Work Program PRE-IB Chemistry This work program is applicable to all students, including International Students at the Queensland Academy for Science, Mathematics and Technology. Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................... 2 COURSE ORGANISATION AND ASSESSMENT PLAN ................................................................................ 3 UNIT OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................................................. 5 ALIGNMENT TO AUSTRALIAN CURRICULUM CONTENT DESCRIPTIONS ............................................ 15 SAMPLE STUDENT PROFILE ....................................................................................................................... 17 DETERMINING LEVELS OF ACHIEVEMENT ............................................................................................... 18 Course Organisation and Assessment Plan Term Topic Time (weeks) Key concepts & ideas General capabilities and cross-curriculum priorities Assessment (Assignment, Exam) Technique, Description& Conditions Mid Term Test (25%) In class 40 mins (MC/SA) unit 1 and 2 Category SUST Year 10 (Term 1) 1. What’s the Matter: Introduction to Chemistry 2. Introduction to Chemistry 10 3. Year 10 (Term 2) 4. Chemical Change 10 a. Elements, compounds and mixtures b. Particle theory matter Introduction to Atomic Theory a. History of the atom b. Structure of the atom c. Electron arrangement Introduction to the Periodic Table a. History of the Periodic Table b. Ions and atoms c. Metals and non-metals Introduction to Bonding a. Ionic bonding b. Covalent bonding 1. Types of Chemical reactions a. Word equations b. Writing and naming ionic and covalent compounds 2. Chemical Equations a. Writing and balancing chemical equations b. Introduction mole and ratio mole 3. Rate of Reaction a. Factors that affect (prac) 4. Introduction to Organic Chemistry a. Hydrocarbons and calorimetry prac b. Problem solving tech in chemistry literacy numeracy ITC End of Term Exam (75%) crit/creat think In class 60 mins (MC/SA) unit 1, 2, 3 & 4 ethical beh literacy Mid Term Test (25%) In class 40 mins (MC/SA) unit 1 and 2 numeracy ITC crit/creat think ethical beh End of Term Exam (75%) In class 60 mins (MC/SA) unit 1, 2, 3 & 4 Year 10 (Term 3) Chemical Calculations 10 1. Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry a. Mole and Avogadro’s number b. Empirical and molecular formula c. Solutions- concentration and molarity d. Limiting reagents 2. Chemical investigations a. Prac work quantitative chemistry 3. Error analysis in Chemistry a. Density prac (DCP/CE) literacy IA: DCP/CE numeracy ITC crit/creat think ethical beh End of Term Exam DCP/CE – in class experiment, students write up at home End of term test: Quantitative Chemistry Unit Overview Group 4 Year Level: 10 Pre-IB Introduction to Chemistry UNIT PLAN Unit Title: Introduction to Chemistry Duration: 10 weeks (3 hour/week) Unit Overview: Students will have an understanding of safety in the laboratory; the layout of the Periodic Table and its History; the states of matter; the structure of the atom; metallic properties and structure, the reactivity series and types of chemical bonding. Theory of Knowledge: “Science is built on facts as a house is built from bricks; but a list of facts is no more science than a pile of bricks is a house” –Henri Poincaré Students will experience the process of science – at every possible opportunity the students will be encouraged to reflect on the manner in which scientists have built the house we know as Science. They will discover the structure of the atom and question the accuracy of the models used to represent it. Students will derive the Periodic table by comparing properties and then relate this to our knowledge of the internal structure of matter (Atomic theory) IB Learner Profile: Select aspects of the IB Learner Profile that will be implicit and explicit in the delivery of this unit. Indicate how these aspects of the profile will be addressed. Inquirers Open-minded Significant aspects of this unit, both in acquiring the Students will need to listen without judgement to the Knowledgeable Thinkers Communicators theoretical background and solving set problems will be the responsibility of individual students under the guidance of the teacher. At the end of this unit, the student will have gained an in depth understanding of the techniques of the laboratory, the structure of the atom and the interaction of atoms to form bonds. Students will have undertaken the solution of problems in this topic ranging from simple to quite complex and multistepped. Students will work cooperatively in a small group to support each other and share resources, data and ideas. They will contribute to online Wikis and discussion boards to share knowledge and debate ideas and opinions opinions of others and question the evidence for scientific models. Caring As students explore and discuss complex ideas emphasis will be given to the acceptance of the ideas of others and the critique of arguments advanced, not personalities. Risk-takers Students will be encouraged to explore Chemistry ideas and concepts freely and imaginatively without worrying about being wrong or making mistaken assumptions and statements. Students will be encouraged to look beyond the subject of Chemistry to the opinions of experts and the general public to understand the issues surrounding the topic.They will also