Organelle Functions
Organelle
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Function
Sketch
Control Center : directs cell activity, contains http://www.cellimagelibrary.org/browse/cell
DNA
component
Makes ribosomes
Nuclear envelope/
Membrane
Surrounds nucleus/contains pores
Nuclear pores
Allows certain items to enter/leave nucleus
(ex: mRNA)
Genetic Material
DNA
(chromatin/chromosome/
Chromatid)
Centrioles
Cell Division
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Transports proteins (ribosomes attached to
outside)
Ribosomes
Make protein
Golgi
Packaging
body/complex/apparatus
Vesicle
Sac used to transport
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Transportation (no ribosomes)
Synthesis of carb/lipid
Mitochondria
Make energy (ATP)
Vacuole
Storage
Lysosome
Contains enzymes to break down food,
waste, etc.
Peroxisome
Breaks down hydrogen peroxide
(white blood cells) and other toxic
compounds
Structure/movement
Cytoskeleton
(microtubules/
Microfilaments)
Cytoplasm/cytosol
Cell Membrane/Envelope
Fluid-like material that fills cell
Chemical reactions take place
Controls what enters and exits
(regulates/separates )
Cell/Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer: 2 layers, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
Selectively permeable membrane: permits the free passage to some materials and restricts others
C = hydrophilic
D = hydrophobic
H = cytoskeleton
F = integral protein channel
I = Integral protein
J = glycolipids (glycocalyx – lubrication,
protection, anchoring, locomotion, binding, recognition
Membrane Proteins: pg. 69

Posistion
o Integral – part of membrane structure
o

Peripheral – bound to the inner or outer surface
Function
o Receptor – sensitive to ligands (bind to trigger changes in cell)
o
Carrier – bind solutes and transport across membrane
o
Anchoring – attach membrane to other structures
o
Recognition –identify cells as normal or abnormal
o
Enzyme – catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions
o
Channel – passageway for water and small solutes

Leak – permit water and ion movement at all times

Gated – open and close to regulate ion passage
CELL TRANSPORTATION
Transport processes (mechanism)
1) Diffusion – see below
2) Filtration – hydrostatic pressure forces water (and solute) across a membrane
3) Carrier-mediated transport – proteins bind to substances and transport them across the cell membrane
4) Vesicular transport – movement in or out of a cell by vesicles

Passive Transport: Move with the concentration gradient (high to low)
Energy? Y/N
Diffusion: Moving from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration due to Brownian movement
Concentration Gradient Difference between the high and low concentration
Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a membrane
ENERGY: Y/N?
Osmolality/osmotic concentration = total solute concentration in an aqueous solution
Hypertonic:
Less water in solution, cell loses water and shrivels ( More water out than in)
Hypotonic: Less water in cell, cell will gain water and expand (can rupture/lyse): More water in than out
Isotonic: Equal water in and out, no change in shape (ideal)
Facilitated Diffusion: Larger molecules, such as glucose and amino acids move across membrane ( high to low)
Energy: Y/N?
H = glucose

J= carrier protein
Active Transport: Molecules are moved against the concentration gradient (sodium pump)
ATP is required
Energy? Y/N
Transport protein: Proteins in the cell membrane that allow for larger molecules to move in and out of cells
 Vesicles:
Endocytosis: transport into the cell ( cell membrane pinches in)
Exocytosis: Transport out of the cell
- phagocytosis: “eating” food (solid)
-pinocytosis: “drinking” liquid