The History of the War on Poverty
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Table of Contents
Social Welfare in America: Overviews and Early Histories up to the War on Poverty
The War on Poverty
Primary Sources on the War on Poverty
Early Assessments and Reflections on the War on Poverty
Secondary Sources on the War on Poverty
Social Welfare in America Since the War on Poverty
Legacies: Recent Writings and Resources on the War on Poverty
Other Bibliographic Sources, Resources and Archival Collections
Teaching the War on Poverty: Syllabi and Related Material
Social Welfare in America: Overviews and Early Histories
up to the War on Poverty
Abbott, Edith. Public Assistance. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1940. A detailed twovolume study of local, state, and federal relief policy from the colonial period to the
New Deal.
Abramovitz, Mimi, Regulating the Lives of Women: Social Welfare Policy from Colonial Times
to the Present. Boston: South End Publishing, 1988.
Amenta, Edwin. Bold Relief: Institutional Politics and the Origins of Modern American Social
Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Argues that the goal of the New
Deal was not to create a two-track welfare state of paltry means-tested benefits and
generous social insurance—it was, rather, to establish a “bold program of work and
relief.”
Berkowitz, Edward D. America’s Welfare State: From Roosevelt to Reagan. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1991.
Brinkley, Alan. The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War. New York:
Vintage Books, 1996.
Fox, Cybelle. Three Worlds of Relief: Race, Immigration and the American Welfare State from
the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.
Gordon, Linda. Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare, 1890-1935.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994.
Katz, Michael B. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America. New
York: Basic Books, 1986. Comprehensive history.
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Kessler-Harris, Alice. In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Pursuit of Economic
Citizenship in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Koven, Seth, and Sonya Michel. “Womanly Duties: Maternalist Politics and the Origins of
Welfare States in France, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, 1880-1920.”
The American Historical Review 95, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1076–1108.
O’Connor, Alice. Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in TwentiethCentury U.S. History. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. An intellectual
history of social policymaking.
Mink, Gwendolyn. The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917-1942.
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995.
Newman, Katherine S. and Elizabeth S. Jacobs. Who Cares? Public Ambivalence and
Government Action from the New Deal to the Second Gilded Age. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2010. Examines public opinion about social policymaking from
the New Deal to the present, arguing that there was not a groundswell of support
for new policies to help the poor during the New Deal and the Great Society, but nor
was there popular support for rolling back these policies in the 1980s and 1990s.
Novak, William J. The People’s Welfare: Law and Regulation in Nineteenth-Century America.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. A legal history of early
state and local social welfare policies. Novak argues against scholars who have
described the early U.S. as “stateless,” demonstrating the long history of government
regulation of public safety, political economy, public property, morality, and public
health—regulation that occurred at the state and local level, rather than the federal
level.
Patterson, James T. America’s Struggle Against Poverty, 1900-1994. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1994.
Rodgers, Daniel. Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age. Cambridge, MA:
Belknap, Harvard University Press, 1998. A study of the exchange of ideas among
reformers on both sides of the Atlantic in the progressive era, on such subjects as
housing, income.
Skocpol, Theda. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the
United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992.
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Social Policy in the United States: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995.
Trattner, William. From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America.
6th Ed. New York: The Free Press, 1999. A textbook survey of the history of social
welfare, from the colonial period to welfare reform.
Weir, Margaret, Ann Shola Orloff and Theda Skocpol eds. The Politics of Social Policy in the
United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
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The War on Poverty
Primary Sources on the War on Poverty
Cahn, Edgar S., and Jean C. Cahn. “The War on Poverty: A Civilian Perspective.” The Yale Law
Journal 73, no. 8 (July 1, 1964): 1317–1352.
Harington, Michael. The Other America: Poverty in the United States (1962). On Harrington,
see also Dwight McDonald review in The New Yorker. The 50th Anniversary Edition
of the book, published by Scribner in 2012, has a useful introduction by Maurice
Isserman, as well as a 1993 introduction by Irving Howe, and a new afterward of
Harrington’s writings on poverty in the 1980s.
Johnson, Lyndon B. “Annual Message to the Congress on the State of the Union” January 8,
1964. Video available here. In which the President declares an “unconditional war
on poverty in America.”
Johnson, Lyndon B. “Special Message to the Congress Proposing a Nationwide War on
the Sources of Poverty,” March 16, 1964. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T.
Woolley, The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?
pid=26109.
Johnson, Lyndon B. “Remarks Upon Signing the Economic Opportunity Act.” August 20,
1964. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency
Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26452.