be encouraged to understand that any academic discipline is embedded in a cultural and personal context and that breadth of experience is important to the success of any undertaking. Balanced Principled Students will undertake disucussion and debate to assess information and data dervied from experimental work and other secondary sources to reach conclusions. There will be an emphasis on employing the data actually gained as well as derived data. Learning Objectives (Overview): Reflective Students will work independently and consider how they are learning and how they are progressing through the set material and problems. They will consult with other students and their teacher as difficulties arise. Identify, distinguish, list, define, state, compare, analyse, explain MSDS, metals, non-metals or metalloids, periodic table, ions, covalent, bonding, atomic number, mass number, isotopes, protons, neutrons and electrons, ions, molecules, ionic bonding, covalent bonding, covalent lattice and metallic bonding, reactivity, series, solid, liquid, gas, aqueous, solution, dissolution, salt, insoluble, complete and incomplete combustion, exothermic and endothermic, hydrocarbon acid, base, neutralisation, equivalence, end point, indicator, pH Accommodations for Differentiated Learning Gifted Student: Individual student activities with self-paced and extension tasks are paced on Blackboard to cater for different ability levels sequential learning Tutorials will be provided for students seeking additional assistance to ensure understanding and compliance with learning tasks Practice questions and worksheets will be provided to extend and challenge the more capable students English as a Second Language (ESL) Student: Individual student activities with self-paced and extension tasks are paced on Blackboard to cater for different ability levels sequential learning Tutorials will be provided for students seeking additional assistance to ensure understanding and compliance with learning tasks IB questions will be provided to extend and challenge the more capable students Students with Special Needs: Students with special needs are identified through the school process and have has been catered for in provision of self paced individual learning and group activities. Materials and Resources Technology – Hardware Technology – Software Printed Materials Other Laptops Database / Spreadsheet Text book Blackboard (course materials posted) Data Projectors Desktop Publishing Work book Respondus / Quizzes (online) Digital Camera Email Software Note book Studymate Television Editing Software Task sheet and criteria Wikis & Blogs VCR / DVD Internet / Web Browser Reference materials Other Chemwatch interactive MP3 Player Multi-media Other website Mobile technology Animation Software PDA Web page development Video Camera Other Professional Learning Word Processing Other PD to learn how to register with Chemthink and register students Understanding of IB command terms and their interrelationship to DOL Knowledge of laboratory safety and basic chemistry concepts Blackboard training Monitoring Student Learning Assessing Student Learning - Students will complete a multiple choice diagnostic tests - Students will complete a mid-term exam Students will complete a series of Chemthink interactive tutorials to - Students will complete and end of term exam consolidate declarative knowledge Scope and Sequence Time Key Concepts / Key Ideas Focus Topic Learning Experiences Resources Required (hrs) (From syllabus) 2 Lab orientation Periodic table MSDS sheets Identify significance of Chemwatch orientation: Concept map Chemical Hazard symbols Identify appropriate safety sheets, laboratory Graphical representation of change of procedures and equipment in rules state the laboratory Identify the key components Physical states of sulphur, bromine, CFY (Ryan ) ch 4 chlorine, iodine. of an MSDS sheet ICT interactive skills Distinguish the main Chemthink Chemwatch symbols on Practical laboratory chemical labels and relate skills implementing these to the MSDS sheet. safety knowledge Elements compounds and mixture The Periodic table Review states of matter – solids, liquids, gases. change of state Learn the significance of the terms GROUP and PERIOD Describe the location of metals and non-metals and metalloids in the PT List some of the properties of metals Develop concept mapping skills Investigating the first 20 elements • Investigating the first 20 elements • Investigating the metallic nature of the first 20 elements • Investigating the reactions of metals • Writing chemical equations Investigating the Periodic Table Build a Periodic table (element cards) using physical propertiesAtomic mass, atomic radius, ionization energy, Melting and Boiling point. Assessment 10 question quiz at on the laboratory orientation Prior knowledge brainstorm-using whiteboard to assess prior knowledge . Chemthink: Particulate States of matter elements , compounds and mixtures Periodic table cards and non-metals. 