The Federalist vs. the Anti-Federalist Papers
California History-Social Science Standards Addressed:
8.2.3. Evaluate the major debates that occurred during the development of the
Constitution and their ultimate resolutions in such areas as shared power among
institutions, divided state-federal power, slavery, the rights of individuals and states
(later addressed by the addition of the Bill of Rights), and the status of American
Indian nations under the commerce clause
Analysis standards
Research, Evidence, and Point of View
Students frame questions that can be answered by historical study and research.
Students distinguish relevant from irrelevant information, essential from incidental
information, and verifiable from unverifiable information in historical narratives and
stories.
Students assess the credibility of primary and secondary sources and draw sound
conclusions from them.
Students detect the different historical points of view on historical events and
determine the context in which the historical statements were made (the questions
asked, sources used, author's perspectives).
Historical Interpretation
Students understand and distinguish cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in
historical events, including the long-and short-term causal relations.
Students explain the sources of historical continuity and how the combination of
ideas and events explains the emergence of new patterns.
Students recognize the role of chance, oversight, and error in history.
Students recognize that interpretations of history are subject to change as new
information is uncovered.
California Language Arts Standards Addressed:
2.0 Reading Comprehension (Focus on Informational Materials): Comprehension and
Analysis of Grade-Level-Appropriate Text ; Find similarities and differences
between texts in the treatment, scope, or organization of ideas; Compare the
original text to a summary to determine whether the summary accurately captures
the main ideas, includes critical details, and conveys the underlying meaning.
1.0 Writing Strategies:
Students write clear, coherent, and focused essays. The writing exhibits students'
awareness of audience and purpose. Essays contain formal introductions, supporting
evidence, and conclusions. Students progress through the stages of the writing
process as needed.
Students write persuasive compositions:
a. Include a well-defined thesis (i.e., one that makes a clear and
knowledgeable judgment).
Developed by Cecil Felkins
Best of Yolo County History-Social Science Symposium
Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
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b. Present detailed evidence, examples, and reasoning to support arguments,
differentiating between facts and opinion.
c. Provide details, reasons, and examples, arranging them effectively by
anticipating and answering reader concerns and counterarguments.
Guiding Questions:
“What did the Anti-Federalists feel was lacking from the Constitution before ratification
and how did the Federalist opinion respond to this?”
Lesson Objectives:
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The students will understand the major topics being debated before the ratification
of the Constitution.
The students will understand the Anti-Federalist point of view.
The students will understand the Federalist response.
Lesson Activities:
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Journal write: definition of “freedom”
Lecture: The Debate Over Ratification
Video: “A More Perfect Union…”
Historical Investigation: Analysis of Anti-Federalist Paper No. 84 and Federalist
Paper No. 84
Complete “CAAMPS” activity for each source
Complete “Main Points Chart” for each point of view, consolidate individual lists into
group list
Philosophical Chair Activity
Reflective Writing
Readers’ Theatre Activity – “The Bill of Rights”
Translation Activity – each table group “translates” the wording of the assigned
amendment into “kid friendly” language
Sharing Activity
Extensions:
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Showing, Not Telling Writing Lesson
Developed by Cecil Felkins
Best of Yolo County History-Social Science Symposium
Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
2
ANTI-FEDERALIST NO. 84 ON THE LACK OF A BILL OF RIGHTS
When a building is to be erected which is intended to stand for ages, the foundation should
be firmly laid. The Constitution proposed to your acceptance is designed, not for yourselves
alone, but for generations yet unborn. The principles, therefore, upon which the social
compact is founded, ought to have been clearly and precisely stated, and the most express
and full declaration of rights to have been made. But on this subject there is almost an
entire silence.
