NanoItaly 2015
Roma - Italy
Department for Sustainability of the productive and territorial systems (SSPT)
Division for Technologies and processes of the materials for the sustainability (SSPT-PROMAS)
Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO)
OLEDs for lighting
State of the art and ENEA competence
Maria Grazia Maglione, Paolo Tassini, Carla Minarini
ENEA Portici Research Centre
paolo.tassini@enea.it
OLEDs
OLEDs… DISPLAYS!
From early samples…
… to marketed products…
Kodak LS633 photocamera,
2.2" AMOLED display (2003)
Samsung S6 Edge,
5.1" (2015)
Sony XEL-1,
11" TV set (2007)
LG 55EC9300, 55" curved
Full HD TV set, US$ 1999 (2014)
LG G Flex LS995,
6.0" (2013)
Epson 40" TV set, ink-jet printed,
polymer-based (2004)
… OLEDs are an
important success
of the
Organic Electronics
LG 77EG9900, 77" flexible
4K TV set, US$ 50,000 (!?) (2015)
PANASONIC TX-65CZ950, 65" curved
4K TV set (2015) (LG panel)
Images: www.oled-info.com; www.samsung.com; www.lg.com
OLEDs for lighting
OLEDs
It is a Solid State Lighting technology, with LEDs and EL sources
It is an answer for
• high efficiency
• very small or zero
environmental impact
It is THE answer for
• natural, large area,
glare-free light
• tuneable colour
• flexible, thin and
lightweight sources
• transparent sources
• dimmable sources
OLEDs for lighting
OLED lighting development is moving fast too!
Several prototypes…
LG Chem (2009)
General Electric chandelier
World’s first OLED lamp by
OSRAM and Ingo Maurer
design (2008)
(price: € 25 000)
Novaled
transparent OLEDs (2010)
Novaled
Philips
OLEDs for lighting
OLED lighting development is moving fast too!
… first commercial devices in 2009…
OSRAM Orbeos
diameter = 80 mm
efficacy = 25 lm/W
CRI (Colour Rendering Index) = 80
price (at launch) = 375 US$
PHILIPS Lumiblade
various dimensions and forms
efficacy = 20 lm/W (white & RGB)
luminance = 1.000 cd/m2
life = 10.000 hours
price (at launch) = 72 € @ 44 x 47 mm2
OLEDs for lighting
OLED lighting development is moving fast too!
… to present (and coming) products
OSRAM
Novaled
Blackbody (FIAMM) OSRAM
LG Chem
Konica Minolta
Fraunhofer COMEDD
AUDI
etc.
Blackbody (FIAMM)
LG Chem
Novaled
AUDI
Konica Minolta
Fraunhofer COMEDD
OLEDs for lighting
Characteristics of some OLED lighting products
OSRAM
LG Chem
efficacy = 40 lm/W
luminance = 2000 cd/m^2
CRI = 80
lifetime L70 = 10 000 h
working voltage = 6 V
active area = up to > 11 cm^2
cost = N.A.
Konica Minolta
efficacy = 50+ lm/W
luminance = 3000+ cd/m^2
CRI = 90+
lifetime L70 = 30 000+ h
working voltage = 6 or 8.5 V
active area = up to ≈ 1000 cm^2
cost = $566/klm (680 US$/panel)
efficacy = 64 lm/W
luminance = 1000 cd/m^2
lifetime L50 = 10 000 h
active area = 68 cm^2
cost = N.A.
OLED lighting average cost ≈ 200 US$/klm ≈ 20X LEDs
source: www.oled-info.com
Announced best performances of OLED devices
NEC Lighting &
Yamagata Univ. (2013)
efficacy = 156 lm/W
luminance = 1000 cd/m^2
active area = 4 mm^2
Konica Minolta (2014)
efficacy = 139 lm/W
luminance = 1000 cd/m^2
CRI = 81
lifetime L50 = 55 000 h
active area = 15 cm^2
OLEDs for lighting
OLED lighting market
UBI Research
(2014)
Performances and market continue to grow
OLED
materials
market
NanoMarkets (2014)
IDTechEx (2014):
market < $200 million @ 2019
DOE and
IDTechEx
(2013)
$1.9 billion @ 2025
Cintelliq (2014):
OLEDs become a strong competitor to LEDs by 2016
By 2020: OLED panels priced at €200/m^2 @ 5 000 cd/m^2, and less than €14/klm
By 2023: OLED panel production > 500 million of 100mm x 100mm panel equivalents
But, the market is still moving…
Philips and Panasonic in 2015 decided to drop OLED lighting!
