People-Centered Approaches in Sustaining
Water, Food and Environmental Sanitation
in the Philippines: A Review
C. M. Pascual,
Pascual, C. P. Abadilla,
Abadilla, and F. A. P. Acedebo
Mariano Marcos State University
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Outline
¾
Objective, Introduction/Rationale
z
z
z
¾
Case Studies
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z
z
¾
Environmental issues/concerns on water, food and
sanitation
Water Governance in the Philippines
PeoplePeople-Centered Systems Approaches
Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Refilling Stations
Food and Water Supply with cGMP and HACCP
Concluding Remarks
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Objective
¾ To
conduct a critical state-of-the-art review
of complex issues, challenges on water,
foods and sanitation in the Philippines.
Case studies reviews on:
• Water Supply and Sanitation;
• Water Refilling Stations; and
• Food Product Dev’t and Water Supply with
cGMP and HACCP (On-going)
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Introduction/Rationale
3 serious issues/concerns
¾ (1)
widespread water scarcity and
multiplicity in water governance;
¾ (2) the existing water systems are not
much geared for the urban as well as rural
poor; and
¾ (3) the food safety, sanitation and
sewerage requirements have been
neglected (FDC, 2004)
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Precipitation – the basic water resource
WATER
People-Centered Systems
Approach – a systematic
management and integrative
Hidden
ground
water
tool to support decision
making on sustainable
water environment
E
N
V
I
R
O
N
Hidden
ground water
Adapted from: GWP (M. Falkenmark), 2003, Water Management and Ecosystems: Living with Change
M
E
With drainage/river basin perspective - the precipitation over the area represents
the proper water resource, part of which is consumed in plant production and
N
evaporation from moist surfaces (green water flow)
Surplus goes to recharge aquifers and rivers (blue water flow), available for
nd International
use and aquatic
ecosystems.
2societal
WEPA Forum
on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Governance
¾
Systems Approaches on Water Environment
z
z
Some promising signs of a new approach to
governance for sustainability are emerging
through
the
Phil.
Water
Governance
stakeholders– (e.g. involves devolution of
responsibility into the community at a regional
level);
Moving towards sustainability will require a
paradigm shift not just within government and
other policy circles but also within the community
as a holistic view;
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
T
Phils. Water Environment
Situation and Issues
¾ Has
water storage potential sites for 438
major dams and 423 smaller dams.
¾ The total water withdrawal was estimated
on the basis of the water rights issued by
the National Water Resources Board
(NWRB) to 55,422 million m3, of which
88% is for agricultural purposes;
¾ The water situation in the Philippines may
be best described as an abundant scarcity
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Legal framework for
water governance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1987 Constitution which mandates that all
water resources belong to the State;
Presidential Decree (PD) 1067 in 1976 or The
Water Code of the Philippines;
Republic Act (RA) 8041 in 1995 or The Water
Crisis Act; and
Executive Order No. 364 in 1996, which
created the Presidential Task Force on Water
Resources Development and Management.
Clean Water Act in 2004
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Introduction/Rationale
¾ People-Centered Systems Approaches on
Water Environment
z
z
Sustainability is a new challenge for humanity
that attracts a new paradigm for governance;
The sustainability challenge is to adapt
governance so that the human enterprise
operates within an ecological and water
resource
constraint that lies within the
carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water, Environment & Poverty
¾
¾
Water scarcity and pollution have complex impacts on
income poverty & environmental degradation on income
poverty & environmental degradation through:
- lowering industrial & agricultural productivities;
- preventing productive activities and income, especially
of the poor;
- increasing burden to get water and diverting women’s
productive time to fetch water;
- depleting forests, biodiversities, aquatic ecosystems,
etc;
Reducing poverty & recovering environmental
degradation will improve water availability and
accessibility.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water, Environment & Poverty
More than 3 million children die every year caused by
waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters by
waterborne diseases. This is worsen by disasters with
even less access to clean water & sanitation, and more
contaminated water;
The burden of finding and carrying water is more
damaging to women’s health and increasing the risks
health during pregnancy and child birth;
An integrated approach to clean up water resources &
surrounding environment for better public health will
significantly increase access in water services for food,
water supply and sanitation.
¾
¾
¾
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
(
(a)
(
(b)
Fig. 1. Household access to: (a) safe water; and (b) sanitary facilities by
province in the Philippines
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Supply and Sanitation
¾
Coverage on Safe Water
80% of population (2002)
MDG Target (2015) – 87%
MTPDP Target (2010) – 92%
¾
¾
Coverage on Sanitation
86.1% of population (2002)
MDG
MDG Target
Target (2015)
(2015) –– 84%
MTPDP
MTPDP Target
Target (2010)
(2010) –– 86%
86%
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling Station
A water refilling station can be
operated with a minimum area of at
least 20-25 square metres.