If we may collect the sentiments of the people of America, from their own most solemn
declarations, they hold this truth as self-evident, that all men are by nature free...To
affect this end, it was necessary that a certain portion of natural liberty should be
surrendered, in order that what remained should be preserved… But it is not necessary, for
this purpose, that individuals should relinquish all their natural rights. Some are of such a
nature that they cannot be surrendered. Of this kind are the rights of conscience, the right
of enjoying and defending life, etc...To surrender them, would counteract the very end of
government, to wit, the common good. From these observations it appears, that in forming
a government on its true principles, the foundation should be laid in the manner I before
stated, by expressly reserving to the people such of their essential rights as are not
necessary to be parted with…
…This principle, which seems so evidently founded in the reason and nature of things, is
confirmed by universal experience. Those who have governed have been found in all ages
ever active to enlarge their powers and abridge the public liberty. This has induced the
people in all countries, where any sense of freedom remained, to fix barriers against the
encroachments of their rulers. The country, from which we have derived our origin, is an
eminent example of this. Their Magna Charta and bill of rights have long been the boast, as
well as the security of that nation…
… It was their universal sense, that such declarations should make a part of their frames of
government. It is, therefore, the more astonishing, that this grand security to the rights of
the people is not to be found in this Constitution.
…There is the same reason, therefore, that the exercise of power, in this case, should be
restrained within proper limits, as in that of the State governments. To set this matter in a
clear light, permit me to instance some of the articles of the bills of rights of the individual
States, and apply them to the case in question.
…It is therefore not only necessarily implied thereby, but positively expressed, that the
different State Constitutions are repealed and entirely done away, so far as they are
inconsistent with this, with the laws which shall be made in pursuance thereof, or with
treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States. Of what
avail will the Constitutions of the respective States be to preserve the rights of its citizens?
BRUTUS
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Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
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FEDERALIST NO. 84 ~ WRITTEN BY ALEXANDER HAMILTON
To the People of the State of New York:
IN THE course of the foregoing review of the Constitution, I have taken notice of, and endeavored
to answer most of the objections which have appeared against it. There, however, remain a few
which either did not fall naturally under any particular head or were forgotten in their proper
places. These shall now be discussed; but as the subject has been drawn into great length, I shall so
far consult brevity as to comprise all my observations on these miscellaneous points in a single
paper.
…The most considerable of the remaining objections is that the plan of the convention contains no
bill of rights. Among other answers given to this, it has been upon different occasions remarked
that the constitutions of several of the States are in a similar predicament. I add that New York is
of the number. And yet the opposers of the new system, in this State, who profess an unlimited
admiration for its constitution, are among the most intemperate partisans of a bill of rights…
…To the first I answer, that the Constitution proposed by the convention contains, as well as the
constitution of this State, a number of such provisions…
…It has been several times truly remarked that bills of rights are, in their origin, stipulations
between kings and their subjects, abridgements of prerogative in favor of privilege, reservations of
rights not surrendered to the prince. Such was MAGNA CHARTA, obtained by the barons, sword in
hand, from King John. Such were the subsequent confirmations of that charter by succeeding
princes…
…Here, in strictness, the people surrender nothing; and as they retain every thing they have no
need of particular reservations. "WE, THE PEOPLE of the United States, to secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ORDAIN and ESTABLISH this Constitution for the United
States of America." Here is a better recognition of popular rights, than volumes of those aphorisms
which make the principal figure in several of our State bills of rights, and which would sound much
better in a treatise of ethics than in a constitution of government…
…I go further, and affirm that bills of rights, in the sense and to the extent in which they are
contended for, are not only unnecessary in the proposed Constitution, but would even be
dangerous. They would contain various exceptions to powers not granted; and, on this very
account, would afford a colorable pretext to claim more than were granted. For why declare that
things shall not be done which there is no power to do? Why, for instance, should it be said that the
liberty of the press shall not be restrained, when no power is given by which restrictions may be
imposed?…
…There remains but one other view of this matter to conclude the point. The truth is, after all the
declamations we have heard, that the Constitution is itself, in every rational sense, and to every
useful purpose, A BILL OF RIGHTS…
…And the proposed Constitution, if adopted, will be the bill of rights of the Union. Is it one object
of a bill of rights to declare and specify the political privileges of the citizens in the structure and
administration of the government?...
