmer Raids
– AG Mitchell Palmer
– Arrested people based on nationality and little
evidence
• Strikes of 1919
– Wanted higher pay
– Troops called, but no violence occurred
Chapter Twenty-Three
A New Era: The 1920’s
Republican Control
Business Doctrine
• Roosevelt died in 1919
• New Republicans did not support laissez-faire
The Presidency of Warren Harding
• A Few Good Choices
– Herbert Hoover was appointed as Secretary of Commerce (He
was a successful miner…these exams seem to have a thing for
miners xD)
– Pardoned Debs
• Domestic Policy
– Harding approved a drop in the income tax, higher tariffs
(Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act), and created the Bureau of the
Budget
• Scandals and Death
– His secretary of the interior, Albert Fall, took bribes for giving
out oil leases near Teapot Dome
– Harding died before the scandals, in 1923
The Presidency of Calvin Coolidge
• Calvin Coolidge was Harding’s vice president
• The Election of 1924
– Democrats
• John Davis
• Played on the Teapot Dome scandal
– Republicans
• Coolidge
– Progressives
• Robert La Follette
– Coolidge won reelection
Hoover, Smith, and the Election of
1928
• Republicans
– Herbert Hoover
• Democrats
– Alfred Smith
– Roman catholic
– Anti-prohibition
– Disliked by protestants
• Hoover won election
Mixed Economic Development
Causes of Business Prosperity
• Increased productivity
• Better technology
• Taxes were cut by an enormous margin, and
the antitrust laws were ignored
Farm Problems
• Crop prices were high because
– Demand in warring Europe
– Minimum required price on wheat and corn
• When the war was over, so was the limited
prosperity of the farmers
Labor Problems
• Unions declined
• Open Shop
– Idea that jobs were reserved for non-union
workers
• United mine Workers
– John L. Lewis
– Violent and unsuccessful strikes in PA, WV, and KT
A New Culture
The Jazz Age
• From African Americans
• Made use of phonographs and radios
Consumerism
• Electricity and money made everyone’s life
easier
• Cars, refrigerators, etc were more readily
available
• 26.5 million cars were registered in 1929
• National Broadcasting Company and Columbia
Broadcasting System provided radio
Gender Roles, Family, and Education
• Women at home
– Lives were changed by the vacuum cleaner
• Women in the labor force
– Same as before the war. Lower wages than men.
• Revolution in morals
– Rebelling against sexual taboo
• Divorce
– One in six marriages ended in divorce in 1930
• Education
– High School graduates had doubled
Religion
• Modernism
– Historical and critical view of the Bible
– Took Darwin’s theory as fact without throwing away faith
• Fundamentalism
– Condemned the modernists. All of the Bible must be
accepted as literally true.
• Revivalists on the Radio
– Billy Sunday
• Protested drinking, gambling, dancing
– Aimee Semple McPherson
• Attacked communism and jazz
Harlem Renaissance
• Poets
– Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, James Johnson,
Claude McKay
• Singers
– Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Bessie Smith, Paul
Robeson
• Marcus Garvey
– Created United Negro Improvement Association
– Wanted to go back to Africa
– Tried, convicted, jailed, and deported :P
Cultures in Conflict
Fundamentalism and the Scopes Trial
•
•
•
•
John Scopes taught evolution in high school
Clarence Darrow defended
William Jennings Bryan prosecuted
Convicted, but later acquitted
Prohibition
• People seldom went by the rules of
Prohibition
• In 1933, the 21st amendment repealed the
18th (Prohibition) and it was allowed to quietly
die.
Nativism
• Quota Laws
– Quota Act of 1921
• Limited immigration to all but 3% of the nationality
– Second Quota Act of 1924
• Changed quota to 2%
• Sacco and Vanzetti
– Convicted of robbery and murder
– Protested their innocence, but there executed
anyway
Ku Klux Klan
•
(I AM AFROMAN, RUNNING THROUGH THE WOODS FROM THE KU KLUX KLAN)
• Tactics
– Attacked anyone deemed to be ‘un-American’
• Decline
– Leader of Indiana’s KKK convicted of murder
– Membership fell
Foreign Policy: The Fiction of Isolation
Disarmament and Peace
• Washington Conference (1921)
– Charles Evans started the talk about naval
disarmament
• Five Power Treaty
– The United States (5), Great Britain (5), Japan (3), France
(1.67), and Italy (1.67) agreed to the aforementioned ratios of
battleships.
• Four Power Treaty
– The United States, Great Britain, Japan, and France agreed to
respect each others territories
• Nine Power Treaty
– All nine nations agreed to respect the Open Door Policy
Kellog-Briand Pact
• Jane Addams awarded Nobel Peace Price
• Nations which signed the Kellog-Briand pact
gave up aggressiveness to achieve their ends
– Was ineffective because:
• Permitted defensive wars
• Failed to provide for an action to be taken against
violators
Business and Diplomacy
• Latin America
– Interests negotiated by Dwight Morrow in 1927
• Middle East
– Oil reserves
– Secretary of State Hughes got oil drilling rights
• Tariffs
– Fordney-McCumber Tariff
• Increased taxes on foreign imports by 25%
War Debts and reparations
• The US lent $10 billion to the allies
• The Treaty of Versailles demanded Germany
pay $30 billion to the Allies
• Dawes Plan
– Cycle of payments
– US loaned money to Germany, who paid it to the
Allies
– Britain and France paid the money from Germany
back to the Allies
Chapter Twenty-Four
The Great Depression and the New
Deal
1929-1939
Causes and Effects of the Depression
Wall Street Crash
• In October 1929, the stock market crashed.
There wasn’t enough money to go around;
people bought things on credit and paid in
installment plans, and there eventually wasn’t
enough
• On Black Thursday, millions of people sold stocks,
and the prices went to the ground
• The next day, bankers bought millions of dollars
worth of stocks
• After that, everyone kept selling, and no one
would buy
Causes of the Crash
• An uneven distribution of income
• Stock market speculation
– Get rich by ‘playing the market’
– Buying on the margin
• Borrow most of the cost to buy a share
– Too much credit
– Overproduction of goods
– Weak farming economy
Effects
• The National Gross Product dropped 50 billion
dollars in four years
• The nation’s income dropped 50%
• 20% of banks closed
• 13 million (25%) of people were unemployed
Hoover’s Politics
Responding to a Worldwide
Depression
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
– Taxes on foreign imports ranged from 31 to 49
percent
– Europe raised their tariffs too
• Debt Moratorium
– The Dawes plan failed
Domestic Programs
• Federal Farm Board
– Assisted farmers in keeping prices steady
• Reconstruction Finance Corporation
– Helped railroads, banks, and insurance companies
recover
Despair and Protest
• Unrest on the Farms
– Farm Holiday Association
• Farmers stopped the price of grain from dropping by
not giving any to the public.
• This soon collapsed.
• Bonus March
– Veterans demanded their bonuses, which had
been promised to them at 1945
The Election of 1932
• Republicans
– Hoover
• Democrats
– Franklin D. Roosevelt
• Roosevelt won election
Roosevelt’s New Deal
FDR: The Man
• Paralyzed from polio
• His wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, was the ‘most
active first lady in history’
The New Deal Philosophy
• The Three R’s
– Relief for people out of work
– Recovery for businesses and economy
– Reform for economic institutions
• Brain Trust and Other Advisers
– A group of university professors which helped
Roosevelt
The First Hundred Days
• Bank Holiday
– Banks were closed on March 6th to allow
reorganization
• Repeal of Prohibition
– Beer-Wine Revenue Act passed which legalized
and taxed alcohol
• Fireside Chats
– Roosevelt spoke over the radio to the American
People
Financial Recovery Programs
• Emergency Banking Relief Act
– Examine finances of banks
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
– Guaranteed bank deposits up to $5,000
• Home Owners Loan Corporation
– Prevented foreclosures
• Farm Credit Administration
– Low interest loans to farmers
Relief Programs for the Unemployed
• Federal Emergency Relief Administration
– Gave out grants for the creation of soup kitchens
• Public Works Administration
– Gave money to states for Internal Improvements
• Civilian Conservation Corps
– Employed citizens on projects on federal land
• Tennessee Valley Authority
– Hired thousands to build dams and other nature
related things
Other Recovery
• Industrial Recovery
– National Recovery Administration
• Promised fair wages and hours
• Declared unconstitutional in Schechter vs. US
• Farm Production Control Program
– Reduced crop production to increase prices
Other Programs of the First New Deal
• Civil Works Administration
– Hired people for construction projects
• Securities and Exchange Commission
– Controlled the stock market and avoided playing
the market
• Federal Housing Administration
– Gave construction and housing industries loans
• An ounce of gold became worth $35
The Second New Deal
Relief Programs
• Works Progress Administration
– Spent billions to provide people with jobs
• Resettlement Administration
– Created federal camps for the homeless
Reforms
• National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act (1935)
– Guaranteed the rights to join unions
• Rural Electrification Administration
– Supplied electrical power to most rural areas
• Federal Taxes
– Income tax on the wealthy increased
The Social Security Act
• Monthly payments to people over the age of
65
• Dependant children and mothers,
unemployed, or disabled also received
benefits
The Election of 1936
• Republican
– Alfred Landon
– Progressive
• Democrats
– Roosevelt
• Roosevelt won in a landslide
Opponents of the New Deal
Liberal Critics
• Socialists and liberals felt that the New Deal
incorporated too much relief for the big
businesses and monopolies, and too little
relief for the poor people who needed it most
Conservative Critics
• Republicans who criticized the New Deal
called laws and groups such as the WPA
communist
Demagogues
• Father Charles E. Coughlin
– Priest who attacked the New Deal over the radio
– Anti-Semitic and fascist
• Dr. Frances E. Townsend
– Had the idea that 2% of all federal tax should be given
back to all of the elderly
– The basis of the Social Security system
• Huey Long
– Made a plan that promised a $5,000 income for ALL
American families
– Assassinated in 1935
The Supreme Court
• Court-Reorganization Plan
– Called the Court Packing bill
– The president was authorized to appoint a justice to
the supreme court for every justice that was older
than 70.5 years
• Reaction
– People got pissed :P
– Bill was shot down in Congress
• Aftermath
– Supreme Court upheld the Wagner Act and Social
Security Acts
Rise of the Unions
Formation of the C.I.O
• Committee of Industrial Labor
– John L. Lewis, leader, president of the United Mine
Workers Union (There’s that miner thing again)
– Was suspended and renamed the Congress of
Industrial Organizations
Strikes
• Automobiles
– A strike at General Motors in Michigan (1937)
ended with the company giving in to demands,
and recognizing the United Auto Workers Union
• Steel
– The larger corporations recognized the CIO unions
– Smaller corporations refused, and four unionists
died as the police opened fire on a strike
Fair Labor Standards Act
• Established…
– Minimum wage
– Maximum hours
– Outlawed child labor
– US vs. Darby Lumber and Co
• Supreme Court ruled that the Act was legal
Last Phase of the New Deal
Recession, 1937-1938
•
•
•
•
•
Banks stabilized
Businesses moved upwards
Unemployment declined
Then, the US slid back into recession
Causes
– Government policy
– Social Security reduced spending
• Keynesian Economics
– British Economist John Keynes
– ‘Deficit spending was acceptable’
Weakened New Deal
• Loyalty to FDR was shaken by the Court
Packing Incident
Life During the Depression
• Women
– Woman’s work force increased
– Still received lower pay
• Dust Bowl Farmers
– Drought in the Great Plains destroyed crops
• African Americans
– Racial discrimination continued
• Fair Employment Practices Committee
– A. Philip Randolph threatened to march on
Washington to demand equal opportunities
Native Americans
• John Collier established Bureau of Indian
Affairs
• Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act
– Repealed the Dawes Act
– Gave lands back to Tribes
Chapter Twenty-Five
Diplomacy and World War II
1929-1945
Herbert Hoover’s Foreign Policy
Japanese Aggression in Manchuria
• Japan took over Manchuria in September
1931, and renamed it Manchukuo
• League of Nations condemned Japan, but
nothing else
• Stimson Doctrine
– The US refused to recognize the regime of
Manchukuo
Latin America
• Hoover stopped interventional policies
– Troops left Nicaragua and Haiti
Franklin Roosevelt’s Policies
1933-1938
• Good-Neighbor Policy
– Pan-American Conferences
• Roosevelt promised to give later problems to the
arbitration
• Promised help against anyone who was aggressive
– Cuba
• Removed the Platt Amendment
– Mexico
• Mexican President Cardenas took over oil properties
• Roosevelt convinced Americans to settle
Economic Diplomacy
• Recognition of the Soviet Union
• Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
– Independence for Philippines
• Reciprocal Trade Agreements
– Roosevelt reduced tariffs on foreign imports
Events Abroad: Fascism and Aggressive
Militarism
• Dictators rose up in Italy, Japan, and Germany
• Italy
– Mussolini
– Fascist
• Germany
– Hitler
– Nazi
– Anti-Semitic
• Japan
– Nationalist, Militarist
American Isolationists
• Revisionist history of WW1
– People continued to preach that the US entrance
into the War was a dire mistake
Neutrality Acts
• Neutrality Act of 1935
– Forbid travel and trade with aggressive nations
• Neutrality Act of 1936
– Forbid loans to aggressive nations
• Neutrality Act of 1937
– Forbid arms trade with nations involved with the
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War
• Fascists, with General Franco, were fighting
with the Loyalists
• US remained neutral
• Franco won, and established a dictatorship
Prelude to War
• Appeasement
– Ethiopia, 1935
• Mussolini took over Ethiopia. LON gave in.
– Rhineland, 1936
• German troops militarized the Rhineland.
– China, 1937
• Japan invaded china. US ship Panay sunk.
– Sudetenland, 1938
• Hitler takes over Czechoslovakia. Conference at Munich
ensues.
Results
• Finally, the US decides to help quarantine the
Axis powers
• Arms buildup ensued.
From Neutrality to War, 1939-1941
Outbreak of War in Europe
• Appeasement failed
• Invasion of Poland
– Germany invaded Poland
– Britain and France declare war
• Blitzkrieg
– ‘Lightning War’
– Germany took over Scandinavia, Denmark, and
Norway, then France
Changing US Policy
• Cash and Carry Policy
– Allowed Britain to buy arms with cash
• Selective Service Act (1940)
– Drafted men between 21 and 35
• Destroyers For Bases deal
– Britain gave the US permission to build bases on
British soil, and the US gave Britain 50 ships
The Election of 1940
• Republican
– Wendell Willkie
• Democrat
– Franklin Roosevelt (3rd term)
• Roosevelt won (Again)
Arsenal of Democracy
• Four Freedoms
– Justified lending money to Britain
• Lend-Lease Act
– Arms were given to Britain on credit
• Atlantic Charter
– Defined US and Britain peace objectives
• Shoot On Sight
– Protect Britain ships from German submarines
Dispute With Japan
• Economic Action
– Roosevelt stopped trade with Japan, and later
froze it’s assets in the US and cut off their access
to oil
Pearl Harbor
• On Sunday, December 7th, 1941, Japanese
planes bombed Pearl Harbor, killing thousands
• The US declared war on Japan, one day later
World War II: The Home Front
Industrial Production
• The War Production Board was set up to manage
war industries
• The Office of War Mobilization was set up to
control raw materials
• The Office of Price Administration regulated all
aspects of civilian life (How is that different from
fascism? *shakes head*)
• Smith Connally Anti-Strike Act of 1943
– The government could take over strike-ridden
businesses
Impact on Society
• African Americans
– Joined the war effort
– Discrimination abounded
– Congregation of Racial Equality
• Smith vs. Allwright
– Ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in
political parties to blacks
Impact on Society
• Mexicans
– Worked in wartime industries and the military
– Braceros (farmers) were allowed to enter the
nation without papers
– Zoot Suit Riots in 1943
• Whites and Mexicans fought over the streets
Native Americans
• Worked in the military and wartime industries.
Japanese Americans
• Suspected as spies
• 100,000 Japanese put into camps
• Korematsu vs. US
– Upheld relocation based on wartime crisis
Women
• Many women served in the military, and the
others fell in to replace the men in the
working class
The Election of 1994
• Democrats
– FDR nominated (4th term)
• Republicans
– Thomas Dewey
• FDR won again :)
World War II: The Battlefronts
Fighting in Germany
• Defense at sea, Attacks by air
– Focused on
• Defeating the submarines
• Bombing the German cities
• From North Africa to Italy
– Allies had to retake Africa (Operation Torch)
– Took over Sicily, and Mussolini fell
• From D Day to Victory in Europe
– British, Canadian, and US forces invaded France
• German Surrender and Discovery of the Holocaust
– Hitler commits suicide, Nazi armies surrender
– 6 million Jews were systemically murdered
Fighting Japan
• Turning Point, 1942
– Battle of the Coral Sea
• US stopped a Japanese invasionary force
– Battle of Midway
• Japanese messages were decoded and four Japanese
carriers were destroyed (And 300 planes)
• Island Hopping
– Took over Japanese islands one by one
• Major Battles
– Battle of Leyte Gulf (1944)
– Battle of Okinawa (1945)
The Atomic Bomb
•
•
•
•
Directed by Oppenheimer
Tested in Alamogordo in New Mexico
Bomb dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Japan surrendered aboard the Missouri
Wartime Conferences
• Casablanca
– Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to invade Sicily
• Teheran
– Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to invade France
• Yalta
–
–
–
–
–
Germany would be divided
Free elections
Soviets would declare war against Japan
Soviets would control the Sakhalin island
The United Nations would be founded
• Soon after Yalta, Roosevelt died, and Churchill was
replaced.
The War’s Legacy
• Costs
– 300,000 American's died
– 320 billion spent
• United Nations founded on October 24th, 1945
Chapter Twenty-Six
Truman and the Cold War
1945-1952
Postwar America
GI Bill – Help for Veterans
• Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944
– Loans for land
– Education
Baby Boom
• 50 million babies born in five years (10 million
a year :P)
Suburban Growth
• William J. Levitt
– Created Levittown
– Cheap houses in Long Island
– Many American towns became suburbs as well
Rise of the Sunbelt
• ‘Sunbelt’ states
– Florida and California
• Millions of Americans moved
– This helped fund industry and people shifts, as
well as political power
Postwar Politics
Economic Program and Civil Rights
• Employment Act of 1946
– Created the Council of Economic Advisers
– Counseled the president and Congress on how to
improve the economy
• Inflammation and Strikes
– Office of Price Administration relaxed
– Inflation rose 25%
– 4.5 million people striked.
• Civil Rights
– Truman created the Committee on Civil Rights
– Fair Employment Practices Commission
Republican Control of the Eightieth
Congress
• Twenty-Second amendment (1951)
– The presidency was limited to a max of 2 terms.
• The Taft-Hartley Act (1947)
– Workers were required to join a union before being
hired
– Could outlaw the union shop
– Outlawed secondary boycotts
– The president could call an 80 day cool off time before
national safety was considered to be endangered.
Election of 1948
• State’s Rights Party (Dixiecrats)
– J. Strom Thurmond
• Republicans
– Thomas E. Dewey
• Democrats
– Truman
• Truman was victorious, surprising everyone
The Fair Deal
• Proposed
–
–
–
–
–
–
National health care insurance
Federal aid to education
Civil rights legislation
Public housing funds
New farm program
Increase of minimum wage
• Most points shot down
– Truman had a conflict with congress, and foreign
policy that others disapproved of, lowering his voters
Origins of the Cold War
US-Soviet Relations to 1945
• The US refused to recognized the Soviet Union until
1933
• Allies in WWII
– Alliance with the Soviets was a matter of convenience, not
trust.
• Satellite States in Europe
– SU had leverage in many surrounding countries
• Occupation Zones in Germany
– SU had control over east Germany, the US over west
• Iron Curtain
– Metaphor used to refer to Soviet satellite states
Containment in Europe
The Truman Doctrine
• Truman’s containment policy came into effect:
– Communists were rebelling in Greece
– The Soviets demanded to have control over Turkey
The Marshall Plan
• George Marshall
– $17 billion to European recovery
– $12 billion to Western Europe over 4 years
– Helped Europe become self-sufficient by the
1950’s
– Bolstered American economy
The Berlin Airlift
• Soviets cut off all access to Berlin
• US planes flew supplies into Berlin, with
Atomic Bombs waiting in the wings
NATO and National Security
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
– Eisenhower designated as first supreme
commander
• National Security Act (1947)
– Created a Department of Defense
– Created the National Security Council
– Created the Central Intelligence Agency
• Atomic Weapons
– Arms race to develop the next bomb
Cold War In Asia
Japan
• Under the control of the United States
• MacArthur was in charge
• Japanese generals tried and executed for war
crimes
• US-Japanese Security Treaty
– Japan gave up all land in Korea and other islands
The Philippines and the Pacific
• The Philippines became independent
The Korean War
• On June 25th, 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea
• After an amphibious landing in North Korea, the United
Nations destroyed North Korea’s army
• Truman vs. MacArthur
– MacArthur wanted to bomb North Korea, and Truman
refused. MacArthur pushed the issue, and Truman fired
him
• Political Consequences
– After the stalemate was reached in Korea, republicans
began to become dissatisfied with Truman, claiming he
was ‘too soft’ on Communism
The Second Red Scare
Security and Civil Rights
• Prosecutions under the Smith Act
– Communists were thrown in prison
– Dennis et al. vs. United States
• Supreme Court upheld the Smith Act
• McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)
– Illegal to support communism
– Stopped citizens from traveling to communism
– Created internment camps for communists
• Un-American Activities
– Un-American Activities Committee
• Sniffed out communists
Espionage Cases
• The Hiss Case
– Alger Hiss was an official in the State Department
– Convicted of perjury and imprisoned
• Rosenberg Case
– Found guilty and executed for treason
The Rise of Joseph McCarthy
• Tactics
– Unsupported accusations
• Hearings
– Showed McCarthy as a bully
– The ‘Witch-hunt’ ended
– McCarthy died 3 years later
Truman In Retirement
• Truman retired from office, and moved back
into Missouri
• In the next election, the republicans blamed
Truman for everything (Go figure)
Chapter Twenty-Seven
The Eisenhower Years
1952-1960
Eisenhower Takes Command
The Election of 1952
• Republican
– Eisenhower
• Democrat
– Adlai Stevenson
• Eisenhower won, possibly due to Nixon’s
‘Checkers’ speech about a dog
Domestic Policies
• Charles Wilson
– Secretary of Defense
• Modern Republicanism
– Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
• Controlled by Oveta Hobby, the first woman in a
republican cabinet
• Interstate Highway System
– Highway Act
• General prosperity abounded
The Election of 1956
• Adlai Stevenson was renominated for the
Republican ticket
• Due to Eisenhower’s recent heart attacks, his
re-election was in doubt
• This doubt was later crushed as Eisenhower
returned to office
Eisenhower and the Cold War
Dulles’ Diplomacy
• Believed Truman was too passive
• Used nuclear weapons to threaten their way
away from small wars
Unrest in the Third World
• Dutch East Indies became independent
• Covert Activity
– The CIA overthrew a government in Africa that did
not support the US
Asia
• Korean Armistice
– North Korea was disarmed
• Fall of Indochina
– The French tried to retake a colony in the pacific
– Indochina was divided into Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam
• Division of Vietnam
– Divided at the 17th parallel
– Ho Chi Minh established a Communist North Vietnam
– Ngo Dihn Diem established a Catholic South Vietnam
• SEATO
– Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
– United States, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand,
Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan
The Middle East
• Suez Crisis
– Led by Arab General Nasser
– Soviet helped Arabs rebuild a dam, in exchange for oil
and control of a canal
– Britain and France invaded Egypt to retake the canal
• Eisenhower Doctrine
– Pledged aid to all Middle Eastern countries threatened
by communism
• OPEC and oil
– Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and Iran, Venezuela
US-Soviet Relations (Here again?)
• Spirit of Geneva
– The arms race was slowed after Stalin’s death
– Soviet troops withdrawn from Austria
– Eisenhower and Bulganin (New Soviet Premier)
met in Geneva, Switzerland
• Hungarian Revolt
– Hungarians overthrew the Soviet control
– The Kremlin retook them pretty damn quick :P
Sputnik!
• In 1957, the Soviets launched the first
satellites
• National Defense and Education Act
– Increased grants for schools of science and foreign
language
• National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
More Problems
• Second Berlin Crisis
– Khrushchev threatened to kick the US out of
Berlin
– Eisenhower invited him to Camp David to speak
about a new treaty
• U2 Incident
– The U2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet
Union, causing tenser Soviet-US relations
Communism in Cuba
• Communist Fidel Castro overthrew the local
government of Cuba
The Civil Rights Movement
Origins of the Movement
• Jackie Robinson was hired by the Brooklyn
Dodgers
• Changing Demographics
– Blacks moved from the south to the North
Desegregating the Schools
• Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka
– Segregation violated equal protection
– Plessy vs. Ferguson overturned
• Resistance in the South
– In Arkansas, Governor Faubus use the National
Guard to keep African Americans from going to
school
Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat
• Martin Luther King Jr. helped begin the nonviolent protest
Federal Laws
• Eisenhower signed two civil rights laws, to
help blacks get more rights, including suffrage.
Nonviolent Protests
• Southern Christian Leadership Conference
– Started by MLK
– Helped ministers get into the Civil Rights
Movement
• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
– Formed to keep the Civil Rights Movement
organized
Popular Culture in the Fifties
Consumer Culture and Conformity
• Television
– 55 million television sets in the US
• Advertising
– ‘mom and pop’ restaurants were turned into
franchise operations
• Paperbacks and records became popular
Women’s Roles
• Women received more rights to do work and
do other things besides taking care of the
house
Chapter Twenty-Eight
Promises and Turmoil
The 1960’s
John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier
The Election of 1960
• Republicans
– Nixon
• Democrats
– Kennedy
• This was the first election in which television
campaigns were utilized
• Kennedy won :)
Domestic Policy
• Kennedy was the youngest president
• New Frontier Programs
– Most aid programs were stopped by congress
– Brought down inflation
Foreign Affairs
• Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)
– Kennedy allowed the CIA to overthrow Fidel Castro
– Troops were forced to surrender on the beaches of
Cuba
– Kennedy declined to rescue them
• Berlin Wall
– Khrushchev continued to demand US evacuation
– A great wall was built around West Berlin, to stop East
Germans from running to West Germany
Foreign Affairs
• Cuban Missile Crisis
– Russia was building missiles in Cuba
– Kennedy blockaded Cuba until Russia left Cuba
– Russia left, and a hotline was created so that the
US and Russia could talk instantly
Assassination in Dallas
• Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated Kenned on
November 22, 1963
Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society
The War On Poverty
• The Other Americans
– By Michael Harrington
– Focused on poverty
• Congress created the Office of Economic
Opportunity and gave it a billion dollar budget
The Election of 1964
• Democrats
– Lyndon Johnson
• Republicans
– Barry Goldwater
– Wanted to end welfare
• Johnson won (duh)
Great Society Reforms
• Medicare
– Health insurance for 65 or older
• Medicaid
– Health insurance for the poor and disabled
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act
– Provided schools for poor towns
• Immigration
– Quotas were abolished
• National Foundation of the Arts and Humanities
– Federal fund for artists
• Department of Transportation and Dept. Housing
• Increased funding for education, housing, and crime prevention
Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1965
•
•
•
•
Segregation was made illegal
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
24th amendment outlawed Poll Taxes
Voting Rights Act ended literacy tests
Civil Rights and Conflict
The Leadership of Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr.
• March on Washington (1963)
– I Have A Dream speech made
• March to Montgomery (1965)
– Protest in police beatings
Black Muslims and Malcolm X
• Malcolm X advocated more violent protests
than King did (The ballot or the bullet)
• Assassinated in 1965 (By black people)
Black Power and Race Riots
• MLK Jr was assassinated in Memphis
• 46 people died in riots across 168 cities
The Warren Court and Individual
Rights
Criminal Justice
• Mapp vs. Ohio (1961)
– Evidence seized illegally is illegal :P
• Gideon vs. Wainwright (1963)
– Attorney’s must be provided to poor people
• Escobedo vs. Illinois (1964)
– Police were required to inform of Miranda Rights
• Miranda vs. Arizona (1964)
– A lawyer could be present during questioning
Reapportionment
• Baker vs. Carr (1962)
– Houses of state legislature being based on biased
district lines was UNCONSTITUTIONAL
– ‘One man, one vote’
Freedom of Expression and Privacy
• Yates vs. United States (1957)
– 1st amendment protected communistic speech
• Engel vs. Vitale (1962)
– Prayer readings in school was illegal
• Griswold vs. Connecticut (1965)
– Contraception was not able to be illegal
Social Revolutions and Cultural
Movements
Student Movement and the New Left
• Students for a Democratic Society
– Tom Haden
– Port Huron Statement
• Supporters became known as the New Left
– Students protested free speech
Sexual Revolution
• Premarital sex became more common, as well
as infidelity and homosexuality
• Moral codes were loosened because of
increase in illegitimate births
The Women’s Movement
• The Feminine Mystique (1963)
– Betty Friedan
– New directions for women
•
•
•
•
National Organization for Women
Equal Pay Act (1963)
Civil Rights Act (1964)
Equal Rights Amendment
The Vietnam War – to 1969
Early Stages
• Buildup Under Kennedy
– ‘Domino theory’
– Trained south Vietnamese army
– Buddhists set themselves on fire
– South Vietnamese dictator assassinated 2 weeks
before Kennedy
• Tonkin Gulf Resolution
– Helped secure south Vietnamese shores
Escalating the War
• Rolling Thunder
– Long air attack that utilized bomber planes
– Search and destroy tactics
– Under General William Westmoreland
Controversy
• Johnson refused to speak frankly to the American
people
• Hawks vs. Doves
– Hawks supported the war
– Doves condemned the war (And supported communism)
• Tet Offensive
– The Vietcong attacked all capitals and bases in South
Vietnam (During a national holiday)
– Pacifists condemned Johnson because he retaliated, and
saved lives.
• LBJ then decided to withdraw troops
Coming Apart at Home, 1968
The Second Kennedy Assassination
• Robert Kennedy was assassinated by an Arab
nationalist after winning in California’s
primary (1968)
The Election of 1968
The democrats were divided, and everyone
fought among themselves. Through it all,
Richard Nixon rose above everyone and won
the election (Though this many not have been
the best idea for him)
Chapter Twenty-Nine
Limits Of A Superpower
1969-1980
Richard Nixon’s Foreign Policy
Vietnam
• Nixon wanted to reduce US involvement in Vietnam
• Vietnamization:
– Gradually withdraw US troops and replace them with money
and weapons
– Nixon Doctrine
• All future Asian allies would receive support, but not through troops.
• Opposition to Nixon’s War Policies
– National Guard killed students at a protest
• Peace Talks, Bombing, and Armistice
– Nixon and Kissinger met with North Vietnam’s foreign minister
– Nixon bombed North Vietnam to ‘force a settlement’
– Paris Accords of January
• Promised an armistice, cease-fire, and free elections
Détente with China and the Soviet
Union
• Reduction of cold war tensions
• Visits to China
– Led to US recognition of Communist China
• Arms Control with the USSR
– Limited Antiballistic Missiles
Nixon’s Domestic Policy
The New Federalism
• Family Assistance Plan
– Welfare reform
Nixon’s Economic Policies
• Stagflation
– Stagnation plus inflation. Clever, no?
• Removed the dollar from the gold standard
• Froze wages for 90 days
• 10% surplus on all trade
The Burger Court
• Four of the Supreme Court Justices resigned,
and Nixon was able to appoint members
favorable to him
• Warren E. Burger was appointed, as was Harry
Blackmun, Lewis Powell, and William
Rehnquist
• The court that he shaped ordered him later to
turn over the Watergate tapes
The Election of 1972
• Democratic
– Senator George McGovern
• Republican
– Richard Nixon
WATERGATE
• Best part of the book 
White House Abuses
• Men hired by Nixon were caught breaking into
the Watergate complex
• Wiretaps were ordered by Nixon
• A group called the Plumbers were used to stop
leaks
• They also burglarized a shrink’s office to get
information to discredit him (He published the
Pentagon Papers)
The Watergate Investigations
• Most of Nixon’s cabinet and VP were forced to
resign
• Nixon had kept tapes of Watergate, and tried
to claim executive privilege on them
• It didn’t work xD
• Nixon faced impeachment, and later resigned
Other Developments
• War Powers Act
– Nixon approved thousands of bombings on
Cambodia, which happened to be a neutral
territory
– The War Powers Act required the president to
report to congress 48 hours before taking ANY
military action whatsoever
Resignation of a President
• Nixon chose to resign from the Presidency,
rather than being impeached and tried by the
senate.
Gerald Ford in the White House
Pardoning of Nixon
• Gerald Ford gave Nixon a pardon for ‘any part
he may have played in the Watergate Scandal’
Investigating the CIA
• During the presidency of Ford, George Bush
was hired to help reform the CIA, after it
arranged the assassination of different foreign
dictators
Failure of US Policy in Southeast Asia
• Fall of Saigon
– Communist Vietnamese took over Saigon, and the
entire country fell to Communism
• Genocide in Cambodia
– Communist Khmer Rouge killed a million people
The Election of 1976
• Republican
– Gerald Ford
• Democrats
– Jimmy Carter
• Carter won election
Jimmy Carter’s Presidency
Foreign Policy
• Human Rights Diplomacy
– Andrew Young (Black) appointed as diplomat to the United
Nations
• Panama Canal
– A new treaty was made so that the canal would eventually be
controlled by the natives
• Camp David Accords (1978)
– Carter invited Egypt and Israel leaders to Camp David, where
they negotiated a treaty
• Iran and the Hostage Crisis
– Iranians took over the US embassy and held 50 Americans
hostage. The rescue helicopter was shot down, and Carter did
not manage to rescue them.
Domestic Policy: Dealing With Inflation
• Inflation reached 13%
• Interest rates were shot up to 20%
• Carter’s popularity fell to 23%
American Society In Transition
Growth of Immigration
•
•
•
•
47% of immigrants came from Latin America
37% of immigrants came from Asia
Less than 13% came from Europe
An estimated 12 million immigrants came
from Latin America and Asia illegally
• Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
– Punishment for hiring illegal's
The Environmental Movement
• 20 million people participated in Earth Day in
1970
• Power plants in Pennsylvania and Chernobyl
exploded, leading to the irritation of the
public.
Chapter Thirty
The Conservative Resurgence
1980-2005
The Rise of Conservatism
Leading Issues
• Taxpayer’s Revolt
– Californians passed ‘Proposition 13’, which cut property
taxes, in an effort to spite high taxes
• Moral Revival
– Pat Robertson, Oral Roberts, and Jim Bakker
– Preached ‘moral reform’
– Begun by Roe vs. Wade (Pro-abortion)
• Reverse Discrimination
– White males blamed their lack of success on the
multitudes of immigrants and women, stealing their jobs.
– Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke
• College admissions could not be decided by race
The Reagan Revolution
• After Ronald Reagan was elected president,
the hostages in Iran were released
Supply-Side Economics (Reaganomics)
• Federal Tax Reduction
– Income tax down 25%
• Spending cuts
– $40 billion cut from domestic programs (Food
stamps, student loans, mass transportation)
Deregulation
• Federal business regulations were decreased
• Auto safety regulations were also decreased
Labor Unions
• Reagan fired many striking workers, and
decertified their union
• Union membership dropped to 12%
Recovery and Recession
•
•
•
•
Banks died
Unemployment skyrocketed to 11%
Inflation was reduced to 4%
The middle class remained….well….middle-ish
Social Issues
• Sandra Day O’Connor was the first woman in
the supreme court
• Certain restrictions were placed on abortions
The Election of 1984
• Republicans nominated Reagan
• Jessie Jackson (Black) ran under the Rainbow
Coalition party
• The democrats nominated Walter Mondale
• Geraldine Ferraro was the first woman to run
for Vice President, under Mondale
• Reagan wins, easy
Budget and Trade Deficits
• Tax cuts led to $200 billion dollars a year
deficit
• After Reagan’s two terms, the debt was almost
to 2.7 trillion
• Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act
passed, which made ‘across-the-board’ budget
cuts
• The debt was reduced by $66 billion, but still
horrendous
Impact of Reaganomics
• Free economy was more and more popular
• Social programs ended
• More government programs were being cut
Foreign Policy During the Reagan Years
Renewing the Cold War
• Military Buildup
– In 1981-1985, congress began the Strategic Defense
Initiative, to build up anti-missile lasers
– Deficit doubled
• Central America
– Overthrew communists and Marxists
• Grenada
– Marines invaded Grenada to prevent Communism
• Iran-contra affair
– Reagan sold missiles to Iran in exchange for hostages
Lebanon, Israel, and the PLO
Improved US-Soviet Relations
• Mikhail Gorbachev became the new Soviet
Leader
– Reforms
• ‘Glasnost’ meaning openness, to end repression
• ‘Perestroika’ meaning restructuring, to foster free
marketing
– All intermediate range missiles were agreed to be
destroyed (INF agreement)
– Soviet troops left Afghanistan
President George H. Bush and the End of the War
The Election of 1988
• Democrats nominated Michael Dukakis
• Republicans nominated George H. Bush
• Republicans kicked butt, and Bush was
inaugurated
The Collapse of Soviet Communism
and the Soviet Union
• Tiananmen Square
– Communists in China slaughtered protesters
• Eastern Europe
– Gorbachev promised not to support Communism
• Breakup of the Soviet Union
– Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania declared independence
– The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was
formed
• End of the Cold War
– Nuclear weapons were agreed to be dismantled
– Warheads were reduced to under 10,000 (START 1)
– Warheads were reduced to under 3,000 (START 2)
Invasion of Panama
• Marines were sent into Panama to dethrone
the autocratic General Manuel Noriega
• This was done in order to stop drug cartel
through panama.
Persian Gulf War
• Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990
• Bush first imposed an embargo on Kuwait,
then reacted militarily
• After Hussein was thrown out of Kuwait,
Bush’s approval soared to 90%
Domestic Problems
• Nomination of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court
– Allegations or fascism and sexual harassment were thrown
around constantly
• Taxes and the Economy
– 1 trillion more dollars was added to the debt
during Bush’s presidency
• Political Inertia
– Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)
• Discrimination against people with disabilities illegal
The Clinton Years, 1993-2001:
Prosperity and Partisanship
Anti-Incumbent Mood
• US Term Limits Inc. vs. Thornton (1995)
– States could not limit tenure of federal offices
without a constitutional amendment
• 27th amendment (1992)
– Congress could not raise its own salary
The Election of 1992
• Republicans
– George H. Bush
• Democrats
– Bill (Jefferson) Clinton
• Independent
– H. Ross Perot
• Clinton was elected president
Clinton’s First Term (1993-1997)
• Setbacks
– Nothing worked during the first two years xD
• Early Accomplishments
– Family and Medical Leave Act
• Citizens could register to vote as they got their licenses
– Brandy Handgun Bill
• 5 day waiting period before purchase of firearms
– Anti-Crime bill
• $30 billion to police
– North American Free Trade Agreement
• Free trading with Canada and Mexico
Republicans Take Over Congress
• Zealous Reformers
– Newt Gingrich
• Speaker of the House
– Attacked democratic spending
• Balanced Budget
– Welfare was limited (Under Personal
Responsibility and Work Opportunities)
The Election of 1996
• Republicans
– Bob Dole
• Democrats
– Clinton (Al Gore, The Creator Of The Internet, as VP)
Clinton’s Second Term
• Technology and wireless communication
flourished
• Inflation fell to 2%
• The price of houses quadrupled
• Unemployment was the lowest ever
IMPEACHMENT
Clinton was indicted and impeached for perjury
and obstruction of justice in the end of the
year 1998
The Lone Superpower in a New Century
Disputed Election of 2000
• Democratic
– Al Gore (THE CREATOR OF THE INTERNET!!!!!)
• Republican
– George W. Bush
• Bush vs. Gore
– Made George Bush president, deciding the much
sought after, fought over, and disputed election
The Rise of Southern Republicans
• Southern conservatives took over congress
• The south was entirely conservative
• Conservatives dominate!!
Domestic Policies and Problems
• Republican Tax Cut
– 1.35 trillion tax cut
• Education Reform
– No Child Left Behind
– But what about No Child Left Bored To Death?
• Recession of 2001
– Dow Jones fell 38%
– $400 billion annual deficit
War on Terrorism
• September 11th, 2001
– Three planes flew into the World Trade Center,
and one crashed, killing over 3,000 people
• War in Afghanistan
– The US invaded Afghanistan to try to destroy Al
Qaeda
• Changing Foreign Policy
– NATO expanded
War In Iraq
• Bush labeled North Korea and Iran as the ‘Axis
of Evil’
• America attacked Iraq ‘Before Hussein could
make nuclear weapons’
• America and Britain took over Iraq, and
deposed Saddam Hussein
Elections of 2004
• Democratic
– John Kerry
• Republican
– George W. Bush who, despite everyone screaming
that he was a horrible president, got reelected
– Perhaps people just want something to complain
about??
Not Covered In The Textbook.
• Obama. Yes, we can.
The End
• So, you finished everything in the AMSCO. I
would go look over chapter thirty a little bit,
because I skimmed a lot. But most of that is
common knowledge to most of us Americans.
But it’s all good. You’re done. Go watch TV.