3 (Year 10 camp) The periodic table and the Structure of atoms 4 Structure of the atom 5 Define the terms – atom, element and compound and draw a concept map showing their relationship Explore the organization of the elements into a Periodic table – physical properties, atomic properties Enrol in Chemthink Describe the structure of the atom – location, charge and relative mass of protons, neutrons and electrons; the maximum number of electrons in the first three energy levels or shells. Determine how chemical stability relates to the arrangement of the electrons. Relate the position of the element in the periodic table to the tendency to lose or gain electons. FORMATION OF IONS Atoms and Ions Formation of ions • Organising information about the first 20 elements • Investigating spectra and atomic structure • Introducing the Bohr model • Exploring the Periodic Table • Using the Periodic Table • Relating reactivity to electron arrangement Page 37- 41 HL Text book Chemthink (3) topics: Atomic structure, ions and isotopes Practical: Flame tests (related to atomic spectra) Quiz – electron shells and atomic spectra. Writing formulae, Balancing chemical equations ,Ionic bonding, formula writing page 2-11 HL Text Book Demo electrolysis of “water” with phenolphthalein to show migration of ions Quiz:the atom, atomic structure, safety symbols Chemthink: Ionic bonding and ionic formulas Balancing equations and writing balanced chemical formula equations from a given word equations. Report writing skill- recording results, data tables Valency card game to determine chemical formulae of ionic compounds. Focus: Chemthink: covalent bonding, molecular shapes Formation of compounds -1 Ionic compounds Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electron(s) from a metal element nto a non-metal element Properties of Ionic comoounds Formulae - valencies Further investigation of ionic bonding Investigating ionic compounds • Naming and representing ionic compounds • Investigating the properties of ionic compounds • Using ionic compounds 6. 7 8 9 Bonds formed as a result of sharing of electron pairs. Molecular diagrams up to and including ethene Investigating covalent compounds • Introducing covalent compounds Stop motion project to show formation of covalent bonds Hydrocarbons and polymers Investigating the homologous series the ALKANES – Structures and nomenclature. • Molecular modeling to explore Molymod molecular modeling exercise – addition polymerization. Polymers Polymerisation Alkenes – polymerization of ethane to polyethene Advantages and disadvantages of polymers Exploring the uses of polymers• Exploring the properties of plastics Research project to find out what natural substances are used as pharmaceuticals Investigation of medicines used by Indigenous Australians and Torres Straits Islanders • Investigating natural pharmaceuticals • Exploring the pharmaceutical industry Covalent compounds Pharmaceuticals – hydrocarbons and polymers Chemthink: Covalent compounds Exam 100% Multiple choice/short answer QIMR Day in the life of a scientist – pharmaceuticals QBFA native medicines Reflections: What aspects of this unit did students seem to enjoy / struggle with? Were there aspects that required more time / less time etc? Test 60% Chemthink activity completion 10% Unit 2: Group 4 Year 10 Chemistry Calculation UNIT PLAN Year Level:10 Unit Title: Year 10 Duration: 10 weeks Unit Overview: Students will have an understanding of balancing equations, Stoichiometry (balancing equations), recording & propagating uncertainties and writing up experiments (D, DCP, CE) in the IB format. Students will learn how to design and conduct a titration, balance the equations and evaluate each other’s work. Theory of Knowledge: 1. Reliability of data collection and evaluation and whether inferences are valid 2. Reliability of information and the sources they come from, whether bias is present and if the information is opinion or factual 3. The principal of minimum wrong and the global perspective 4. What influence can an individual have on their community in raising awareness of environmental impacts and concerns? IB Learner Profile: Select aspects of the IB Learner Profile that will be implicit and explicit in the delivery of this unit. Indicate how these aspects of the profile will be addressed. Inquirers Significant aspects of this unit, both in acquiring the Open-minded Students will need to listen without judgement to the theoretical background and solving set problems will be opinions of others and the responsibility of individual students under the guidance of the teacher. Knowledgeable At the end of this unit, the student will have gained an in Caring As students explore and discuss complex ideas emphasis depth understanding of the laboratory, titrations, data will be given to the acceptance of the ideas of others and collection and processing skills and evaluating skills. the critique of arguments advanced, not personalities. Thinkers Students will have undertaken the solution of problems Risk-takers Students will be encouraged to explore Chemistry ideas in this topic ranging from simple to quite complex and and concepts freely and imaginatively without worrying multi-stepped. about being wrong or making mistaken assumptions and statements. Communicators Students will work cooperatively in a small group to Balanced Students will be encouraged to look beyond the subject of support each other and share resources, data and Chemistry to the opinions of experts and the general ideas. They will contribute to online Wikis and public to understand the issues surrounding the discussion boards to share knowledge and debate ideas topic.They will also be encouraged to understand that any and opinions academic discipline is embedded in a cultural and personal context and that breadth of experience is important to the success of any