Dr. Darren A. Wozny
Associate Professor of Counselor Education
Principal Investigator and Project Director
MSU-Meridian Campus Suicide Prevention Program
Mississippi State University-Meridian
1
Leisure Module:
Learning Objectives

 Learning Objectives
 Participants will learn the definition of leisure.
 Participants will learn about the theoretical concepts of
casual leisure and serious leisure.
 Participants will learn about the benefits of leisure.
 Participants will learn about the constraints and
barriers that prevent participation in leisure.
2
Leisure Module:
Learning Objectives

 Learning Objectives
 Participants will learn about their current leisure
patterns.
 Participants will learn about how individuals develop
and maintain serious leisure pursuits through
literature case studies and case study interviews.
 Participants will have the opportunity to develop and
increase their casual leisure into serious leisure
pursuits.
3
Leisure Module:
Leisure Definitions
 What is leisure?

 Leisure: Freedom from time-consuming duties, responsibilities, or
activities (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/leisure)
 Leisure: Time or opportunity for ease, relaxation
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/leisure)
 Leisure: Freedom to choose a pastime or enjoyable activity
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/leisure)
 Leisure includes activities through which one loses track of time,
feeling totally immersed in an activity that brings out one’s innate
creativity, talents, and personal passion for beauty, life, and creation
(Ivey, Ivey, Meyers, Sweeney, 2005, p.54).
4
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 What is leisure?
 Leisure is defined as un-coerced, contextually framed
activity engaged in during free time, which people want to
do and, using their abilities and resources, actually do in
either a satisfying or a fulfilling way (or both)
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/Bas
icConcepts.htm)
5
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 "The serious leisure perspective” (SLP) is the name
of the theoretic framework that bridges and synthesizes
three main forms of leisure, known as serious leisure,
casual leisure, and project-based leisure
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/B
asicConcepts.htm)
 Also see the Map of the Serious Leisure Perspective
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/Descri
ptivePages/SLPDiagram.htm)
6
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 Casual leisure is immediately intrinsically rewarding, relatively shortlived pleasurable activity requiring little or no special training to enjoy it.
It is fundamentally hedonic, engaged in for the significant level of pure
enjoyment, or pleasure, found there (Stebbins, 1997).
 Among its types are play (including dabbling), relaxation (e.g., sitting,
napping, strolling), passive entertainment (e.g., TV, books, recorded music),
active entertainment (e.g., games of chance, party games), sociable
conversation, and sensory stimulation (e.g., sex, eating, drinking).
 Casual volunteering is also a type of casual leisure as is "pleasurable aerobic
activity," or casual leisure requiring effort sufficient to cause marked increase
in respiration and heart rate (Stebbins, 2004a).
 Casual leisure is considerably less substantial, and offers no (leisure) career of
the sort just described for serious leisure. Yet, despite the seemingly trivial
nature of most casual leisure, I argue elsewhere that it is nonetheless
important in personal and social life (Stebbins, 2001b)
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicConcepts.htm)
7
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 Serious leisure is the systematic pursuit of an amateur,
hobbyist, or volunteer core activity that is highly substantial,
interesting, and fulfilling and where, in the typical case,
participants find a (leisure) career in acquiring and expressing
a combination of its special skills, knowledge, and experience
(Stebbins, 1992, p.3).
 The adjective "serious" (a word Stebbins's research respondents
often used) embodies such qualities as earnestness, sincerity,
importance, and carefulness. This adjective, basically a folk term,
signals the importance of these three types of activity in the
everyday lives of participants, in that pursuing the three
eventually engenders deep self-fulfillment.
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicCon
cepts.htm)
8
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 Serious Leisure - Amateurs are found in art, science, sport,
and entertainment, where they are inevitably linked, one way or
another, with professional counterparts who coalesce, along
with the public whom the two groups share, into a three-way
system of relations and relationships.
 By contrast, hobbyists lack the professional alter ego of amateurs,
though they sometimes have commercial equivalents and often have
small publics who take an interest in what they do. The professionals
are identified and defined in (economic rather than sociological) terms
that relate well to amateurs and hobbyists, namely, as workers who are
dependent on the income from an activity that other people pursue
with little or no remuneration as leisure (see Stebbins, 2007, p. 6-8)
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicConcept
s.htm)
9
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 Serious Leisure - Hobbyists are classified according to five categories:
1) collectors, 2) makers and tinkerers, 3) activity participants (in
noncompetitive, rule-based, pursuits such as fishing and barbershop
singing), 4) players of sports and games (in competitive, rule-based
activities with no professional counterparts like long-distance running
and competitive swimming) and 6) the enthusiasts of the liberal arts
hobbies, which are primarily reading pursuits.
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicConcepts.ht
m)
 Serious Leisure - Volunteers , whether pursuing serious, casual, or
project-based leisure, offer un-coerced help, either formally or informally,
with no or, at most, token pay, for the benefit of both other people (beyond
the volunteer's family) and the volunteer
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicConcepts.ht
m)
10
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 Serious leisure is further distinguished from casual leisure
by six characteristics found exclusively or in highly
elaborated form only in the first. These characteristics are:






1) need to persevere at the activity,
2) availability of a leisure career,
3) need to put in effort to gain skill and knowledge,
4) realization of various special benefits,
5) unique ethos and social world,
6) an attractive personal and social identity.
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicCon
cepts.htm).
11
Leisure Module:
Theoretical Concepts