Lewis, Oscar. Five Families: Mexican Case Studies in the Culture of Poverty. New York: Basic
Books, 1959. In this book, an ethnographic study of Mexican slum dwellers, Lewis
argues that poverty is not only defined by an absence of wealth, but also creates
“a subculture of its own.” The phrase “culture of poverty,” which Lewis coined,
took on a life of its own after the book’s publication. Harrington borrowed it and
Moynihan and other participants in the War on Poverty used it to explain the
problems the poor faced—particularly intergenerational poverty. So too did many
critics of the War on Poverty in later years. On the history of the phrase, and its
many uses, see Small M.L., Harding D.J., Lamont M. (2010). "Reconsidering culture
and poverty" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 629 (1):
6–27.
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La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty—San Juan and New York.
NewYork: Random House, 1966.
Mcdonald, Dwight. “Our Invisible Poor” The New Yorker January 19, 1963. Influential review
of Michael Harrington’s book as well as other recent reports on poverty in the
United States. Includes some reflections (interesting given today’s debates) on the
relative importance of addressing poverty over inequality. Full text available at link
above.
Moynihan, Daniel P. The Negro Family: The Case for National Action. Washington: U.S.
Department of Labor, 1965. The report, which has become known simply as
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the Moynihan Report, attracted criticism soon after it was circulated within the
administration, though it was not widely available to the public for some time.
Was controversial primarily because of Moynihan’s focus on what he described as
the “tangle of pathology” in African American communities, which he attributes
primarily to the matriarchal family structure. Moynihan’s primary policy
recommendation was that the federal government needed to address lack of jobs for
African American men. In it he also highlighted the break between unemployment
rates and number of families receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children. On
the lessons and legacy of the Moynihan report, see The Moynihan Report Revisited:
Lessons and Reflections after Four Decades, Special Issue of the Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, January 2009, available at: http://
ann.sagepub.com/content/621/1.toc.
Reich, Charles. “The New Property, 73 YALE LAW JOURNAL 733 (1964). Argues that
government benefits should be considered “property,” with the corresponding due
process protections.
Tenbroek, Jacobus, ed. The Law of the Poor. San Francisco: Chandler Publishing
Company, 1966. Collection of essays originally presented at a conference at
Berkeley, providing “a critical review of the rules and procedures, doctrines and
presuppositions of the law applicable to the poor, primarily as that law is found in
welfare codes, statutes, ordinances, programs and administration” (vii). Including
essays on cash assistance, residence laws, vagrancy, public housing, child welfare,
disability, and mental health services, among other subjects.
Early Assessments and Reflections on the War on Poverty
Johnson, Earl. Justice and Reform: The Formative Years of the OEO Legal Services Program.
New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1974.
Levitan, Sar A. and Robert Taggart, The Great Society’s Poor Law: A New Approach to Poverty.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1969.
Moynihan, Daniel P. ed. On Understanding Poverty: Perspectives from the Social Sciences. New
York: Basic Books, 1969. With chapters on the history of poverty, class and culture,
poverty and race, as well as a bibliography of social scientific research on poverty.
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Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty. New
York, 1970. Critiques the community action approach of the War on Poverty and the
failure to develop a jobs program. “An immense opportunity to institute more or
less permanent social changes—a fixed full employment program, a measure of
income maintenance—was lost while energies were expended in ways that very
probably hastened the end of the brief period when such options were open” (193,
check citation, from Davies).
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Toward a National Urban Policy. New York: Basic Books, 1970.
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The Politics of A Guaranteed Income: The Nixon Administration and the Family
Assistance Plan. New York: Random House, 1973.
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Piven, Frances Fox and Richard Cloward. Regulating the Poor: the Functions of Public
Welfare (1971). Argues that Kennedy and Johnson had to address poverty, or inject
federal dollars into inner cities, in order to pacify African Americans.
Sundquist, James L. ed. On Fighting Poverty: Perspectives from Experience. New York:
Basic Books, 1969. Chapters by participants and observers (including Adam
Yarmolinsky) on the origins of the War on Poverty, the experience of Community
Action Programs, and the early controversies.
Secondary Sources on the War on Poverty
Ashmore, Susan Youngblood. Carry it on: The War on Poverty and the Civil Rights Movement
in Alabama, 1964-1972. Athens: University of Georgia Press: 2008. Argues that antipoverty and civil rights activities in Alabama’s black belt reinforced eachother to
attack the roots of black subordination in the South. On this theme see also Kent
Germany, below.
Bauman, Robert. Race and the War on Poverty: From Watts to East L.A. Norman: University
of Oklahoma Press, 2008.
Cazenave, Noel A. Impossible Democracy: The Unlikely Success of the War on Poverty
Community Action Programs. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007.