undertaking. Principled Students will undertake disucussion and debate to Reflective Students will work independently and consider how they assess information and data dervied from experimental are learning and how they are progressing through the set work and other secondary sources to reach conclusions. material and problems. They will consult with other There will be an emphasis on employing the data students and their teacher as difficulties arise. actually gained as well as derived data. Syllabus Objectives (Overview): Lab orientation; the Periodic table; Concept maps; MSDS; analysis of Design criteria; ions and the reactivity series; balancing equations and reaction types. Student Assessment (Overview): Students will complete a multiple choice mastery test Students will complete a structured DCP and CE IA with detailed criteria Students will complete and end of term exam, contribute to a group wiki and produce a poster on the environment Accommodations for Differentiated Learning Gifted Student: Individual student activities with self-paced and extension tasks are paced on Blackboard to cater for different ability levels sequential learning Tutorials will be provided for students seeking additional assistance to ensure understanding and compliance with learning tasks Practice questions and worksheets will be provided to extend and challenge the more capable students English as a Second Language (ESL) Student: Individual student activities with self-paced and extension tasks are paced on Blackboard to cater for different ability levels sequential learning Tutorials will be provided for students seeking additional assistance to ensure understanding and compliance with learning tasks IB questions will be provided to extend and challenge the more capable students Students with Special Needs: Students with special needs are identified through the school process and have has been catered for in provision of self paced individual learning and group activities. Materials and Resources Technology – Hardware Technology – Software Printed Materials Other Laptops Database / Spreadsheet Text book Blackboard (course materials posted) Data Projectors Desktop Publishing Work book Respondus / Quizzes (online) Digital Camera Email Software Note book Studymate Television Editing Software Task sheet and criteria Wikis & Blogs VCR / DVD Internet / Web Browser Reference materials Other Chemwatch interactive MP3 Player Multi-media Other website Mobile technology Animation Software PDA Web page development Video Camera Word Processing Other Other Professional Learning Understanding of IB DCP and CE IA Criteria Knowledge of laboratory safety and basic chemistry concepts Command Terms: Identify, distinguish, list, define, state, compare, analyse, calculate, evaluate, conduct, Scope and Sequence Time Key Concepts / Key Ideas Focus Topic (hrs) (From syllabus) How Much? The chemist’s unit of amount is the Mole (mol.) 2 2 Introduction to Quantitative Chemistry – Atomic and molecular (formula) masses Quantitative Chemistry – using Chemical equations Calculating maximum yield and % yield A mole is a fixed number of particles/entities 23 Avogadro’s no. (L) = 6.023 x 10 An equation represents not just a shorthand description of a reaction but also a quantitative description Glossary Terms: , density, mass, volume and understand their relationship, identify appropriate units, solute, solvent, solution, dilution, burette, pipette, titration, pH, empirical formula and molecular formula, atoms, balancing equations, types of reactions, empirical and molecular formula, solution stoichiometry, data collection and processing skills, propagation of errors, electrolysis, Avogadro’s number, acid rain, pollution, emissions, carbon tax, greenhouse effect, ozone layer, Learning Experiences Resources Required Assessment Design a practical to measure the concentration of an unknown acid given the concentration of a base (in teacher selected groups) Write design to criteria – identify variables and write a suitable method Laboratory skills Stoichiometry Report writing Students do hydrochloric acid titration with 5 unknowns Students submit the design to teacher but upload data table (to include errors) to a class wiki for discussion DCP conducted Choose best representation of data table Upload data – to wiki (by class) Select 3 other data sets to use in CE 2 2 Limiting reagent problems – calculations involving an excess reagent Calculating the limiting and the excess reagent. Introduction to reaction rate – defining rate as change of concentration per unit time During a reaction one reactant may be used iin excess-yield must be calculated from the limiting reagent RATE is change in concentration with time Many different methods can be used to monitor rate Uncertainties Report writing Evaluation of errors Peer marking of DCP ONLY Density prac DCP only 20% Submit lesson 2 Note: only errors stated for this practical not propagated Laboratory skills Stoichiometry Copper sulfate pentahydrate mass loss Students model loss of water from copper sulfate using online simulator Laboratory skills Stoichiometry Process data as a class and propagate uncertainties Data processing/ calculations test 10% Seen DCP question 20% Laboratory skills Stoichiometry Review for test next week in second lesson Magnesium oxide preparation Process data from practical Calculate the empirical and molecular formula of magnesium oxide Test 50%Practical