AD50 - PRESENT DAY
Medicine Through Time and
Public Health
The Exam
25% of total mark
Source enquiry
1 hour 15 mins
3 marks for SPAG
What do Sources A and B show about changes in the way doctors in England found out about a
patient’s health?
Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your own knowledge. (8)
What do Sources A and B show about changes in the way doctors in England found out about a
patient’s health?
Explain your answer, using Sources A and B and your own knowledge. (8)
CLUES
How do I get full marks?
You need to use own knowledge to back up your inferences.
Anyone can recognise a change, but knowing the background
behind it is what demonstrates you gave studied this topic.
What do Sources A and B show about changes in a5tudes towards vaccina7on? (8)
SOURCE A : THE COW-POCK - OR - THE WONDERFUL
EFFECTS OF THE NEW INOCULATION! BY JAMES
GILLRAY
Source B : From BBC news, reporting on
the shortage of flu vaccinations in Jan
2011.
!
“ GPs ran out of seasonal flu jabs earlier
this month, forcing ministers to turn to
stock piles of the old swine flu vaccine which does not offer protection against all
the strains of flu circulating this winter.
Most Vaccines, including the entire
childhood immunisation programme, are
ordered by the Department of Health for
the whole of the UK
Knowledge to
show support
source
Question focus
Source A shows that vaccina1on was not popular at first and that people thought having the vaccina1on would cause them to sprout cow heads or become deformed. This was because the smallpox vaccina1on involved being injected with cowpox, an animal disease, and people thought this was unnatural and dangerous. Furthermore, Jenner was not able to explain why the vaccina1on worked, which made maCers worse. Therefore there was a very nega1ve aDtude towards vaccina1on. However, Source B shows that aDtudes have changed significantly because now vaccina1on is so popular that GPs have run out of it. This means that lots of people must be volunteering to have the flu vaccine, showing a significant change in aDtude from Source A. This is probably because, since the germ theory was published, we understand how vaccina1on works now and there were vaccina1ons available for a wide variety of diseases, including measles. ADtudes are now completely different because we understand how vaccina1ons work and can see the benefits of having them. Q2
How do I answer this question?
PEE ALL OVER THE PAGE X 2
!
Point - One of the key features of care in the Middle Ages were
nuns and monks.
Explain-They helped care for patients in the monasteries and
convents by caring and not curing as the illness may have been
from GOD.
Example - An example of care was through praying and herbal
treatments.
How useful is this cartoon to a historian who is investigating public health problems in Britain
in the mid-nineteenth century? Use Source C and your own knowledge to explain your answer.
CLUE
Important to comment on how useful the source is !
It is useful because It is useful to an extent.... however......
It is/ is not reliable because it is a cartoon, therefore .....
SUPPORT WITH KNOWLEDGE
Conclusion needed
Q4 - 12 MARKS
How do I answer this question?
PEE ALL OVER THE PAGE X 4
!
Point - One of the reasons why the discoveries during the
Renaissance had limited impact was due to Church influence.
Explain The church hindered discoveries developing, as they
encouraged doctors not to deviate from accepted practice.
Example An example of this was that the ideas of Galen were
taught in church run universities, therefore hindered new
discoveries developing, and had done for over 1500 years.
Change
‘The Roman withdrawal from Britain was a turning point in
medicine and public health’. Do you agree? Explain your answer.
You may use the following in your answer and any other
information of your own.(16)
•
Roman villas in Britain usually had a good standard of hygiene.
!
• In the Middle Ages medical training was based on Galen’s teachings
How to answer this 16 marker
Turning points
After the Romans
left public toilets,
baths, aqueducts
etc went in
decline and decay.
Continuities
In the Middle
Ages people still
believed in the
Theory of the
Four Humours just
like the Romans.
Basic structure
Introduction- Acknowledge that there are two sides continuities and turning points -Briefly state whether you
agree or not.
•
Paragraphs on reasons why the Roman withdrawal was a
turning point
PEEL
!
•
Paragraphs on reasons why the Roman withdrawal was not a
turning point (continuities remained)
PEEL
!
•
Conclusion - Get off the fence! - link the reasons together
and show analysis - Do you agree? Disagree? Give evidence!
How can I support my child?
!
Encourage your child to use connectives
Encourage your child to show explanation and not just
description.
Make sure they are answering the actual question if helping with
practice questions.
Ask your child what their conclusions are - and the evidence to
support that point.
How can I support my child?
Make flashcards
Timelines - use of colour
Develop acronyms together
Encourage your child to show changes/ continuties between
periods.
Question guide
The Transformation of surgery
1845-1918
What is it all about?
PAIN
!
BLOOD
!
PUS
Topics
What problems did surgeons face?
What opposition did they face?
How effective were anaesthetics?
How did war play a factor in developing surgery?
