Michael Costa
APUSH
#4-44
4.Pacific Northwest
-The region that states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho
-it is bordered by the Rocky Mountains to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West
-This was the center of border disputes between United States and England
-Wheat and Sheep are the most profitable cash crops
[Rocky Mountains, Southwest Desert, Oregon Trail]
5. Desert Southwest
- This area was considered to be the Southern California, New Mexico and Arizona regions
Geography
-Sante Fe: Acted as a trading center
-important to anesazi, pueblo Indians, and Spanish
-Sante Fe trail
Arizona (Valley of the sun:
Phoenix + Tuson (post-World War II).
-damned reservoirs
Southern California:
-Death Valley and areas around
-hottest/driest climate
[Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Pacific Northwest]
6. "Go West, Young Man!"
-This was a quote made by Horace Greely about American Westward Expansion
-Represented that an agrarian economy could solve poverty and unemployment
-Saw this as a solution to the nation's problems caused by big cities in the East
-Greater opportunities are available in the American West for pioneering Spirits
[Horace Greeley,Settlers, Manifest Destiny, Frontier Thesis]
7. Buffalo Culture
-The Indians of the plains had a culture centered on migration that developed around the
patterns of the buffalo that they depended on for survival
-Buffalo provided:
-Skin/hide tepees,blankets, clothing robes
-Hooves and horns-boiled into glue
-Meat-provided the main source of food
-Bones-tools,Knives
-Tendons-bowstrings
-"Chips"-burned for fuel
-Natives used EVERY part of the buffalo in daily life
-The Plains Indians had developed their cultures, communities and way of life around the
buffalo, it was the most important resource
-White Man's appearance in the west led to the disappearance of Buffalo which changed the
entire lifestyle of the plains Indians
[Plains Indians, Horse Culture, Railroad, "White Man"]
8. Horse Culture
-The acquisition of horses transformed the lives of the Native American tribes between the
Rockies and the Mississippi River
-Horses provided a much more effective way of hunting the buffalo compared to previous
tactics
-Nomadic life was revolutionized because horses are able to carry much greater loads faster
than humans could
Native Americans became amazing horsemen
[Great Plains,Plains Indians, Buffalo Culture]
9. "Small Reservation Policy"
-In the antebellum period, the land west was seen as "one big reservation", but in 1851 the
federal government abandoned the policy to make way for white settlement in the west
-the policy only lasted a few years because of the nomadic lifestyle that was required for the
Indians to survive
[Big Reservation,"Go West Young Men", Horse Culture]
10. Indian Wars
-1868-1876
-with the white settlers encroaching on native land, Native Americans became hostile and
outraged as their resources were slowly depleted
-The settlers were building forts and homes
-Battle of Little Bighorn
"It is a good day to die"-Sioux
led by sitting bull and Crazy Horse
-capture Nez Perce Cheif Joseph trying to escape to Canada
-"I will fight no more, forever"-surrender of Nez Perce
-The government wanted Indians away from settlers
[Small Reservation, "Go west Young Man!", Buffalo Culture]
11. The Dawes Severity Act
-After the failure of putting Native American tribes on small reservations, the federal
government passed the Dawes Severity Act in 1887
-Allowed the president to break up reservation land, which was held in the common by the
members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals
-Eventually the goal was to assimilate the Indians into American culture
-The Native Americans were not accustomed to the farming lifestyle and this policy would also
fail
[Homestead Act, Small Reservation, Buffalo Culture]
12. The California Gold Rush
-In January of 1848, James Wilson Marshall discovered gold on his property
-Several months after, hundreds of thousands of people came to California in hopes of striking
it rich
-Gold Rushes led to the creation of Boom Towns and soon after used up, Ghost Towns
-Billions of dollars were found which altered the state of the economy which was, at that time,
based on the value of gold and silver
[Boom Towns/Ghost Towns, Bonanza, Immigrant Miners]
13. Oregon Trail
-a 2000 mile long trail that connected the Missouri River to the valleys in Oregon
-traveled by covered,
horse-drawn wagons
-trip took 6-9 months to complete
-used originally by trappers and fur traders
-the trail that Lewis & Clark explored on their journey to the west coast
-In 1848, Oregon males went to California in early Gold Rush time and cashed in on some easy
fortunes