 Project-based leisure is a short-term, moderately complicated, either one-shot or
occasional, though infrequent, creative undertaking carried out in free time (Stebbins,
2005) (http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicConcepts.htm)
 Serious Pursuits is the umbrella concept encompassing serious leisure and devotee
work (Stebbins, in press). Also see the Map of the Serious Leisure Perspective
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/DescriptivePages/SLPDiagram.htm)
 Occupational Devotees are people who are inspired by “occupational devotion,” by a
strong, positive attachment to a form of self-enhancing work, where the sense of
achievement is high and the core activity (set of tasks) is endowed with such intense
appeal that the line between this work and leisure is virtually erased (Stebbins, 2004b).
“Devotee work” is serious leisure from which the worker gains a livelihood.
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/MainPages/BasicConcepts.htm)
12
Leisure Module:
Benefits of Leisure

 Why do we need leisure?
 Casual Leisure Benefits
 Notwithstanding its hedonic nature casual leisure is by no means
wholly frivolous, for some clear costs and benefits accrue from
pursuing it. Moreover, in contrast to the evanescent hedonic
property of casual leisure itself, these costs and benefits are
enduring. The benefits include:

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serendipitous creativity
discovery in play,
regeneration from early intense activity,
development and maintenance of interpersonal relationships
(Stebbins, 2001b)
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/DescriptiveP
ages/PositiveAbstract.htm)
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Leisure Module:
Benefits of Leisure

 Benefits of Serious Leisure: Personal Rewards
 Personal enrichment (cherished experiences)
 Self-actualization (developing skills, abilities, knowledge)
 Self-expression (expressing skills, abilities, knowledge already
developed)
 Self-image (known to others as a particular kind of serious
leisure participant)
 Self-gratification (combination of superficial enjoyment and
deep satisfaction)
 Re-creation (regeneration) of oneself through serious leisure after a
day's work
 Potential financial return (from a serious leisure activity)
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/DescriptivePage
s/PositiveAbstract.htm)
14
Leisure Module:
Benefits of Leisure

 Benefits of Serious Leisure: Social Rewards
 Social attraction (associating with other serious leisure
participants, with clients as a volunteer, participating in the
social world of the activity)
 Group accomplishment (group effort in accomplishing a
serious leisure project; senses of helping, being needed,
being altruistic)
 Contribution to the maintenance and development of the group
(including senses of helping, being needed, being altruistic
in making the contribution)
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/DescriptiveP
ages/PositiveAbstract.htm)
15
Leisure Module:
Leisure Constraints

 What prevents us from engaging in leisure
regularly?
 National trends in leisure participation (Arts, Recreation, &
Travel: Recreation and Leisure Activities
(http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/cats/arts_recreat
ion_travel/recreation_and_leisure_activities.html)
 The Role of Perceived Personal Barriers to Engagement in
Leisure-Time Physical Activity
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1805028/)
 A Look at Leisure: Constraints to Participation in Alberta
(http://tpr.alberta.ca/recreation/ars/surveypdf/LL52_barrier
s.pdf)
16
Leisure Module:
Leisure Constraints

 The Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints
 Crawford and Godbey (1987) developed the Hierarchical Model
of Leisure Constraints and identified three major types of
constraints to leisure (also see Crawford, Jackson and Godbey,
1991). These are intrapersonal constraints, interpersonal
constraints, and structural constraints (see Figure 1).
 Intrapersonal constraints involve psychological conditions that are
internal to the individual such as personality factors, attitudes, or
more temporary psychological conditions such as mood.
 Interpersonal constraints are those that arise out of interaction with
others such as family members, friends, coworkers and neighbors.
 Structural constraints include such factors as the lack of
opportunities or the cost of activities that result from external
conditions in the environment
(http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/techni
cal_reports/pdfs/2004/317papers/chick317.pdf)
17
Leisure Module:
Leisure Constraints

 Casual Leisure: Costs
 Some of its costs root in excessive casual leisure or lack of
variety as manifested in boredom or lack of time for leisure
activities that contribute to self through acquisition of skills,
knowledge, and experience (i.e., serious leisure).
Moreover, casual leisure is alone unlikely to produce a
distinctive leisure identity.
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/Descrip
tivePages/PositiveAbstract.htm)
18
Leisure Module:
Leisure Constraints
 Serious Leisure: Costs

 Further, every serious leisure activity contains its own costs - a
distinctive combination of tensions, dislikes and
disappointments - which each participant confronts in his or
her own way.
 Tensions and dislikes develop within the activity or through its
imperfect mesh with work, family, and other leisure interests.
 Put more precisely, the goal of gaining fulfillment in serious
leisure is the drive to experience the rewards of a given leisure
activity, such that its costs are seen by the participant as more or
less insignificant by comparison.
 This is at once the meaning of the activity for the participant and
that person's motivation for engaging in it.
 It is this motivational sense of the concept of reward that
distinguishes it from the idea of durable benefit set out earlier, an
idea that emphasizes outcomes rather than antecedent conditions
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/DescriptivePages/P
ositiveAbstract.htm)
19
Leisure Module:
Leisure Constraints