9 It comprises the following sections:
refilling and selling room,
9enclosed water purification room,
container washing and sanitizing
room,
9storage room for empty and refilled
containers,
9source water storage facility,
9toilet and
9an office.
(Source: Magtibay, 2004)
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling Station
Source: Magtibay, 2004
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling Station
The main processes in a water refilling station is dictated
by raw water quality.
The typical steps are
9filtration (several stages),
9softening, and
9 disinfection.
Presidential Decree No. 856 or the Sanitation Code of the
Philippines is the main law requiring all establishments to
comply with existing sanitary standards to protect public
health. Guidelines for operating a water refilling station are
indicated in the Supplemental Implementing Rules and
Regulations on Water Supply of PD 856 issued in 1999.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling Station
The machines that could be installed for such processes are the following:
9Multi-media sediment filter - removes sediments such as rust, sand and
particles that are invisible to the naked eye; employs a total of 5 filters.
9Ion exchanger - replaces hard minerals with soft minerals.
9Activated carbon filter - removes all organic chemicals, herbicide, pesticide,
offensive odor and bad taste.
9Reverse osmosis membrane - the heart of the system and the most
expensive unit; removes inorganic minerals, bacteria and viruses while
retaining its oxygen content. Since the filter size is very small at less than 0.05
micrometre, the product water could have a total dissolved solids (TDS) of less
than 10 ppm. The filtration process rejects about 50 percent of raw water
volume.
9Post-carbon filter - improves the taste of water.
9Ultraviolet lamp - ensures that the water is free from disease-causing microorganisms.
9Ozone generator – inhibits the growth of bacteria in the product tank and
prolongs the shelf life of water.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Water Refilling Station
Water quality monitoring (To avoid proliferation of WRS)
Source water and product water are subject to regular monitoring by
the local health office.
The national standards for drinking water contains 54 parameters that
must be complied with.
Only DOH-accredited laboratories are allowed to conduct water testing
and analysis.
The frequency of monitoring is as follows:
9Bacteriological quality - at least monthly
9Physical quality - at least every six (6) months
9Chemical quality - at least every six (6) months
9Biological quality - at least once a year
9Monitoring of radioactive contaminants shall be done only if there is
significant
input of radiation from the surrounding environment.
nd
2
International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t and Water
Supply
R&D Initiatives of MMSU in
Partnerships with Food Processors and
Local Govenments (2006-2009)
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
GPS-Survey of Food Processors
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international standards
standards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products taken
taken from food processors
and water sources at MMSU, Ilocos Norte, Philippines from JulyJuly-August 2007.
PROPERTY
%Vol of Ethyl Alcohol at 200C
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
Sugarcane Wine
10.36
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
7-16
n/a
n/a
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international standards
standards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products taken
taken from food processors
and water sources at MMSU, Ilocos Norte, Philippines from JulyJuly-August 2007.
PROPERTY
Mold and Yeast Count, cfu/g
Salmonella, cfu/g
S. aureus, cfu/g
FOOD PRODUCT
/VALUE
Empanada2
<10
zero
zero
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
10
zero
zero
n/a
n/a
n/a
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international standards
standards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products taken
taken from food processors
and water sources at MMSU, Ilocos Norte, Philippines from JulyJuly-August 2007.
PROPERTY
Salmonella, cfu/g
Staphylococcus, cfu/g
Coliform Count, MPN/g
Salmonella, cfu/g
Staphylococcus, cfu/g
Coliform Count, MPN/g
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
Local Sausage
absent
0
<1.8
Crispy Pork
absent
0
<1.8
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
absent
0
<1.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
absent
0
<1.8
n/a
n/a
n/a
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Table 1. Comparison between local, national and international standards
standards on some
physical and chemical property values of some food products taken
taken from food processors
and water sources at MMSU, Ilocos Norte, Philippines from JulyJuly-August 2007.
PROPERTY
FOOD
PRODUCT
/VALUE
Raw Water
Total Coliform Count,mpn/100 mL <1.1 (negative)
<1.1 (negative)
E. coli Count, mpn/100 mL
<1.0
Heterotrophic Plate Count, cfu/ml
7.33
pH, mg/L
<1
Acidity, mg/l as CaCO3
Chloride, mg/L
38.77
Sulfate, mg/L
43.77
Total Dissolved Solids, mg/L
473.33
Total Hardness, mg/L
350.00
NATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE1
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
VALUE
<2.2
<2.2
300
6.5-8.5
n/a
250.00
250.00
500.00
300.00
Water3
zero
zero
n/a
6.5-8.5
n/a
250.00
250.00
500.00
n/a
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Food Product Dev’t
Mobile toll packaging facility
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
HACCP
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Aim of HACCP
¾
To address food safety hazards to
protect consumer health.
¾
To prevent, eliminate or reduce food
safety hazards to an acceptable level.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
HACCP
BIOLOGICAL
▪ Pathogenic bacteria
▪ Molds & mycotoxins
▪ Viruses
▪ Protozoae
CHEMICAL
▪ Pollutants (heavy metals…)
▪ Toxic products (pesticides, acids, cleaning chemicals…)
▪ Residues of veterinary drugs & pesticides
PHYSICAL
▪ Glass, metal shards from machinery & equipment
▪ Foreign bodies: sand, rocks, metal, wood…
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
SAFETY OF WATER
¾
¾
¾
¾
Every 6 months for water samples.
Twice year for the presence of coliforms.
from at least four locations.
Daily inspection of hoses for the presence
of anti siphoning device.
Floors in the processing area are
inspected for adequate drainage.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
1. SAFETY OF WATER THAT:
A. COMES INTO CONTACT WITH FOOD
B. FOOD CONTACT SURFACES
C. USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ICE
Control Measures:
All water is from company-owned deep well.
The water system was designed and
installed by a licensed plumbing contractor.
All hoses have anti-siphoning devices.
Floors are sloped to facilitate drainage.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
Safety of Water:
¾ Corrective Actions:
¾
¾
Stop production in case of;
water treatment failure.
sampling indicates fecal coliforms
Contact sanitary engineer if:
Coliform count is more than 5% of the
plant water samples.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
STANDARD SANITATION OPERATING
PROCEDURE (SSOP)
Safety of Water:
¾ Records
:
¾ Municipal
water quality.
¾ In-plant water quality test results.
¾ Daily Sanitation Report:
- floor drainage inspection report.
- hose inspection report.
- corrective actions.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Needs and Opportunities–
¾ Water (i.e. water and sanitation) is
key factor in poverty reduction and
attainment of MDGs
¾ Asia-Pacific likely to achieve water
supply MDG; sanitation a greater
challenge
¾ Water investments generate good
rates of return; many target needs of
the poor
Time is very important
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding Remarks
¾ Water,
food and sanitation are crucial to
life and all forms of socioeconomic and
environmental development that needs
sustainability.
¾ Safe water, food and sanitation are
prerequisite for achieving the MDGs and
for sustaining good health, quality of life
and to ensure wealth creation in
developing countries.
¾ The capacity of the national, regional and
local levels to address water, food and
sanitation
for
environmental
health
2problems
International WEPA
Forum
on
Dec.
3-4,
2007,
Beppu
City,
Oita,
Japan
needs to be strengthened.
nd
Concluding Remarks
¾ Water
refilling stations can be a good
source of safe/clean drinking water in the
Philippines.
¾ The efficient water purification processes
can make the quality of water superior to
the traditional water systems.
¾ However, the risk of contamination is
possible if the handling practices are not
closely monitored.
¾ To ensure water safety and prevent waterborne
and food-borne diseases, the
government should regulate the operation
2 International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
of water refilling stations.
nd
Concluding Remarks
¾ Ultimately,
there is a need to improve the
microbiological safety of drinking water to
provide a harmonized framework and
scientific
basis
for
quantitative
microbiological risk assessment of drinking
water;
¾ The adoption of cGMP and HACCP on
water supply systems and food industry
has to be explored and considered.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding Remarks
¾ HACCP,
as a process control oriented
management system, can therefore help
water and food authorities to coordinate
the functions of their various water and
food quality management systems to
provide assurance of safe products;
¾ There is an urgent need to promote and
enforce the more environmental laws and
technologies to address access to clean
water, safe foods and sanitation for
people’s preferences.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
Concluding Remarks
¾ The
centering of people as the “decision
maker” using the Demand Responsive
Approaches (DRA),
¾ The use of integrated approaches to water
resource management, the potential health
benefits of reduced pathogenic and toxic
chemical contamination of water and the
importance of community participation to
ensure sustainability of environmental
sanitation.
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan
2nd International WEPA Forum on Dec. 3-4, 2007, Beppu City, Oita, Japan