… but Philips sold its knowhow to OLEDWorks
OLEDs for lighting
OLED lighting market (according to OE-A)
Years
2014-2015
2016-2018
2019-2022
2023-2027
Efficacy
100 lm/W
130 lm/W
160 lm/W
190 lm/W
Integration for
special building,
Transparent
Free form
Flexible lighting
Building-integrated,
Flexible,
Transparent
Decorative lighting,
First
Automotive lighting,
products /
High price
High prices flexible
Prototypes applications B2B
Mass
production
/
/
source: OE-A - White Paper - Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics, 6th Ed. (June 2015)
But, to note,
OLED lighting market
is driven by
NEW INSTALLATIONS
OLEDs for lighting
Anyway, there are still "red brick walls" to face
Lifetime Encapsulation New Barriers
• for large area and flexible devices
• integrated in-line production
Devices Efficiency
Light Outcoupling/Extraction
• intelligent glass substrates and lenses (micro lenses, pyramid array, prism foil)
• index-matched materials and adhesives
• encapsulation, for matched index plastic substrates
Standardization
Manufacturing Costs Improved Processes
Lower Prices and High Production Volumes
• high throughput and material utilization efficiency for vacuum deposition
• solution processing and printing tooling promises must turn into reality
for lower cost manufacturing, but must deliver high performance devices
• this red brick wall is becoming the most dominant one
Investments, to move from R&D and pilot lines to real production
source: OE-A - White Paper - Roadmap for Organic and Printed Electronics, 6th Ed. (June 2015)
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
• OLEDs
• OPV
• OTFTs
• Innovative process technologies
• Raw materials recovery from waste
Laboratory NANO is organized as a lab-scale full processing line
for simulation, design, fabrication and test of materials, devices and systems
of ORGANIC and PRINTED ELECTRONICS,
its applications in horticulture,
and study the recovery and recycling of raw materials from waste
Activities address the EIT priorities for RAW MATERIALS
Images: ENEA SSPT-PROMAS-NANO; COATEMA
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs on glass
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs on plastic
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
ENEA NANO - OLEDs activity Objectives
Improvement of …
Performances of the devices, through
materials
devices’ architecture
fabrication technologies (high through-put methods, printing techniques, etc.)
simulations (physical and electrical)
Stability and lifetime, and methods to improve them
Life cycle of devices and systems
to study low eco-impact materials and processes, to reduce the waste and
improve the recovery of valuable materials
Usefulness of the devices
to develop and transfer useful knowledge to the companies and the public
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
ENEA NANO OLEDs
Materials and architecture
Encapsulation
Cathode
EIL
ETL
HBL
EML
HTL
HIL
Anode
Substrate
• Substrate
Glass; PET; PEN; etc.
• Anode
ITO; doped PEDOT:PSS; ZnO; AZO; etc.
• HIL - Hole Injection Layer
PEDOT:PSS, Metal Oxides (MoO3), CuPc
• HTL - Hole Transport Layer
α-NPD, TPD
• EML - Emitting Layer
Small Molecules, Polymers, Blends and Nanocomposites
deposited by evaporation in vacuum and from solution
host materials: CBP, SimCP
guest materials: Ir(Fppy)3, Ir(ppy)3, etc.
• HBL - Hole Blocking Layer
BCP
• ETL - Electron Transport Layer
Alq3
• Cathode
LiF + Al; Ca + Al; Li + Al; etc.
• Encapsulation
rigid: glass lid + epoxy resin sealant + getter
flexible: thin film encapsulation:
inorganic barriers, organic-inorganic multilayer
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Improvement of the devices’ performances
• Anode surface treatments
• Charge injection layers (HIL, EIL)
• PEDOT:PSS, CuPc, LiF, etc.
• Low work-function cathodes
• Phosphorescent emitting materials
• Light outcoupling
•
•
•
•
•
No light outcoupling
Materials: CBP + Ir(ppy)3; LiF/Al
Turn-on voltage ≈ 2.0 V
Luminance ≈ 40 000 cd/m^2 @ 9 V
Current efficiency ≈ 20 cd/A
Efficacy ≈ 15 lm/W
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
White OLEDs
Blue OLEDs
Violet OLEDs
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Encapsulation and lifetime studies
Rigid encapsulation
getter
getter
Flexible encapsulation
Water vapour
transmission rate
(WVTR) of 10-5 g/m2/day
at room temperature
(T = 25°C, RH = 50%;
measured by ENEA electrical
Ca test) has been obtained.
Multilayer barrier of sputtered
Al2O3, on the device (Thin Film
Encapsulation (TFE)).
WVTR of 10-3 g/m2/day
at room conditions (T = 25°C,
RH = 50%; below the detection limit
of our permeabilimeter (< 10-2
g/m2/day)) can be reached.
Lamination of transparent barrier
film (Foil Encapsulation (FE)).
WVTR of 10-1 to 10-3 g/m2/day
at room conditions (T = 25°C, RH =
50%; measured by permeabilimeter)
has been achieved.
•
•
US Patent 2009/0066244 A1: "Encapsulated organic electronic device
with improved resistance to degradation", 12/03/2009
Italian patent TO2007U000116: "Dispositivo elettronico organico
incapsulato, con migliorata resistenza al degrado", 11/09/2007
In progress
Study of the intrinsic degradation phenomena through
shelf life experiments, performed at different storage
conditions (by using a climate chamber).
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Transparent conductive materials for ITO substitution
PEDOT:PSS doped with DMSO
PEDOT:PSS doped with DMSO + CNT
100
100
1000
UV-Vis
with DMSO
0,01
Transmittance (%)
Trasmittance (%)
80
1E-3
Current (A)
70
PEDOT:PSS
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS
60
50
Transmittance > 85%
40
PEDOT:PSS anode
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS anode
1E-4
1E-5
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 1wt% CNT
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 0.5wt% CNT
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS with 0.1wt% CNT
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS
90
900
850
800
1E-6
30
UV - Vis
20
10
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
I vs. V
initial
1E-7
0,1
80
400
Voltage (V)
In progress
DMSO-PEDOT:PSS anodo
PEDOT:PSS anodo
ITO anodo
1000
2
Ag weight
(%)
10
2.5
-
100
10
1
0.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Voltage (V)
• Lower optical turn-on voltage
• Higher luminance
600
700
0,0
Aluminium
doped zinc
oxide (AZO)
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
DWCNT-COOH % loading
Conductivity ≈ 950 S/cm
In-situ polymerization of Ag
nanoparticles in doped PEDOT:PSS
Thickness
(nm)
300
285
150
0.01
1E-3
700
500
Wavelenght (nm)
Conductivity ≈ 700 S/cm
OLEDs performances
10000
750
Transmittance > 85%
1
Wavelenght (nm)
Luminance (Cd/m )
950
Conductivity (S/cm)
90
Roughnes
(Rq) (nm)
35
17
1.9
Sheet Resistance
(Ω/□)
25
43
2.85*102
Conductivity
(S/cm)
1250
830
650
MWCNT Thickness Roughness Sheet Resistance Conductivity
(%)
(nm)
(Rq) (nm)
(Ώ/sq)
(S/cm)
155
0.3
129
500
0.01
162
6.8
117
524
0.05
158
7.6
102
620
0.1
170
10.2
82
740
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs fabrication facilities
KURT J. LESKER integrated process system: Evaporator, Sputter,
Spin-coaters, integrated in a glove box with inert atmosphere
OXFORD OpAL Atomic Layer
Deposition system (ALD), for barrier
layers deposition: Al2O3, SiN, SiO2
Modular and upgradable
COATEMA Smartcoater roll-to-roll printing system:
gravure and screen-printing, slot-die coating,
lamination, inert atmosphere
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs fabrication facilities
Ink-jet printing system
Clean room (class 100),
for photolithography and
chemical processes
Excimer laser
processing:
• Laser assisted
deposition
• Crystallization
PECVD
cluster
system
Mask Aligner with Nano Imprint
Lithography (NIL) (EVG620 NT)
Direct Writing Laser
system,
for high resolution
photolithography
Hot embossing system
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
OLEDs fabrication facilities
SEM
Electro-optical bench
Probe station
Organic
Material
Analyzer
Profilometer
Spectrofluorometer
Climatic chamber
Contact angle
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
Encapsulation and degradation studies
KURT J. LESKER integrated
process system
Electro-optical
characterization tools
Glove box system (O2 and H2O < 1 ppm)
for sealing of organic devices,
using automatic dispensing of
UV-curable resins and lamps
Water vapour permeabilimeter
(10°C < T < 50°C)
Climate chamber for
ageing and testing of the
encapsulated devices
(10°C < T < 50°C;
10% < RH < 98%)
Laminator (in glove box)
Lab. ENEA NANO competence
People
Salvatore Aprano (PhD student)
Elena Santoro (PhD student)
Maria Fiorillo (PhD student)
Valeria Criscuolo (PhD student)
Tania Prontera (PhD student)
Michele Tesoro (SESMAT)
Giovanni Cotella (former SESMAT)
Emanuele Bezzeccheri (former UniSA)
Giuseppe Pandolfi (ENEA)
Enzo Calò (ENEA)
Tommaso Fasolino (ENEA)
Giuseppe Nenna (ENEA)
Giuliano Sico (ENEA)
Anna De Girolamo (ENEA)
Claudia Diletto (ENEA)
Paolo Tassini (ENEA)
Maria Grazia Maglione (ENEA)
Carla Minarini (ENEA)
Department for Sustainability of the productive and territorial systems (SSPT)
Division for Technologies and processes of the materials for the sustainability (SSPT-PROMAS)
Laboratory for Nanomaterials and Devices (SSPT-PROMAS-NANO)
Paolo Tassini
C. R. ENEA Portici
p.le E. Fermi, 1
Località Granatello
I-80055 Portici Italy
paolo.tassini@enea.it
+39 081 7723 289