What were the problems of infection?
Source enquiry
This exam is all about how students use sources.
As well as having some subject knowledge, you will need to look
at a number of written and picture sources.
Example of Q1-
2 developed inferences,
supported with detail from
source.
What can you learn from Source A about how operations were carried out
before the nineteenth century? (6)
Q2
Study source B
and your own
knowledge. What
is the purpose of
this
Representation?
(8)
Q3
Exam%ques*on%
Why%was%the%problem%of%infec*on%so%
great%in%the%1860s?%Use%source%C%and%
own%Knowledge.%
Source%C:%From%Lord%Lister,%His%Life%and%Work%by%GT%Wrench,%published%in%
1913.%Here%he%is%wri*ng%about%opera*ons%in%the%1860s%and%1870s.%
%
In%the%early%nineteenth%century,%only%the%most%urgent%opera*ons%were%
carried%out.%Then%the%removal%of%the%dreadful%pain%which%had%made%an%
opera*on%such%a%gruesome%thing,%seemed%to%open%a%new%era%for%surgery.%
However,%in%hospitals%the%new%‘blessing’%of%anaesthe*cs%also%led%to%its%own%
defeat.%More%opera*ons%were%undertaken%for%smaller%problems.%As%a%result,%
infec*on%and%gangrene%swept%through%the%wards%with%increasing%force.%
Q4
Exam%ques*on%
Use%exam%
technique%
sheet%to%help%
you.%
SOURCES FOR Q4
Source!D:!From!an!ar.cle!wri?en!by!the!
editor!of!The!Lancet!in!1875.!The!Lancet!is!a!
medical!journal.!
!
!
!
!
!
Many!of!the!most!successful!surgeons!have!
.!
given!Mr!Lister’s!plan!a!trial!and!then!given!it!
up.!They!have!returned!to!using!previous!
methods.!The!use!of!the!anDsepDc!system!is!
certainly!not!more!successful!than!the!use!of!
ordinary!methods.!It!is!said!
to!be!less!successful.!The!germ!theory!may!be!
correct,!but!nine!out!of!ten!surgeons!do!not!
much!care!whether!it!is!or!not.!Their!concern!
is!only!to!cure!their!paDents!and!reduce!
deaths!to!the!lowest!possible!number.!
!
!
Source!E:!From!an!ar.cle!in!The!Times!
newspaper,!published!in!1913.!It!was!
wri?en!shortly!aAer!Lister’s!death.!
!
!
!
!
The!opponents!of!Lister!were!not!all!
stupid.!In!1865!no!one!could!have!seen!
how!successful!Lister’s!work!would!be.!
Disagreement!arose!because!only!a!few!
people!believed!in!the!germ!theory!and!
accepted!the!views!of!Lister!and!
Pasteur.!Lister’s!early!methods!did!not!
always!work.!StaDsDcs!showed!
conflicDng!results.!There!was!a!need!for!
more!knowledge.!Meanwhile,!
improvements!were!made!without!
using!carbolic!acid.!All!these!things!led!
to!resistance!and!arguments!
Q5
Exam%technique%–%Q5%(16%marks)%
Source%F%suggests%that%the%main%reason%for%
opposi>on%to%Lister’s%methods%was%that%
surgeons%could%not%believe%that%germs%
caused%infec>on.%How%far%do%you%agree%
with%this%interpreta>on?%Explain%your%
answer,%using%your%own%knowledge,%
Sources%D,%E%and%F,%and%any%other%sources%
you%find%helpful.%%
%
Q5
Introduc)on*–*A**answer*
•  State*which*sources*that*support*the*answer/*
and*challenge.*
•  Example*to*start*:*
•  2*of*the*3*sources*can*be*highlighted*to*support*
that*the*main*reason*for*opposi)on*to*Lister’s*
methods*was*that*surgeons*could*not*believe*
that*germs*caused*infec)on,*source*E*states*that,*
where*as*source*F*argues_____*however*source*
____*believes_____.*I*think*that______*because*
(*bring*in*own*knowledge)**
Introduc)on*–*C*answer*
•  State*which*sources*that*support*the*answer/*
and*challenge.*
•  Example*to*start*:*
•  All*3*sources*be*highlighted*to*support*that*the*
main*reason*for*opposi)on*to*Lister’s*methods*
was*that*surgeons*could*not*believe*that*germs*
caused*infec)on.*I*think*that______*because*
(*bring*in*own*knowledge)**
How can I help my child?
http://www.timetoast.com/timelines/surgery-c1845-c1918
Flashcards
https://quizlet.com/40399357/gcse-edexcel-historytransformation-of-surgery-flash-cards/
Practice exam questions
Very important - could test them - give them 10 minutes to
answer question 1.
This will help them get ready for the timed conditions.