 Serious Leisure: Costs
 Nonetheless, the two ideas constitute two sides of the same
social psychological coin.
 Moreover, this brief discussion shows that some positive
psychological states may be founded, to some extent, on
particular negative, often noteworthy, conditions (e.g.,
tennis elbow, frostbite [cross-country skiing], stage fright,
frustration [in acquiring a collectable, learning a part]).
 Such conditions can make the senses of achievement and
self-fulfillment even more pronounced as the enthusiast
manages to conquer adversity
(http://www.soci.ucalgary.ca/seriousleisure/DescriptiveP
ages/PositiveAbstract.htm)
20
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 Part I: Self-Assessment of Past Leisure Activities
 List and briefly describe all leisure activities and hobbies that you have
tried in the past (include leisure activities during childhood and
adolescence – do not include current leisure activities and hobbies).
 Instructor Example. During adolescence I participated in the following
leisure activities and hobbies:
 recreational hockey;
 varsity football;
 varsity basketball;
 recreational volleyball;
 varsity track;
 chess club;
 table-tennis;
 teaching swimming at YMCA;
 baseball;
 dungeons and dragons,
 recreational racquetball,
 curling,
 lifting weights.
21
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 Discuss the primary reasons that you currently do not engage in
these leisure activities and hobbies (limit question to your five main
leisure activities and hobbies).
 Instructor Example. My five main leisure activities and hobbies
during my adolescence were recreational hockey, teaching
swimming at YMCA, recreational racquetball, dungeons and
dragons, and lifting weights.
 The primary reasons I currently do not engage in these leisure
activities and hobbies are:
 lack of access to facilities (recreational hockey, teaching swimming at
YMCA),
 no longer associated with YMCA youth leadership program (teaching
swimming at YMCA),
 cost to join fitness club (recreational racquetball, lifting weights),
 travel distance to fitness club (recreational racquetball, lifting weights),
 lack of interest (dungeons and dragons),
 health issues involving heart (pacemaker) and back (disk
problems)(recreational hockey, recreational racquetball, lifting weights,
and swimming).
22
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 Based on your experience with past leisure activities and hobbies,
what have you learned about what you consider desirable
qualities of your future leisure activities and hobbies?
 Instructor Example. Based on my experience with past leisure
activities and hobbies, I have learned that I consider the
desirable qualities of my future leisure activities and hobbies:
 physical exercise (recreational hockey, recreational racquetball,
lifting weights, and swimming),
 opportunities to develop skills and knowledge (recreational hockey,
recreational racquetball, lifting weights, dungeons and dragons,
and swimming),
 opportunities to socialize with others (recreational hockey, recreational
racquetball, dungeons and dragons, and swimming),
 health-related benefits (recreational hockey, recreational racquetball,
lifting weights, and swimming)
23
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 Part II: Self-Assessment of Current Leisure Activities and
Hobbies
 List and briefly describe all current leisure activities and
hobbies that you currently engage in on a regular basis.
 Instructor Example. My current leisure activities and hobbies
include:
football (college and professional) and hockey fan;
golfing;
tennis;
watching movies;
travel;
car enthusiast (reading car review, updates, and watching car
documentaries),
 playing sports-orientated video games (football, hockey).

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

24
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 Evaluate your satisfaction with your current leisure activities and hobbies on a scale
from 1 (low satisfaction) to 10 (high satisfaction). Discuss your rationale for your
evaluation of your current leisure activities and hobbies.
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Instructor Example. My satisfaction with my current leisure activities and hobbies include:
football (college and professional) and hockey fan (rating 8: I enjoy watching sports
games of my favorite teams with my wife and friends though do get bored of it at
times);
golfing (rating 3: I love to golf though I only golf when visiting in-laws in Canada due
to more comfortable climate than extreme heat of Mississippi);
tennis (rating 3: I also enjoy tennis though periodic back problems, hot climate, and
difficulty finding someone to play tennis limit playing opportunities);
watching movies (rating 7: I generally like watching movies and with Netflix
membership accessibility to movies is excellent though newer movies are more
limited);
travel (rating 8: My wife and I make about ten trips per year that includes work travel
and I genuinely enjoy planning the trips as much as taking the trips);
car enthusiast (reading car review, updates, and watching car documentaries)(rating
8: I enjoy tracking the auto industry via the internet on a daily basis),
playing sports-orientated video games (football, hockey)(rating 6: I still enjoy playing
my old X-Box sports games though my game console and games are out of date).
25
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 What do you consider your primary leisure activities? Discuss if your primary leisure
activities are considered casual leisure (temporary leisure activity to pass time) or
serious leisure (regular sustained leisure activity that is expected to continue in future
and often helps define an individual’s identity).

Instructor Example. I consider my serious leisure activities to include football and hockey
fan, and travel (serious).
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
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My rationale for considering my football/hockey fandom as serious leisure is that I watch
about five games per week of my favorite teams, follow the teams on-line, occasionally
travel to see football/hockey games, and I am known as a fan of certain sports teams.
The reasons I believe travel to be my other serious leisure activity is that my wife and I
travel frequently (about ten trips per year), I significantly enjoy planning trips and
frequently I am researching the internet for an upcoming trip, and my wife and I often
talk about trips in the distant future (during retirement).
I consider my casual leisure activities to include golfing, tennis, and being a car
enthusiast.
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
The reasons for considering both golf and tennis as casual leisure is that the hot climate
of Mississippi limits how much I play golf and tennis (limited playing), and back
problems and difficulty finding tennis partners also limit play. In a more comfortable
climate, I think both golf and tennis have potential as serious leisure activities.
I also consider being a car enthusiast as casual leisure because although I read online car
reviews daily and may attend the odd car show when traveling, I do not collect, race,
fix, or restore cars as a hobby.
26
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 What benefits do you receive from engaging in your current leisure activities
and hobbies?
 Instructor Example. The benefits I receive from engaging in my current leisure
activities and hobbies include:





football/hockey fan (enjoyment from watching favorite teams play; socializing
opportunities during games with wife and friends; following favorite teams
online; wearing favorite team jerseys; occasional travel to games with tailgating);
traveling (I enjoy researching and planning road/airplane trips that include
finding interesting and affordable hotels, restaurants, and attractions; I also love
the direct experience of traveling to different places);
golfing (I love being outdoors and experience the aesthetic beauty of a golf course
in a comfortable climate; I like that golf constantly challenges your skills and that
it is never boring; I also like the exercise that I get playing golf; the socializing
that occurs with golf is probably one of the best benefits);
tennis (I enjoy being outdoors playing tennis in a comfortable climate; I like that
tennis challenges your skills and that it is never boring; I also like the exercise
that I get playing tennis);
car enthusiast (I find developments in the car industry fascinating and online car
reviews entertaining as well as informative).
27
Self-Assessment of My Leisure
Participation Patterns

 What challenges (constraints) limit your engagement in your current leisure
activities and hobbies?
 Instructor Example. The challenges (constraints) that limit my engagement in my
current leisure activities and hobbies include:

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football/hockey fan (periodic boredom from lack of physical activity associated
with fandom);
traveling (work obligations limit opportunities to travel to certain times of the
year; budget constraints place parameters on the type of trip my wife and I can
afford);
golfing (climate in Mississippi is too hot for comfortable golf, golf is an expensive
hobby to engage in on a regular basis in terms of green fees and golfing
equipment);
tennis (climate in Mississippi is too hot for comfortable tennis; difficulty finding
regular tennis partners; periodic back problems limit play);
car enthusiast (my interest in the auto industry is primarily limited to researching
future cars to own and therefore does not extend to car collecting, car racing, car
repair and restoration where I have limited interest).
28
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 How do individuals develop and maintain serious leisure
pursuits?
 It is important to present examples of serious leisure
pursuits along with their associated descriptions,
leisure benefits and leisure constraints (intrapersonal,
interpersonal, and structural) to help individuals
decide what might be appropriate serious leisure for
them in the future.
29
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 Tournament Bass Fishing (Yoder, 1997). Tournament fishing is a head-tohead competition between fishers with the goal of catching the largest and
greatest poundage of fish in a given period of time (Yoder, 1997, p.4).
 Leisure benefits include:
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interacting with nature and traveling to different lakes,
competition opportunities,
socializing,
identity as a bass fisherman,
availability of different roles in Bass fishing clubs,
development of fishing skills and knowledge.
 Leisure constraints include:
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high cost of fishing and related equipment (structural),
cost to enter tournaments and travel expenses (structural),
significant time investment to participate in tournaments (structural),
significant time away from family (interpersonal),
difficulty finding time with work obligations (interpersonal),
difficulty maintaining focus (intrapersonal).
30
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 University of Florida Gators Football Fandom (Gibson, 2002).
University of Florida Gators Football fans travel significant
distances to attend all home games, may attend away games, and
engage in tailgating activities for all games.
 Leisure benefits include:
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sense of belonging (“we won/lost”),
social relationships with other fans and their families during tailgating,
opportunities for family togetherness,
connection to team year-round,
identity as Gators Football fan.
 Leisure constraints include:
 high travel cost to attend all home games (structural),
 significant time commitment to be a Gators Football fan limits other
leisure (structural),
 time and money commitment may interfere with other family
members that are not Gator fans (impacts family
relationships)(interpersonal).
31
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 Living History (Historical Reenactments) (Hunt, 2004). “Living history” is the
presentation of an historical period by live actors who portray and ‘live
out’ the conditions of a particular time and place, largely through public
events and other forms of staged reconstruction (Hunt, 2004, p.387).
 Leisure benefits include:
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“living history” informs participant’s cultural identity (understanding national
history),
learning about national history through first person experience of an authentic as
possible historical reenactment,
educating public about history,
escapism,
comradeship in sharing the experience with other “Living History” actors
 Leisure constraints include:
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costs involved in acquiring authentic historical reproduction items (Civil War
uniforms, weapons, etc.)(structural),
cost involved with travel to historical re-enactment events (structural),
time commitment to participate in historical reenactment events (structural),
time away from family (interpersonal),
frustration with authenticity issues in events (intrapersonal).
32
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 American Kennel Club (AKC) members (Baldwin, 1999). AKC
members may participate in breeding, training, and showing
pure-bred dogs at local, regional and national level events.
 Leisure benefits include:
 identity as an AKC member or serious “dog person,”
 learning about the history, needs, training techniques, showing
techniques of particular dog breeds,
 teaching opportunities to public through local AKC club,
 socializing with other amateur and professional AMC members.
 Leisure constraints include:
 considerable costs involved in breeding, training, feeding, health
care, show-related expenses (includes travel) associated with purebred dogs (structural),
 travel limits placed on the family when travel cannot
accommodate the dogs (for example, no vacations)(interpersonal)
33
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits


Sea Cadet Corps (women) (Raisborough, 2007). The Sea Cadet Corps (SCC) is a uniformed youth
organization that aims to promote responsible citizenship in adolescence through application of militarylike discipline, training, and following the routines, dress (naval uniform) and discipline of the SCC's
parent organization, the Royal Navy (RN). SCC recruits young people (cadets) to its range of activities
(sailing, shooting, camping, seamanship training, engineering and communications). Cadets quickly gain
skills and knowledge from a national curriculum and are rewarded with promotion through the SCC's
version of RN military ranks. Training ships are staffed by adult volunteers who recruit, train and
supervise the cadets (Raisborough, 2007, p.689-690).
 Leisure benefits include:
 identity as Sea Cadet Officer,
 contribution to youth development,
 development of skills and knowledge during advancement in naval military ranks,
 opportunity to socialize.
 Leisure constraints include:
 Female Cover Rule (FCR - requires volunteer female adult personnel to be present for all
interactions between volunteer adult male naval personnel and female cadets) which
significantly limits adult female’s role to “babysitting” rather than their formally trained
“naval officer role” (structural),
 significant time commitment to SCC limits time availability for other leisure (structural),
 subculture of SCC can be male-dominated in the sense that females may have difficulty
receiving respect from other males.
34
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 Older adults volunteering in sports (Misener, 2010). In community
sport organizations (CSO), older adults volunteered in leadership
roles, coaching, and officiating amateur sports. They volunteered
in a variety of sports such as minor hockey, curling, baseball, and
figure skating (Misener, 2010, p.272-273).
 Leisure benefits include:
 identity as a sports volunteer,
 giving back to Community sport organizations (CSO) that often
provided leisure opportunities for volunteers in their youth, \
 opportunity to socialize.
 Leisure constraints include:
 periodic interpersonal conflict with other volunteers or Community
sport organizations (CSO) staff (interpersonal),
 shortage of sport volunteers can place too much demands on the
volunteers (structural),
 sport volunteering can limit other commitments (family, other leisure)
for volunteers (interpersonal).
35
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 Quilters (women) (Stalp, 2006). A quilt is a three-layered fabric sandwich (top, batting,
and a back). The quilt top displays the design on patchwork (pieces of fabric sewn
together in a pattern), applique (pieces of fabric sewn atop larger pieces of fabric) or
wholecloth (a single, large piece of fabric). Stitches are placed carefully in the quilt
top to penetrate through each layer of the fabric sandwich and add an additional
layer of design to the quilt, functionally keeping the three layers secure. Finally, a
strip of fabric, the binding, is sewn around all edges, containing the filling edges and
the unfinished edges of the top and back (Stalp, 2006, p.109).