PUBLIUS
Developed by Cecil Felkins
Best of Yolo County History-Social Science Symposium
Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
4
Class Notes / Learning Log / Textbook Notes
Name:
Class:
Period/Block:
Date:
If there was no class lecture this
Week, write a paragraph about
what you learned and/or
questions about what you didn't
understand.
Topic:
Summary, Reflection, Analysis
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Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
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MAIN POINT CHART
FEDERALISTS vs. ANTI-FEDERALISTS ARGUMENT
FEDERALISTS
ANTI-FEDERALISTS
Vs.
**List the main points of each argument in the appropriate column that you can
generate from the provided pieces of evidence. You will use these in our discussion
tomorrow. Make sure to keep in mind, the guiding question for this unit…
“What did the Anti-Federalists feel was lacking from the Constitution before
ratification and how did the Federalist opinion respond to this?”**
Developed by Cecil Felkins
Best of Yolo County History-Social Science Symposium
Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
6
CAAMPS
C
Context
--What clues are there about what is going on before, during and after the event or era
being studied?
--What else is happening?
--How might surrounding events have shaped this document?
A
Author
--What is the author’s background
(i.e. social class, qualifications, sex,
race, etc.)?
Audience
--Who would have been expected
to see or read this source?
M
Message
--What is this document about? What is its purpose?
P
Perspective
--What “loaded” words give you clues about the author’s point of view?
--What perspective or point of view does the document present?
S
Significance
--What story does this document tell?
--How is this text important in helping us understand the time period?
Developed by Cecil Felkins
Best of Yolo County History-Social Science Symposium
Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
7
SINGLE DOCUMENT CAAMPS
Topic or Standard:
Focus Question:
“CAAMPS”
C
A
M
Title:
Date:
Type of document:
Context
--What clues are there about
what’s going on before, during,
& after event or era being
studied?
--What else is happening?
--How might have surrounding
events shaped this document?
Author
--Who is the author? What is the
author’s background (ie. social
class, qualifications, sex, race
etc.)?
Audience
--Who would have been
expected to see or read this
source? Who might have
unintentionally seen it?
Message
--What is this documents’ main
idea? What is it about?
--What is its purpose?
P
S
Perspective
--What perspective or point of
view does the document
present?
--What “loaded” words give you
clues about the author’s point of
view?
Significance
--What new information do these
documents add to what you have
already learned from other
sources?
--How do these sources help us
answer our focus question?
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Best of Yolo County History-Social Science Symposium
Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
8
“SHOW-BY-TELLING” GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
Use the evidence and specific evidence collected during the week to complete the
following graphic organizer.
Standard: _________________
Question: ____________________________________________________
Thesis:
Evidence #1:
Evidence #2:
Evidence #3:
Specific Evidence:
Specific Evidence:
Specific Evidence:
Analysis: This is important because…
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Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
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For additional information, including relevant images to support this activity, see the Works Cited document for resources.
The Signing of the Constitution
For additional information, including relevant images to support this activity, see the Works Cited document for resources.
THOMAS JEFFERSON
For additional information, including relevant images to support this activity, see the Works Cited document for resources.
GEORGE WASHINGTON
For additional information, including relevant images to support this activity, see the Works Cited document for resources.
JAMES MADISON
For additional information, including relevant images to support this activity, see the Works Cited document for resources.
JOHN ADAMS
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Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
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Annotated Bibliography:
Copies of the Federalist Papers annotated from:
http://www.foundingfathers.info/federalistpapers/
Copies of the Anti-Federalist Papers annotated from:
http://www.wepin.com/articles/afp/index.htm
Images:
The Signing of the Constitution
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/xlarge/08_30_05(15-1306)_christy_constitution_xl.jpg
Thomas Jefferson
http://www.nps.gov/lecl/historyculture/images/jefferson-portrait-people.jpg
George Washington
http://www.ameshistoricalsociety.org/exhibits/school/bloomington/g_washington_paintin
g.jpg
James Madison
http://www.whitehousehistory.org/04/subs_pph/images/uploads/4/24.jpg
John Adams
http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000050.jpg
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Best of Yolo County History-Social Science Symposium
Copyright  2008 Regents of the University of California
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