done as a demonstration, whole class processing of information Investigating rates of reaction • Investigating rates of reaction • Exploring catalysts and reaction rates Investigating factors impacting on the reaction rate of a chemical process 2 2 Effect of change in concentration on rate of a chemical reaction R 2 Effect of temperature on reaction rate • Assessing student learning Unit 1: Identify appropriate safety procedures and equipment in the laboratory Conduct an experiment (given to students) at different concentrations Conduct an experiment decolourisation of iron III/glucose at different temperatures. Collision theory 2 Catalysts – effect of catalysis on reaction rate P1: test (60 min) Conduct an experiment decolourisation of iron III/glucose at different temperatures. Electrolysis prac 2 Reversible reactions An introduction to the concept of dynamic equlibrium The 4 characteristics of the state of equilibrium are…. 2 Le Chatelier’s principle applied to simple reversible reactions. Poster making and review Students create posters in their groups and upload information to a wiki C02 in water- dry ice and water with universal indicator to determine pH Burning sulfur to make acid rain Evaluate posters and pick winners Reflections: Students enjoyed learning how to titrate and balance equations. They enjoyed peer marking each other’s work and oncsolidated their understanding of the criteria. Students worked well in groups and produced outstanding posters with excellent depth and declarative knowledge. Alignment to Australian Curriculum Content Descriptions Review for balance and coverage of content descriptions – indicate covered content descriptions with Science understanding Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Science as a human endeavour Term 1 Term 2 Biological sciences Nature and development of science The transmission of heritable characteristics from one generation to the next involves DNA and genes (ACSSU184) Scientific understanding, including models and theories, are contestable and are refined over time through a process of review by the scientific community (ACSHE191) The theory of evolution by natural selection explains the diversity of living things and is supported by a range of scientific evidence (ACSSU185). Advances in scientific understanding often rely on developments in technology and technological advances are often linked to scientific discoveries (ACSHE192) Chemical sciences Use and influence of science The atomic structure and properties of elements are used to organise them in the Periodic Table (ACSSU186) . Different types of chemical reactions are used to produce a range of products and can occur at different rates (ACSSU187) Term 3 Science inquiry skills Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Questioning and predicting Formulate questions or hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically (ACSIS198) Planning and conducting People can use scientific knowledge to evaluate whether they should accept claims, explanations or predictions (ACSHE194) Advances in science and emerging sciences and technologies can significantly affect people’s lives, including generating new career opportunities (ACSHE195) The values and needs of contemporary society can influence the focus of scientific research (ACSHE230) Plan, select and use appropriate investigation methods, including field work and laboratory experimentation, to collect reliable data; assess risk and address ethical issues associated with these methods (ACSIS199) Select and use appropriate equipment, including digital technologies, to systematically and accurately collect and record data (ACSIS200) Science understanding Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Science as a human endeavour Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Science inquiry skills Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Earth and space sciences Processing and analysing data and information The universe contains features including galaxies, stars and solar systems and the Big Bang theory can be used to explain the origin of the universe (ACSSU188) Analyse patterns and trends in data, including describing relationships between variables and identifying inconsistencies (ACSIS203) Global systems, including the carbon cycle, rely on interactions involving the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere (ACSSU189) Use knowledge of scientific concepts to draw conclusions that are consistent with evidence (ACSIS204) Physical sciences Evaluating Energy conservation in a system can be explained by describing energy transfers and transformations (ACSSU190) Evaluate conclusions, including identifying sources of uncertainty and possible alternative explanations, and describe specific ways to improve the quality of the data (ACSIS205) The motion of objects can be described and predicted using the laws of physics (ACSSU229) Critically analyse the validity of information in secondary sources and evaluate the approaches used to solve problems (ACSIS206) Communicating Communicate scientific ideas and information for a particular purpose, including constructing evidence-based arguments and using appropriate scientific language, conventions and representations (ACSIS208) Sample Student Profile Group 4 Pre-IB Chemistry: STUDENT PROFILE NAME: ______________________________________________________ TEACHER: ____________________________________________________ TERM 1 OVERALL TERM RESULT 2 OVERALL TERM RESULT 3 OVERALL TERM RESULT TOPICS Assessment Instrument/s Marks achieved Scaled result (if applicable) % LOA Determining Levels of Achievement The Queensland Academy, in accordance with State Government requirements will report on student achievement two times per year on an A to E scale. The assessment items are categorised according to Formative Tasks (designed for assessment preparation and feedback) and Summative Tasks (providing term result). Assessment should be based on all three strands of the Australian Curriculum, with equal weighting given to the Understanding and Skills dimensions. A (≥80%) B (≥65%) C (≥45%) D (≥30%) E (>0%) Science Understanding Science as a Human Endeavour Understanding dimension The folio of student work has the following characteristics: Clear description and comprehensive explanation of science knowledge Clear description and explanation of science knowledge Description, definition and identification of science knowledge Definition and statement of science knowledge Statement of isolated science knowledge Critical analysis and application of science knowledge to generate: solutions Analysis and application of science knowledge to generate: Application of science knowledge to generate: Application of science knowledge to generate: Statements of isolated science facts reasoned explanations in a range of situations, including some that are complex solutions informed explanations in a range of situations, including some that are complex solutions explanations in simple situations Critical analysis and description of the: Analysis and description of the: Description of the: development over time factors prompting the review of scientific models and theories development over time factors prompting the review of scientific models and theories development over time factors prompting the review of scientific models and theories partial solutions partial explanations Statements about the development over time of scientific models and theories Isolated statements about scientific models and theories A (≥80%) B (≥65%) C (≥45%) D (≥30%) E (>0%) Planning and conducting Processing and analysing data and information Skills dimension Questioning and predicting The folio of student work has the following characteristics: Formulation of questions and justified hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically Formulation of questions and informed hypotheses that can be investigated scientifically Formulation of questions or plausible hypotheses that can be investigated Selection of questions for investigation Use of given investigation questions Design of appropriate investigations that: Design of investigations that: Design of investigations that: Selection of investigations that: Safe, directed use of equipment to collect and record data explain how reliability and fairness are considered explain how safety and ethics are considered explain how to select and safely use appropriate equipment to systematically and accurately collect and record reliable data Critical analysis and synthesis of data to: explain relationships between variables identify inconsistencies in results draw justified conclusions Evaluation, with logical links to science knowledge, of: Evaluating Communicating Skills dimension primary sources of data to explain sources of error and explain how proposed modifications will improve the quality of data secondary sources for the validity and reliability of information Coherent, concise and purposeful use of appropriate scientific language, conventions, representations and text types to communicate findings and ideas describe reliability and fairness considerations describe safety and ethics considerations describe the safe use of appropriate equipment to accurately collect and record reliable data identify reliability and fairness considerations identify safety and ethics considerations describe the safe use of equipment to collect and record relevant data state obvious safety and ethics considerations describe the safe use of equipment to collect and record data Analysis and synthesis of data to: Analysis of data to: Consideration of data to: describe relationships between variables identify inconsistencies in results draw conclusions consistent with evidence identify relationships between variables identify obvious inconsistencies in results draw relevant conclusions identify simple relationships state conclusions Evaluation of: Analysis of: Statement of: primary sources of data to describe sources of error and propose valid modifications that will improve the quality of data secondary sources for the validity and reliability of information Clear and purposeful use of appropriate scientific language, conventions, representations and text types to communicate findings and ideas primary sources of data to identify sources of error and propose valid modifications secondary sources for the validity and reliability of information Use of appropriate scientific language, conventions, representations and text types to communicate findings and ideas simple modifications to methods science information from secondary sources Use of aspects of scientific language, conventions, representations and text types to communicate findings and ideas Restatement of given information and data Statement of obvious modifications to methods Use of everyday language to communicate findings and ideas