-In 1849, thousands of miners used the Oregon Trail to travel westward during the Gold Rush
14. The Homestead Act of 1862
-Between 1862 and 1890 the federal government gave away 48 million acres of land to
prospective settlers
-Signed by president Abraham Lincoln on May 20th 1862
-This was one of the first major land acts that sparked mass migration
-It was moderately successful overall
[Settlers,Inexpensive land, Immigrants]
15. Cattle Kingdom
-Following the Civil War, the cattle industry grew from tremendously in Kansas, Nebraska,
Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas
-Was directly related to the expansion of railroads in the 1870s and 80s
-Competition between cattlemen and sheepherders took place
-the profitability of the industry encouraged ranchers to increase the size of their herds, which
led to both overgrazing and overproduction
[Cultural Diffusion, Mexico,Texas Longhorn]
16. "Gold from the roots up"
-Referring to the booming cattle industry of the west
-The ranchers took advantage of the grasslands which thrived with buffalo and a variety of
grasses they fed on
-The Texas Longhorn was introduced to from Mexico
-American cowboys learned effective techniques of branding, roundups and roping from the
Vaqueros
-the cattle industry brought a huge profit to ranchers and drivers
[Cattle Kingdom,Ranchers, Cattle Industry, Texas Longhorn]
17. Dry Land Farming
- Agricultural management practices used by farmers to adapt continually to the presence or
lack of moisture in a given crop cycle
-They learned that plowing furrows 12 to 14 inches deep and creating a dust mulch to fill the
furrows, the soil would be loosened by evaporation
-Mostly practiced in the Great Plains
-Is possible with very little rai,fall because it depends on relative moisture as opposed to water
[Great Plains, Dry land, Settlers]
18. The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
-Oliver Hudson Kelly worked for the Department of Agricultural and was dismayed at the lack of
agricultural practices he encountered when he ventured out South and Midwest
-Growth was slow at first but gained popularity, grew to be more than 800,000 members with
20,000 local granges
-When they met, farmers realized they had common problems and goals and organized a
political movement/party called the Populist Party
[Populists, Department of Agriculture, Farmer Interest]
19. The Comstock Load
-Discovered in 1857 by Ethan Allen Grosh and Hosea Ballou Grosh, this was the first known
silver deposit in United States history
-Found in Virginia City, Nevada [present day]
-The 2 brothers died in the process of traveling back to the east coast, leaving the land in the
hands of Henry T.P Comstock
-Sparked the beginning of the largest mining rush since the California Gold Rush
-Once the metals were depleted, the mines were abandoned,in 1874
[Silver Mine, Nevada, Boom Town/Ghost Town]
20. Boom Towns and Ghost Towns
-Boomtowns:
-"Instant" cities that were incredibly temporary.
- They arose from wanderers following river bottoms, gold strikes, railroad tracks, and other
opportunities
Ghost Town:
-Cities that are virtually abandoned because the economic activity that bought fortune and
prosperity, is gone
-Refers to all towns that have a significantly decreased population or even none at all
[Bonanza, Gold Rush, Comstock load]
21. The Transcontinental Railroad
-A continuous railway that would span the length of the United States
-Replaced the network of using wagon trains to migrate
- Funded by extensive land grants by the federal government to the Union Pacific Railroad and
the passage of the Pacific Railroad Acts of 1862 and 1864
[Cattle Kingdom, Wild West, "Bringer of Civilization"]
22. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
-During the mining bonanza, chinese flooded America lured by the prospect of gold
-The Chines e Exclusion Act gave rise to the first great wave of commercial human smuggling,
an activity that later spread to include other national and ethnic groups
-Was the first nativist act passed
[Transcontinental Railroad, Nativist, California]
23.The National Reclamation Act
-In 1902, congress passed the act which aided irrigator in the west
-Presented by the Nevada House of Representatives
-Funded production of dams,canals, and irrigation system that channeled water to dry areas
-Cities now depended on imported water
-led to damming of nearly every major river in the West
[Internal Improvements, Irrigation, Dry Land Farming, Homestead Act]
24. The Spanish Speaking Southwest
-The population of Spanish Speakers was relatively small, they had a major impact on the
culture of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado
-Many rejected the Anglo-Americans who settled in Southern California and New Mexico and