Leisure benefits include:






identity as a quilter,
opportunity to belong to quilting guilds and learn from other quilters,
opportunity to socialize,
opportunities to compete at quilting competitions,
quilting can provide opportunities for quiet reflection and “personal time”
Leisure constraints include:



space constraints (quilting takes up considerable space for quilts and their necessary
equipment/supplies)(structural/interpersonal),
time constraints whereby quilters often have to find leisure time after family and work
commitments (interpersonal),
cost of quilting equipment (sewing machines, etc.) and fabric necessary for quilting
projects (structural).
36
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 Kayak adventure travel (Kane, 2004). Kayakers book a guided travel
package that often includes airfare, equipment rental, river guides,
drivers (transportation between kayaking locations), sleeping
accommodations, and meals to facilitate kayaking rivers of varying
difficulty (includes rapids) in difficult to access locations
throughout the world.
 Leisure benefits include:




identity as serious kayaker,
opportunities to develop kayaking skills,
socializing opportunities with other serious kayakers,
opportunities for exotic adventure when kayaking.
 Leisure constraints include:
 high cost associated with kayak adventure travel (structural),
 time commitment limits the amount of time to engage in kayaking per
week (structural),
 kayak adventure travel can be associated with kayaking in dangerous
conditions (for example, rapids)(structural).
37
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 Ladies of the Red Hat Society (Son, 2007). The Red Hat Society is an international
leisure club predominantly for middle-aged and older women (i.e. 50 years of age
and older), although younger women may join. The Society’s mission is to use age as
a license to play and to be ‘silly’ and emphasizes building relationships with other
women. The group’s central tenets include no rules, no responsibilities and no
penalties. There is, however, an important dress code: members over 50 wear red
hats and purple outfits and members under 50 wear pink hats and lavender outfits
(Son, 2007, p.72).

Leisure benefits include:




identity as a Red Hat Society lady,
opportunities to socialize and give/receive support with other Red Hat Society ladies,
opportunities to develop more self-confidence and spontaneity through interactions
with the Red Hat Society activities
Leisure constraints include:



The Red Hat Society may be less satisfying for rigid women that prefer more structure
to their organizational activities (structural),
women from diverse cultures that are unaccustomed to putting women’s needs first
may be uncomfortable with the Red Hat Society (interpersonal),
difficulty balancing the Red Hat Society membership with other family time
commitments (interpersonal)
38
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits

 Carolina Shaggers (Dance) (Brown, 2007). The shag. South Carolina's official state
dance and North Carolina's official popular dance, originated in the early 1940s as a
favorite dance of white, southern teenagers (Bryan, 1995). The shag is danced to
beach music, a term that originated in the mid-1940s as a cover term for an eclectic
assortment of early rhythm and blues, rock and roll, pop music, and black gospel
(Crease, 1988). The subculture of shaggers is interesting because of its history of
serious involvement and commitment (Brown, 2007, p.624).

Leisure benefits include:





identity as serious “Shag” dancer,
development of your Shag dancing technical skills,
opportunity to genuinely enjoy and “feel” the dance and socialize with other “Shag”
dancers,
opportunities to compete in “Shag” dance competitions
Leisure constraints include:




Shag dancing is a subculture that requires serious commitment that limits time for
other commitments (all-encompassing leisure activity)(structural),
opportunities to Shag dance may be limited in many states (structural),
Shag dancing requires considerable skill development and may require travel to find
necessary Shag instructors (structural),
Shag dancing is about “feeling” the dance (emotion of having fun) and so Shag dancers
that focus only on “technically” mastering the Shag without the necessary positive
emotion (and socializing attitude) will be labeled “wannabees” and be rejected by other
serious Shag dancers (interpersonal)
39
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 1: Male 50, Flying Model Airplanes)
 What is your primary hobby or leisure activity?

Assembling and flying miniature model aircrafts. You don’t have to build, though
that is a big part of the hobby for me.
 How often do you engage in your hobby?

Everyday that I am home…almost everyday there is some degree of puttering in the
garage. Sundays are reserved for flying the planes for five hours or so, just flying and
visiting with friends.
 How old were you when you were first introduced to your hobby?

Four, I got a plastic model kit from my family and it was suppose to be a project for
my dad and I but he did not help much! (Laughs) I bought my first gas-powered
plane at seven. It was my seventh birthday and it was $7.77 and I promptly crashed it.
I tried to fix it but it never flew again. It was part of the hobby to see if I could make it
go again or at least use the engine to make something else go.
40
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 1: Male 50, Flying Model
Airplanes)
 How many planes would you say you currently have?
 20-30. Storage is an issue.
 There are a lot of things you could do for leisure, how did you decide to get
involve with your plane hobby?
 I am not a sitter, I do this because I like doing this (flying planes) and it
really all I have time to do. There is only so much time for “want-to-do
things.” I don’t want television generally. Just as a kid I was fascinated
by things that fly and it seemed like a way to go.
41
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 1: Male 50, Flying Model Airplanes)
 What does your hobby do for your life? What are the benefits?
 In general, I am attracted to people that are interested in things…interested or
interesting people. Over my lifetime it has done a great number of things. When
I was younger it made me ask “why does that one fly better than this one?”
“How does a two-stroke work?” It has been a lifelong pursuit of how the
physical world works. It actually lead to my degree, mathematics with a minor
in physics partly from my hobby. My hobby existed long before those questions.
It seemed logical to study that in college because that is what interested me.
And my hobby drove my career choice as a pilot, I was a pilot for the Navy and
I am still a pilot. For me, part of it (flying planes) is making it better or
improving it, figuring out why it does what it does. First my mother and now
my wife says, “I always know where he is.” I am usually in the garage. I
personally don’t believe that watching television is productive in anyway. I
think it (flying planes) has been good for me to keep me interested in
things…interested and interesting in different things. I always want the newer,
bigger, more expensive planes and engines and my father encouraged me to get
a good paying job which was a good underlying benefit. It encouraged work.
42
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 1: Male 50, Flying
Model Airplanes)
 Discuss the extent that your hobby defines you, if any?
 My hobbies entirely defines me, it is what I do. What you
do with your free time, in my mind, is who you are. For me
at least, “who I am” is what I do when I not working.
Working is the means by which I pay for my hobbies. If I
could not fly (being a commercial pilot) tomorrow I would
have lost my job, if I could not hobby and I all I could do
was sit in a chair, then I would be lost.
43
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews


Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 2: Female 66, Quilter)

What is your primary hobby or leisure activity?


How often do you engage in your hobby?


Quilting and embroidery. For twenty years, I focused on the quilting and I taught
that. Quilting is three layers and it is held together by stitching and fabric.
It is on a daily basis usually in the evening. A typical day would be doing quilting for
about five hours per day.
How old were you when you were first introduced to your hobby?

I am probably, if you traced it back, I am an eight-generation quilter. My
grandmother and my mother did it. It was something that women did to keep warm
and to express what they wanted. I was nine or ten when I first started embroidery. I
would pick strawberries and I would get 50 cents and I spend it on embroidery floss. I
started into quilting in my mid-thirties. I wanted to do it but I was still doing other
types of embroidery up until that point. We always had quilts, my mother decorated
with quilts because my grandmother and aunts all made quilts. They were simpler
designs than I would do later on.
44
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews


Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 2: Female 66, Quilter)

Would you describe your hobby as solitary or social in nature?


Both, we like to do it (quilting) by ourselves but we like to get together and feed off
each other. If you run into a problem, especially with quilting and the design process,
then it is nice to have other people come and say “you could do this or could you
that.” The nice thing about quilting is that everyone can take one design and your
own colors and it may come out looking entirely different than the other person’s. As
a group, needle-work people are a sharing group not only by yourselves but in the
community. We don’t say charity but “we care.” So that call goes out, like in Japan,
and if quilters have fabric or tops or whatever and even supplies, we will send to
people in distress. I belong with two satellite groups (quilting) and I belong to a
quilting guild that once a month you go there.
How do you find time to engage in your hobby?

I can do it whenever I want now that I am retired. When the kids were in the house I
still did it (quilting) a lot but after the kids went to bed. When the kids were small,
they did their activity and I did mine. I needed it (quilting) to not feel resentful. I
think that it is important, especially for women, that they do take the time to have a
hobby and have time for themselves, and that they have encouraged their husbands
to have several hobbies.
45
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 2: Female 66, Quilter)
 There are a lot of things you could do for leisure, how did you decide to get involve with your
hobby?

I think because I am not sports-inclined. With the quilting/embroidery, I can make
gifts. When money was tight, I could use my hobby so that it could become a gift
afterwards.
 What does your hobby do for your life? What are the benefits?

It is about using your hands to produce something. You are often making something,
gifts for people. When you making something by hand for someone you are often
dreaming, you are thinking about that person as you do the work. It is a mental thing.
I think that they are very good to have (quilting/embroidery) for hospital visits
because you can take them along and visit with the patient and still do your hobby
and it makes everyone to feel relaxed. You can dream. It is a mental thing that allows
you close off a lot of stressful things. I find it always engaging because there are so
many different designs and combination of colors, I never find it boring. I usually
have two-three projects on the go. We are there to support women who are in
difficulties whose husbands may have significant health issues. You don’t have to
being doing anything (in the group), you can just come and sit and ask if anybody can
help you with what is going on.
46
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 2: Female 66, Quilter)
 What are the inherent challenges associated with your hobby?

Moneywise, it can be expensive sometimes. Fabrics can be quite expensive, especially
in Canada but there are always thrift shops where they are getting rid of fabrics,
threads, hoops, etc. So there are other ways. Sometimes there are physical challenges.
Some people get sore hands or trouble with eyesight. So we compensate. Women with
arthritis in their hands may use pliers to pull the needle and thread through or
magnifiers if your eyesight is not good. Carpal Tunnel occurs from the repetitiveness
of the hobby. If your hands are a little sore, you switch to another project that is
easier.
 Discuss the extent that your hobby defines you, if any?

Pretty much so… because quilting/embroidery are such an important part of my life.
If you asked people what they know about me, that is what they point to (the quilting
and embroidery). I was on the national board for quilting and people know you that
way. When you go to conferences, and retreats, to different guilds…you kind of get
known. They know you as a quilter but they also know your quilts. We know the
person by what they have done.
47
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews


Leisure Case Studies – Interviews Case 3: Male 68, Golfer

What is your primary hobby or leisure activity?


How often do you engage in your hobby?


About 300 days a year. The average round of golf is four to four and one half hours.
With practicing as well, the average day at the golf course would be six hours.
How old were you when you were first introduced to your hobby?


It is golf.
I was 25 years old. My corps tried it. I was hooked right away. I was hooked because I
wanted to get better.
Would you describe your hobby as solitary or social in nature?

Both, socializing with the comrades that you are golfing with during the game and
after the game having a beer with the guys you golfed with. Plus travel to other golf
courses with a lot of these different people.
48
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews Case 3: Male 68, Golfer
 How do you find time to engage in your hobby?

I am retired so I have lots of time. When I was working, I just made the time because
it was my hobby whether it was after work or before work or on weekends. I did golf
less when I was working. I got out at least three days a week probably four days a
week.
 There are a lot of things you could do for leisure, how did you decide to get involve with your
hobby?

It (golf) was just something we tried and age and old joints don’t bend well to the old
hobbies like baseball, water skiing, and hockey that I used to do before. I can’t do that
anymore. So I have to do another hobby (golf). Yes, I can do this until my brain is
gone.
 What does your hobby do for your life? What are the benefits?

(The benefits are) just having a good time, laughing a lot, good friends, getting out of
the house, just being active with the walking. I think it keeps the mind active as well.
49
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews Case 3: Male 68, Golfer
 What are the inherent challenges associated with your hobby?
 (The challenge is) patience because golf is very challenging. The mental aspect,
if you expect too much of yourself then you get quite impatient. However, after
a number of years of being disappointed you lower your standards.
 I can’t image getting bored with it as I have been doing it all these years. I want
to be there every day.
 No, the physical demands of the game do not get harder as you adjust your
swing, walking pace, game pace…you just adjust it as you get older.
 Discuss the extent that your hobby defines you, if any?
 Oh, it is probably who I am now. I would not have said that in my earlier life
but now it is primarily what I do.
50
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 4: Female 41, Crossstitch)
 What is your primary hobby or leisure activity?
 Counted cross-stitch, counted cross-stitch uses threads on
fabric, a thread will make a cross shape on the fabric and the
patterning of the different colors will develop a picture on the
fabric. There is an infinite variety of picture patterns from very
simple to very complex to be found at shops or on the internet.
I have worked on quite complex pictures that are patterns
made from famous artists’ works such as Pissaro, Monet,
Renoir and I have worked on very simple pictures for birth
announcements and gifts and things of that nature.
51
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 4: Female 41, Cross-stitch)
 How often do you engage in your hobby?

When I was a child I did not engage in it often. Currently, I engage in it (cross-stitch)
almost everyday. It depends if I am working or not at my job. Often I will do crossstitch in the evenings while watching television to have something to do other than
just watching television.
 How old were you when you were first introduced to your hobby?

I don’t remember exactly, maybe ten years old. My mother taught me.
 Would you describe your hobby as solitary or social in nature?

It can be either. Some belong to guilds or groups and will meet periodically to discuss
the work that they are doing and have a show and tell of the work that they are doing.
I don’t belong to such a group. I generally find it a solitary activity which is fine.
52
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 4: Female 41, Cross-stitch)
 How do you find time to engage in your hobby?

Well if you are just going to be sitting watching television then you might as well be
doing something, the time is there. When we travel, we often travel by air and there is
a lot of down time sitting around waiting in airports and on planes and it (crossstitch) helps pass the time.
 There are a lot of things you could do for leisure, how did you decide to get involve with your
hobby?

It (cross-stitch) is fairly easy to do, it is portable because the objects that you are
working with are not large and you end up with a nice end product. It is not that
expensive.
 What does your hobby do for your life? What are the benefits?

You have the satisfaction of making something beautiful. It is relaxing and it helps
pass the time. It is just enjoyable.
53
Leisure Module:
Serious Leisure Pursuits-Interviews

 Leisure Case Studies – Interviews (Case 4: Female 41, Cross-stitch)
 What are the inherent challenges associated with your hobby?
 Eventually, my eyesight will not be good enough to continue. It is a “good
eyesight person’s hobby.” I could use magnifiers but then the hobby would
cease to be portable.
 You are only limited by discovering a pattern that would be interesting to work
on (asked if she would get bored).
 Occasionally, I do feel too tired to work on my hobby but it (cross-stitch) is not a
large energy expenditure hobby.
 There are more benefits than challenges therefore it really is not a hardship to
continue.
 Discuss the extent that your hobby defines you, if any?
 It (cross-stitch) is just something I do. If I couldn’t do it (cross-stitch), I would
just find something else to do. There will always be something that I could find
to do that I would get enjoyment out of.
54
Leisure Module: Exercises to Develop
Casual Leisure into Serious Leisure

 Part III: Exposure to New Leisure Activities
 Task: Participate in three new casual leisure activities and
complete assigned leisure activity process questions. (Part
III is designed for individuals that are unsatisfied with
exposure to past and current leisure activities and need to
increase exposure to new casual leisure in hope of finding
future serious leisure activities).
 Briefly describe your experience of participating in three new
casual leisure activities.
 Briefly describe your rationale for choosing the three new
casual leisure activities.
 For each of the three new casual leisure activities discuss the
benefits and challenges (constraints) associated with that
leisure activity/hobby for you.
55
Leisure Module: Exercises to Develop
Casual Leisure into Serious Leisure

 Part IV: Formulate your Future Personal Plan for Serious
Leisure
 What is your current plan for serious leisure activity in the
future (one year from now and when retired)?
 Instructor Example. In the near future (year from now), my
plan for serious leisure includes continuing being a serious
football/hockey fan and traveler with the addition of
playing tennis more regularly (three times per week) and
lifting weights again regularly (three to four times per
week).
 In retirement (back in Canada), my plan for serious leisure
includes playing golf daily, hockey, curling, playing tennis,
playing racquetball, and continuing being a serious
football/hockey fan and traveler.
56
Leisure Module: Exercises to Develop
Casual Leisure into Serious Leisure

 Discuss the source of your best potential serious leisure activities and
hobbies (past leisure activities and hobbies; current leisure
activities and hobbies; new casual leisure activities; leisure
activities and hobbies never attempted but desirable).
 Instructor Example. In the near future (year from now), my plan
for serious leisure includes continuing being a serious
football/hockey fan (current serious leisure activity) and traveler
(current serious leisure activity) with the addition of playing
tennis more regularly (current casual leisure activity) and lifting
weights again regularly (past leisure activity).
 In retirement (back in Canada), my plan for serious leisure
includes playing golf daily (current casual leisure activity),
hockey (past leisure activity), curling (past leisure activity),
playing tennis (current casual leisure activity), playing
racquetball (past leisure activity), and continuing being a serious
football/hockey fan (current serious leisure activity) and traveler
(current serious leisure activity).
57
Leisure Module: Exercises to Develop
Casual Leisure into Serious Leisure

 Discuss how you plan to address challenges (constraints)
associated with engaging in your best potential serious leisure
activities and hobbies.
 Instructor Example. In the near future (year from now), my plan
for serious leisure includes:
 continuing being a serious football/hockey fan (structural
constraint - offseason may limit fandom but will substitute summer
tennis in place)
 Continuing as traveler (structural constraint - budget constraints limit
travel but I can always plan within budget parameters)
 playing tennis (intrapersonal constraint – back problems may limit
tennis play but will work on strengthening core muscles to support my
back through weight lifting)
 lifting weights (intrapersonal constraint – back problems may limit
weight lifting but will work on strengthening core muscles to support my
back).
58
Leisure Module: Exercises to Develop
Casual Leisure into Serious Leisure

 Discuss how you plan to address challenges (constraints)
associated with engaging in your best potential serious leisure
activities and hobbies.
 Instructor Example. In retirement (back in Canada), my plan for serious
leisure includes:
 playing golf daily (structural constraint – golf may get rained out
periodically but will substitute racquetball on rain days),
 hockey (intrapersonal constraint – back problems may limit hockey playing
but will work on strengthening core muscles to support my back).),
 curling (intrapersonal constraint – back problems may limit curling but will
work on strengthening core muscles to support my back),
 playing tennis (see above),
 playing racquetball (intrapersonal constraint – back problems may limit
playing racquetball but will work on strengthening core muscles to support
my back),
 continuing being a serious football/hockey fan (see above) and traveler
(see above).
59
Recommendations

 Recommendations
 Participants are encouraged to complete the leisure
project Part I-IV (see next four panels):
 Part I: Self-Assessment of Past Leisure Activities
 Part II: Self-Assessment of Current Leisure Activities and
Hobbies
 Part III: Exposure to New Leisure Activities
 Part IV: Formulate your Future Personal Plan for Serious
Leisure
60
Recommendations

 Self-assessment of my current leisure participation patterns
 Part I: Self-Assessment of Past Leisure Activities
 List and briefly describe all leisure activities and hobbies that you
have tried in the past (include leisure activities during childhood
and adolescence – do not include current leisure activities and hobbies).
 Discuss the primary reasons that you currently do not engage in these
leisure activities and hobbies (limit question to your five main leisure
activities and hobbies).
 Based on your experience with past leisure activities and hobbies,
what have you learned about what you consider desirable qualities
of your future leisure activities and hobbies?
61
Recommendations

 Part II: Self-Assessment of Current Leisure Activities and Hobbies
 List and briefly describe all current leisure activities and hobbies that you currently
engage in on a regular basis.
 Evaluate your satisfaction with your current leisure activities and hobbies on a
scale from 1 (low satisfaction) to 10 (high satisfaction). Discuss your rationale for
your evaluation of your current leisure activities and hobbies.
 What do you consider your primary leisure activity? Discuss if your primary
leisure activity is considered casual leisure (temporary leisure activity to pass
time) or serious leisure (regular sustained leisure activity that is expected to
continue in future and often helps define an individual’s identity).
 What benefits do you receive from engaging in your current leisure activities and
hobbies?
 What challenges (constraints) limit your engagement in your current leisure
activities and hobbies?
62
Recommendations

 Part III: Exposure to New Leisure Activities
 Task: Participate in three new casual leisure activities and
complete assigned leisure activity process questions. (Part
III is designed for individuals that are unsatisfied with
exposure to past and current leisure activities and need to
increase exposure to new casual leisure in hope of finding
future serious leisure activities).
 Briefly describe your experience of participating in three new
casual leisure activities.
 Briefly describe your rationale for choosing the three new
casual leisure activities.
 For each of the three new casual leisure activities discuss the
benefits and challenges (constraints) associated with that
leisure activity/hobby for you.
63
Recommendations

 Part IV: Formulate your Future Personal Plan for Serious Leisure
 What is your current plan for serious leisure activity in the future
(one year from now and when retired)?
 Discuss the source of your best potential serious leisure activities
and hobbies (past leisure activities and hobbies; current leisure
activities and hobbies; new casual leisure activities; leisure
activities and hobbies never attempted but desirable).
 Discuss how you plan to address challenges (constraints)
associated with engaging in your best potential serious leisure
activities and hobbies.
64
References

 Baldwin, C. (1999). Exploring the dimensions of serious leisure: “Love me – love my
dog!” Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), p.1-17.
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