Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics
Instructors: Dr. Robert Gunsalus
Dr. Peter Bradley

Lecture 1
• Course overview - syllabus
• What is microbiology and why study microbiology?
• Fundamentals of Microbiology/History
Antoni van Leewenhook
Louis Pasteur
Robert Koch

MICROBIOLOGY 101 SYLLABUS
Spring Quarter 2005
Textbook : “Brock Biology of Microorganisms” by Madigan, Martinko and Parker (10 st edition).
Instructors : Dr. Robert Gunsalus, Office: MSB 3715, Email: robg@microbio.ucla.edu
Dr. Peter Bradley, Office: MSB 2610B, Email: pbradley@ucla.edu
12
13
14
15
16
8
9
6
7
10
11
Lecture Date
1
2
3
4
5
4/4
4/6
4/8
4/11
4/13
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
4/15
4/18
4/20
4/22
4/25
4/27
4/28
4/29
5/2
5/4
5/6
5/9
5/11
5/13
5/16
5/18
5/19
5/20
5/23
5/25
5/27
5/30
6/1
6/3
6/6
6/8
6/10
6/13
Subject Instructors
Introduction to the Microbial World & History of Microbiology
Microscopy and the General Organization of Microbial Cells
Diversity of Microbes and Phylogeny
How do Microbes Grow and How to Measure Growth
Designing a Growth Medium and Environmental Factors that
Affect Growth
The Cell Wall and Surface Structures
Prokaryotic Microbe Structures for Motility
Eukaryotic Microbe Structures for Motility
Carbon Assimilation: from CO
2
Respiration
to large carbon polymers
Transport of nutrients by microbial cells
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Bradley
Bradley
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
MIDTERM I (5:00-7:00 PM; )
Fermentation
Nitrogen Assimilation: N2, nitrate, ammonia, etc.
Photosynthesis
Organization and Function of the Genome
Acquisition of New DNA Elements (Transposons, Plasmids,
Conjugation)
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Bradley
Bradley
Transcriptional regulation & environmental sensing by Twocomponent regulatory systems in bacteria
Sigma factors and transcriptional regulation in bacteria
Discovery of viruses and viral genome replication
Regulation of gene expression by viruses
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
MIDTERM II (5:00-7:00 PM; )
Development and Differentiation I: spores, cysts, & fruiting bodies Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Gunsalus
Development and Differentiation II: predator & prey
How Microbes Talk to Each Other
Symbiosis: microbes, cows & termites
HOLIDAY
Symbiosis: bacteria, plants & the rhizosphere
Ecology
General Strategies for Pathogenesis
Host-Pathogen Interactions I
Host-Pathogen Interactions II
FINAL EXAM (11:30-2:30 PM)
Gunsalus
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley
Bradley

MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY & MOLECULAR GENETICS 101
SPRING 2005
LECTURE:
MWF 9:00 - 9:50 AM Moore 100
DISCUSSION SECTIONS:
Sect. 1A
Sect. 1B
Sect. 1C
Sect. 1D
Sect. 1E
Sect. 1F
Sect. 1G
Sect. 1H
Sect. 1I
Sect. 1J
Sect. 1K
Sect. 1L
T 8:00 - 8:50 A
W 8:00 - 8:50 A
T 2:00 - 2:50 P
T 4:00 - 4:50 P
W 4:00 - 4:50 P
W 3:00 - 3:50 P
W 2:00 - 2:50 P
T 11:00 - 11:50 A
T 3:00 - 3:50 P
T 9:00 - 9:50 A
T 10:00 - 10:50 A
W 12:00 - 12:50 P
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
MS 3915A
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Geology 4645
Discussion Leaders: Thu Huynh, Alias Smith, and Deepak George
Academic Coordinator:
Pat Bernard patb@microbio.ucla.edu
Department Office: MSB 1602 ext. 53075
WWW site: http://www.lsic.ucla.edu/classes/mimg/spring_05/m101/
Handouts: Available in Young Hall 3369
YH 3369B
Grading:
Midterm #1 (Thurs., 4/28/05, 5:00 - 7:00 PM)
Midterm #2 (Thurs., 5/19/05, 5:00 - 7:00 PM
Final (Mon., 6/13/05, 11:30 AM - 2:30 PM)
Quizzes (Total 6 - 10 pt quizzes, drop the lowest score)
TOTAL
100
100
150
50
400 pts

EXPECTATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR MIMG 101
1.
Please take the time to come to one of the tutorial sections or join us for office hours and talk with one of us if you are having problems understanding the material. If you find this to be a difficult subject, please do not feel shy about asking for help. We strongly suggest that you not wait until the last minute to come by for help if you are having extraordinary difficulty with the lecture assignments.
2.
MIMG 101L is required for all MIMG. The lab is not required for Biology majors unless
MIMG 101 is to be used as a core course. MIMG 101/101L are highly recommended for all
Biochemistry majors.
3.
The prerequisites for MIMG 101 are LS3 and LS4.
4.
All make-up exams require a verifiable excuse. There will be NO make-up quizzes.
5.
Regrades are permitted on midterm exams, but not on the final. The entire exam will be regraded and therefore there is a possibility losing points. All answers on exams must be written in INK.
White out may not be used. Regrade requests must be submitted with a letter of explanation to Pat Bernard by a specified date (usually 3-5 days after the graded tests are returned). Any exam written in pencil or erasable ink will not be regraded. Exams are copied before they are given back. Any student found altering an exam to obtain extra points will be immediately reported to the Dean of Students.
STUDY RECOMMENDATIONS:
1.
Read the required material before coming to class. Prior to the lecture become familiar with the words in bold type in the reading assignments. We suggest that you review, organize, and outline your lecture notes soon after class. Try to create an outline that summarizes the major points/themes.
2.
Study with another person(s) and practice describing the lecture material to one another.
3.
Don't panic if you feel overwhelmed. Break the material down into manageable segments and focus on small units of work. After you have mastered the small segments of material, look for the unifying concepts or "the big picture".