resorted to violence
-Brought a strong Roman Catholic Influence and of the Spanish language
[Cultural Diffusion, Cattle Culture, Desert Southwest]
25. Oklahoma: The Final Land Bonanza
- the settlers demanded that the last Indian reservation ne opened up for settlement
-In 1889, Congress forced the Seminole and Creek Indians off their designated territory and
prepared to immediately state a claim to land as soon as it opened
-When the signal went off opening up the land, people rushed in
-Oklahoma City overflowed with a population increase in one day
[Settlers, Frontier Thesis, Great Plains]
26. Factors of Production: Land, Labor, Capitol, Entrepreneurship
-Encompass all of the inputs needed to produce a product or service
-Land represents all natural resources such as lumber and gold, used in the production of a
good
-Labor refers to the human physical and mental energies that are expanded while producing
goods and services
-Entrepreneur refers to those that take an idea and attempts to make an economic profit from
it by combining all other factors of production (also, takes the risks)
-The Capitol is all of the tools and machinery used to produce a good or service
[Industry, Urbanization, Big Business]
27.Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt
-One of the first rags-to-riches industrial barons of American history through the creation of a
railroad tycoon
-By the time of his death he had owned more than 4500 miles of track from New York City to
Buffalo and Chicago
-At his death, his estate was worth at least $100 million
-Renowned as the wealthiest man in the United States and probably the greatest of the
nineteenth century railroad barons
[Railroad and Shipping, Rags to Riches, Chicago]
28. Time Zones
-Railroad lines established a standardized time for their trains to run
-This increased efficiency and timeliness of trains
-In November of 1883, the American Railway Association divided the country into four time
zones and adopted the system of modern American time
-35 years later congress adopted this system as well
[Transcontinental Railroad,Standard Time]
29. J.P Morgan
-John Pierpont Morgan was the head of the J.P Morgan and company investment house
-Facilitated the peaceful merging of railway companies
-Negotiated agreements between companies that shared benefits and profits
-Between 1894-1898, Morgan took over half a dozen railroads and bought Carnegie Steel in
1901 and other product companies
-Financially back Edison and his Edison Illuminating Company and build the street power station
in New York City
-played a major role in the construction of bridges, ships, railroad cars and rails, wire, nails and
a host of other products
[Captain of Finance,Big Business, Edison]
29a. Venture Capital
-Money that was provided by investors to startup firms and small businesses with perceived
long-term growth potential
-Very vital source of funding for startups that don't have access to capitol markets
-entails high-risk for the investor
-Venture Capitalists have a say in company decisions while entrepreneurs do not
[Four Fathers of Production, J.P Morgan, Wall Street]
30. Andrew Carnegie
-Began one of the Captains of Industry of the 19th Century
-Began working at a bobbin factory and then a telegraph office where he caught the eye of
Thomas A. Scott of the Pennsylvania railroad who offered him a job ad a personal telegrapher
-at 37 he became involved in the steel industry
-Backed the Homestead Strike of 1892
-By 1900, Carnegie Steel produced more steel than all of Great Britain
-contributed to the first skyscrapers
-In 1901, Carnegie sold his company to J.P Morgan for half a billion dollars
-He is not only known for his successes but his enormous amounts of Philanthropist acts in his
later years
[Vertical Integration, Steel Monopoly, Philanthropy]
31. Philanthropy
-defined as the goodwill of an another to promote human welfare or an act or gift done or
made for humanitarian purposes
-The Industry Titans of the 20th Century such as Carnegie, Ford or Rockefeller used
Philanthropy
-Done with the intentions of a lasting positive impact on society instead of an immediate action
-"Give a man a fish, feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish, feed him for life"
[Carnegie,Rockefeller, Private Universities]
32. Social Darwinism
-A neo-science that relates to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to social patterns in society
-A claim that the rich and powerful were better adapted to the social and economic climate of
the time, and the concept of natural selection allowed the argument that it was normal, fitting
and right for the strong to thrive and the weak to be at their expense.
