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Most Popular reprint in HBR history
ONE MORE TIME :
HOW DO YOU MOTIVATE
EMPLOYEES?
• Re-run in HBR in Sep-Oct 1987
• Re-run again in HBR in Jan 2003
Harvard Business Review
Frederick Herzberg
Jan-Feb 1968
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Motivation by “KITA”
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Negative KITA
• A push !
• What is “KITA”
• Motivation by punishment…..
Æ Kick In The Ass
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Negative physical KITA
Negative psychological KITA
• E.g. Lashes…….not allowed in workplace!
• Threaten
subordinates
verbally……
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Positive KITA
Positive KITA
• A pull !
Examples:
1. Time off as reward
2. Reducing time spend at work ( work life balance )
3. Recreational programmes
4. Cruises
5. Pay increases / stock options / bonuses
6. Incentives / compensations
7. Benefits / health insurance / free food….
• Motivation by reward
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Positive KITA
Positive KITA
Sensitivity & Human relations training Æ
• Supervisors trained to be sensitive to the
needs of subordinates
Communication Æ Training programmes
• Newsletter / publications
• Annual performance reviews
• Two-way communications
• Democracy
in workplace
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Positive KITA
Positive KITA
Job Participation Æ
• Communicate the importance of the job in
the big picture
• Give achievement awards
Employee counseling Æ
• Let employees unburden themselves
psychologically
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Dissatisfaction vs Satisfaction
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Hygiene vs. Motivation
• Hygiene reduces job dissatisfaction
• Motivation increases job satisfaction
Job satisfaction is NOT the opposite of job
dissatisfaction !
In other words, Hygiene = KITA
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Satisfiers
What’s wrong with KITA?
• Job satisfaction & dissatisfaction at the same time
• KITA motivates to avoid punishment
( post graduate students where you love the work
but the benefits are pits)
• KITA motivates to get rewards
• KITA is good for motivating animals but poor in motivating
people ( extrinsic )
( Ever-increasing reward does not work ! )
• No job satisfaction & no job dissatisfaction
( Golden handcuffs where you hate the work but
the pay is too good to leave )
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Herzberg’s alternative to KITA
• Intrinsic and self sustained
~ self-actualization !
• Make the job itself a motivator
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Job loading
Avoid Horizontal job loading
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Add additional similar tasks
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Challenge by productivity goals
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Rotate the job assignment
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Remove difficult tasks / less challenging tasks to
promote greater productivity
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Job loading
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Sensory Ingredients of Job Enrichment
Vertical Job Loading
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Remove some control while retaining accountability
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Increase authority
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Assign a complete task unit
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New & challenging tasks
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Allow specialization of
individual
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Shareholder Service index in company experiment
(3-month cumulative average)
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Steps for job enrichment
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Select jobs that can be enriched
Select staff that can be motivated
Brainstorm / nurture a client relationship
rather than hierarchical relationship
Be willing to re-organize jobs
Be prepare to endure initial drop in
performance for long term gain
Screen to eliminate changes that involve
hygiene
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Steps for job enrichment
7. Screen to eliminate horizontal loading
8. Set up pilot groups
9. Avoid “participation” by employees – job
content as motivators rather than purely
Hawthorne effect
10. Expect some pushback from supervisors
Thank you !