Topics with which you should be familiar before the start of class:
Chemistry Terms:
D G
Cellular Components:
Protein
Glycoprotein
D-amino acids
L-amino acids
Sugars
Phospholipids
DNA
Plasmids
Telomeres
RNA
Nucleotides mRNA tRNA rRNA
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
NADH/NADPH
ATP
Cellular Enzymes:
Proteases
Restriction Enzymes
DNA Polymerase
RNA polymerase
Ribosome
Cellular Processes:
Allosteric regulation of enzymes
Replication
Transcription
Translation
DNA Recombination
Mitosis
Meiosis
Conjugation
Positive and negative regulation of a gene
Anabolism
Catabolism
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
TCA cycle
Features of DNA:
Gene
Promoter
TATA Box
Genetic Terms:
Mutant
Wild-type
Mutation
Phenotype
Genotype
Techniques:
Centrifugation
PCR
Western Blot
Northern Blot
Southern Blot
SDS-PAGE
Genetic Transformation

Material students are expected to learn in this class:
1. Knowledge of microbiology terms for communication with other microbiologists.
2. The structure of the microbial cells and how that structure contributes to their function.
3. The metabolism of microbial cells that lets them live in almost any environment on earth.
4. How microbial cells sense and react to their environment.
5.
The role microbes play in establishing/maintaining our environment.
6. How microbes interact with each other and how they interact with higher organisms.
7.
The research tools used by microbiologists.
8. The scientific method that has lead to our current understanding of the field of microbiology.
Reasoning skills students are expected to learn in this class:
1.
The ability to apply the examples of the scientific method given in class to new situations.
e.g. develop an experimental plan to test a new hypothesis
2.
The ability to evaluate new data.
e.g. determine what can be concluded from the results of an experiment propose a new hypothesis based on the data presented
3.
The ability to explain how material from different parts of the course relate to each other.

• • The science of microorganisms
• • Began with Robert Hooke describing fruiting structure of molds in 1664.
• • Led to modern molecular biology and biotechnology

Microorganisms
Bacteria
Archaea
Algae
Fungi
Protozoa
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Viruses (not cellular)

Q. Why study Microbiology?
(other than requirement for major!) and what is the impact of Microbiology on you?
Some Answers:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Impact of Microbiology on Humans

Impact of Microbiology on Humans

Impact of Microbiology on Humans (cont.)

• • Microorganisms were the first life forms on earth.
• • Microorganisms created the biosphere that allowed multicellular organisms to evolve
• • Multicellular organisms evolved from microorganisms

Hallmarks of Cellular Life

Hallmarks of Cellular Life

Hallmarks of Cellular Life

Early Microbiology - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
“Animalcules, 1684”
• Dutch amateur microscope builder

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - “animalcules”
"I now saw very plainly that these were little eels, or worms, lying all huddled up together and wriggling; just as if you saw, with the naked eye, a whole tubful of very little eels and water, with the eels asquirming among one another: and the whole water seemed to be alive with these multifarious animalcules. This was for me, among all the marvels that I have discovered in nature, the most marvellous of all; and I must say, for my part, that no more pleasant sight has ever yet come before my eye than these many thousands of living creatures, seen all alive in a little drop of water, moving among one another, each several creature having its own proper motion".

Where do microbes come from???
Louis Pasteur
A French chemist by training
“Spontaneous Generation?”

Where do microbes come from???
Organic infusion
Two prevailing hypotheses existed at the time:

Experiment to test whether “spontaneous generation” or microbes from air
No growth
Criticisms:
1.
2.

What experiment to refute

Criticism #2. Oxygen is required for “spontaneous generation”

Spontaneous generation? - Pasteur’s experiment

Pasteur’s experiment demonstrated that
1) spontaneous generation does not occur and
2) that organisms found were present in the air
Louis Pasteur
• Settled spontaneous generation controversy
• Sterilization - killing of microorganisms
• Wine production by yeast
• Pasteurization
• Vaccines - rabies
• germ theory of disease (with Robert Koch)

Robert Koch (1876) - “Germ theory of Disease”
Bacillis anthracis
Studying Bacillis anthracis
(disease in cattle).
Are microbes the cause of or correlated with disease?

Koch’s Postulates - the procedure for defining the agent of any disease
#1. Microbe present in diseased animals and absent from healthy ones

Robert Koch (1876) - Koch’s Postulates
#2. Isolate the microbe in pure culture

Robert Koch (1876) - Koch’s Postulates
#3. When inoculated into a susceptible animal, disease results

Robert Koch (1876) - Koch’s Postulates
#4. Able to re-isolate organism

Koch’s Postulates
1. “The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in
all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.”
2. “The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture.”
3. “Cells from a pure culture of the suspected organism should
cause disease in a healthy animal.”
4. “The organism should be re-isolated and shown to be the
same as the original.”

Robert Koch
• Developed Koch’s Postulates
• Discovered Bacillus anthracis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vibrio Cholera
• Plating techniques - agar as a medium
• Invented nutrient broth
• Nobel Prize 1905