Chappell, Marisa. The War on Welfare: Family, Poverty and Politics in Modern American.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. Argues that the liberal antipoverty coalition from the 1960s forward was wedded to the idea of the male
breadwinner family, and worked to create male breadwinner families, especially
among poor African Americans, at a moment when that model was becoming
increasingly unrealistic.
Davies, Gareth. “War on Dependency: Liberal Individualism and the Economic Opportunity
Act of 1964,” Journal of American Studies, 26 (Aug. 1992), 205–31
Davis, Martha. Brutal Need: Lawyers and the Welfare Rights Movement, 1960-1973. New
Haven: Yale University Press, 1993. A history of lawyers in the War on Poverty—
with a focus on the work of Ed Sparer and the Columbia Center on Social Welfare
Policy and Law.
Fisher, Gordon. “The Development of the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds and their
subsequent History as the Official U.S. Poverty Measure.” May 1992. This is a
comprehensive history of the most commonly cited poverty threshold, developed
by economist Mollie Orshansky in 1963/64. Recently, scholars and policymakers
have revisited the question of how best to measure poverty. The National Academy
of Sciences published an influential report recommending a new approach to
measuring poverty in 1995. The report is available here. The Census Bureau
introduced a Supplemental Poverty Measure, largely based on the NAS report, in
2011. On the Supplemental Poverty Measure, see Kathleen Short, “The Research
Supplemental Poverty Measure: 2012” Current Population Reports November
2013. For a helpful infographic comparing the two poverty measures see: http://
www.census.gov/how/infographics/poverty_measure-how.html.
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Germany, Kent. New Orleans After the Promises: Poverty, Citizenship, and the Search for the
Great Society. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007. One of a number of recent
books that looks at the War on Poverty from the bottom up. The Community Action
Program in New Orleans is at the book’s center, and Germany argues that black
activists used CAP as a base to challenge the South’s racist political culture. For
other bottom-up accounts see especially Annelise Orleck and Lisa Gayle Hazirgian
eds. The War on Poverty: A New Grassroots History.
Goldstein, Alyosha. Poverty in Common: The Politics of Community Action during the
American Century. Durham: Duke University Press, 2012.
Hampton, Henry. PBS Documentary. America’s War on Poverty. January 1995.
Detailed description at: http://www.fordham.edu/economics/mcleod/
WaronPovertyFilmNotes.pdf; http://library.wustl.edu/units/spec/filmandmedia/
collections/henry-hampton-collection/awop.html Hampton, acclaimed producer of
Eyes on the Prize, a documentary of the civil rights movement, considers the War on
Poverty.
Haveman, Robert. Poverty Policy and Poverty Research: The Great Society and the Social
Sciences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987. Considers the influence of
policy on social science research—and includes a detailed bibliography.
Johnson, Earl. To Establish Justice For All: The Past and Future of Civil Legal Aid in the United
States. Praeger, 2013.
Katznelson, Ira. “Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity” in Fraser and Gerstle ed., The
Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980
Kornbluh, Felicia Ann. The Battle for Welfare Rights: Politics and Poverty in Modern America.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. A history of the welfare rights
movement that does equal justice to the local-- New York City-- and national politics
of welfare in the 1960s and 1970s.
Levenstein, Lisa. A Movement without Marches: African American Women and the Politics
of Poverty in Postwar Philadelphia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press,
2010.
McKee, Guian A. “Lyndon B. Johnson and the War on Poverty: Introduction to the Digital
Edition” Presidential Recordings of Lyndon B. Johnson Digital Edition, University
of Virginia. Very useful overview essay about the insights that the White House
tape recordings offer into why Johnson launched a War on Poverty—and how he
envisioned it. On this subject see also Robert Caro, Passage of Power: The Years of
Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 2012).
Mittelstadt, Jennifer. From Welfare to Workfare: The Unintended Consequences of Liberal
Reform, 1945-1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
Nadasen, Premilla. Welfare Warriors: The Welfare Rights Movement in the United States. New
York: Routledge, 2005.
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Orleck, Annelise and Lisa Gayle Hazirgian, eds. The War on Poverty: A New Grassroots
History, 1964-1980. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011.
Orleck, Annelise. Storming Caesar’s Palace: How Black Mothers Fought Their Own War on
Poverty. Boston: Beacon, 2005. A collective biography of a group of poor black
women activists who left the south for jobs in Las Vegas in the 1950s and, in
the 1960s, after losing their jobs, applied for public assistance and fought for
welfare rights. In the 1970s, they formed a powerful and influential community
development corporation to improve the lives of African Americans in the city.
Russell, