Part 1: Final Exam Study Guide Name ________________
DNA
1. What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. What is DNA’s primary function? Genetic info to build an organism
3. What is the sugar in DNA? deoxyribose
4. What are the repeating subunits called that make up DNA?
nucleotides
5. Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide. Sugar, phosphate, and
nitrogen base (A, T, C, G)
6. Name the 4 nitrogen bases on DNA. Adenine, thymine, guanine and
cytosine
15. How many hydrogen bonds link cytosine & guanine? adenine &
thymine? 3, 2
16. Why must DNA be able to make copies of itself? You cannot share
DNA, copies must be made for new cells
17. Define DNA replication. A cell makes a copy of its DNA in the
nucleus
18. What is the first step that must occur in DNA replication? Enzyme
breaks the bonds
19. What acts as the template in DNA replication? Original DNA
20. If the sequence of nucleotides on the original DNA strand was A – G
– G – C – T – A, what would be the nucleotide sequence on the
complementary strand of DNA? (base pairing) TCCGAT
7. Who is responsible for determining the structure of the DNA
molecule? Watson and Crick
21. When replication is complete, how do the 2 new DNA molecules
compare to each other & the original DNA molecule? IDENTICAL, each
has an original strand and a complementary strand
8. What is the shape of DNA? Double helix
22. What is a mutation? A change in a gene or chromosome
9. What makes up the sides of a DNA molecule? Sugar and phosphate
23. Name several things that can cause DNA mutations.
10. What makes up the "steps" or rungs of a DNA molecule? Nitrogen
bases
Single base may be substituted for another on accident, or one or more bases may be
removed from the DNA, extra or too few chromosomes
11. How did Rosalind Franklin contribute to determining the structure of
DNA? X ray picture of DNA
12. What type of bonds holds the DNA bases together? Hydrogen bonds
RNA
24. What sugar is found on RNA? ribose
13. On DNA, adenine will always pair with a thymine base.
25. What base is missing on RNA, & what other base replaces it?thymine,
uracil replaces it
14. On DNA, guanine will always pair with a cytosine base.
26. Uracil will pair with what other on DNA? adenine
27. Is RNA double or single stranded? single
28. Name the 3 types of RNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA
(tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
29. Which type of RNA copies DNA’s instructions in the nucleus? mRNA
30. What does tRNA transport? Amino acids
31. Define transcription. Messenger RNA copies the coded message
from DNA in the nucleus into the cytoplasm
32. In what part of a cell are proteins made? Ribosomes (in the
cytoplasm)
33. Are both strands of DNA copied during transcription? No
34. What bases pair with each other during transcription? C pairs with
G, A pairs with U
d. AAA lysine
e. GAG glutamic acid
f. UAA stop
40. What codon starts protein synthesis? AUG
41. What codons stop protein synthesis (3)? UAA, UAG, UGA
42. Define translation. mRNA and tRNA work together to produce or
synthesize protein
43. What amino acid does the start codon always carry? methionine
44. What type of bonds are the ones that attach amino acids to each
other in a growing polypeptide? Peptide bonds
45. What would the translation of these mRNA transcripts produce?
(amino acids?)
a. UAA CAA GGA GCA UCC
35. What happens to the newly made mRNA molecule following
transcription in the nucleus? Leaves the nucleus and goes to the
ribosome to be translated into protein
Protein Synthesis
stop – glutamine – glycine – alanine - serine
b. UGA CCC GAU UUC AGC
stop – proline – aspartic acid – phenylalanine - serine
36. What makes up proteins? (building blocks) amino acids
37. How many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins? 20
38. What is a codon & what does each codon code for? 3 nucleotides
that code for an amino acid
39. Name the amino acid coded for by each of these codons: Use the
additional worksheet.
a. UUA leucine
b. AUU isoleucine
c. UGU cysteine
46. Label the following as DNA, RNA or both:
a. Ribose RNA
b. Uracil RNA
c. Nucleotide both
d. Thymine DNA
e. Cytosine both
f. Deoxyribose DNA
g. stays in the nucleus DNA
h. 3 types RNA
i. involved in transcription both
j. involved in translation RNA