-Was used as a rationalization towards nativist beliefs
[Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie, Rationalization for Prejudice]
33. Gospel of Wealth
- An article written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described a responsibility of philanthropy
by the upper class and self-made rich
-Philanthropy should handle donation in a responsible way instead of by means that are
frivolous or incurred
-A more pleasant spin on Social Darwinism
[Social Darwinism, Carnegie, Philanthropy]
34. Horatio Alger
-A prolific American author of a boy's adventure stories whose heroes led exemplary lives to
strive and succeed in the face of adversity and poverty, good and evil
-His work encouraged the idea of rags to riches in America during the Gilded Age
-Was accepted to Harvard University at age 16
-The Puritan ethic loosened its grip on America and violence and crime began to enter his works
[Writer,Rags to Riches]
35. John D. Rockefeller
-became involved in the oil industry at 24 with the creation of the Standard Oil Company
-Within a years, 34 of his competitors were put out of business
-By 1890, Rockefeller had swollen into an immense monopoly which could fix its own prices and
terms of business because it had no competitors
-Involved in threatening of rivals, bribery of politicians, harassment of competitors and
extorting the railroad rebates that undercut competitors
-When retired, Rockefeller was worth nearly $900,000,000 but over the next few years
Rockefeller gave over $500,000,000 in aid to medical research, universities and Baptist
Churches
[Standard Oil, Philanthropy, Pipelines]
36. Vertical Integration
-When a company expands its business into areas that are different points of the same
production path
-A type organization in which a single company owns and controls the entire process from
unearthing materials to the manufacture and sale of the finished product
-Concept came from Andrew Carnegie
[Rockefeller, Carnegie, Monopoly]
37. Monopoly
-When a person or enterprise is in the control of the entire distribution of a single comodity
-There is a lack of economic competition because there no conflicting businesses
-Monopolies tend to inflate prices to maximize profit and because of lack of competition they
can produce as many or few goods as desired
-Governments have decided that monopolies should be considered illegal because it doesn't
serve the best interest of consumers and the markets
- They can legally force a company to protect interest of its consumers
[Robber Barons/Captains of Industry, Carnegie, Rockefeller]
38. "One degree of difference"
-Rockefeller believed in minimalizing waste as much as possible
-one degree was the amount of difference he needed to crush his competition
-that one small difference multiplied by the amount of unit would widen the gap between him
and the competitor
-He would be able to charge less than competition and drive their company into the ground
[Rockefeller, Vertical Integration, Monopoly]
39. Thomas Edison
-Born in February 11th, 1847
- worked as a telegrapher and taught himself to be literate
-He gathered a team of specialists that gathered in Menlo Park and began turning out
inventions that started with telegraph alterations and then went on to make the tin foil
phonograph which recorded and reproduced sound.
-The idea of electric, lighting captured Edison's interest and he set out to make an electrical
light source
-after testing over 1,600 filaments, Edison created the modern light bulb with a complex system
of conductors, meters and generators
-he continued to develop new inventions such as the alkaline battery and equipment to film
and show movies
- He changed the flow of daily life for people
-He continued to build up the electric industry as well
-He died on October 18th, 1931 with 1,093 patents to his name
[Inventor, Phonograph,Light Bulb]
40. Chicago Meat Packing
-Chicago was known as the meat industry capital for the "Chicago Style" of killing animals
-3,000,000 cattle and hogs in 1870 and 12,000,000 20 years later
-Philip Amour developed the ice box
-The animal carcasses were strung upside down to draw the blood from their bodies
-Unsanitary situations caused rampant disease
[Labor Unions,Urbanization, Sanitation]
41. James B. Duke
-Raised with little formal education in North Carolina he went into the family cigarette business
-In 1885 he acquired a licens to use the first automated cigarette making machine which
increased business and lowered costs
-by 1890, he was supplying 40% of the American cigarette market
- He merged his company with his top four competitors to create a monopoly under the name
of "The American Tobacco Company"
- He attempted to seize British markets but failed and as an result, he was sued
- Duke established a trust fund for Trinity College which was renamed Duke University
[Captains of Industry, Robber Baron, Tobacco]
42. Sears & Roebuck's Mail Order Catalogue
-a man named Richard Warren Sears began his catalogue business by selling watches and
jewelry
- In the early 1800's he became partners with Alvah Curtis Roebuck and founded the Sears &
Roebuck and Company
-They sold everything and anything and put the merchandise in a catalogue that was distributed
to consumers around the country
- The catalogue system made it so that people in rural areas could now receive the same goods
as those in the urban areas
-Catalogue was more than 500 pages long and by the 1900's, Sears wad distributing nearly
6,000,000 catalogs annually
-caused literacy rates to increase because people needed to be able to read the catalogue
[Magazine, Railroad, National Distribution]
43. The Plight of Workers
-Most of the workers worked 6 days a week for at least 10 hours a day
-Skilled workers got 20 cents a day and unskilled workers got only about half
-The work was highly dangerous and accidents and deaths were incredibly common
-Children from ages 11 and up were working in factories to help support their families
-Work was repetitive and grueling
-Women and Girls were always paid less than their male counterparts
[Urbanization, Unions, Plight of Miners, Homestead and Pullman Strikes]
44. Child Labor
-between 1870 and 1900 the number of children working was about 1.8 million
- Ten percent of the girls and Ten percent of the boys between ages 10-15 were working
-The dangerous jobs were saved for children because of how agile and small in stature they
were
[Plight of Workers,Plight of Miners, Urbanization]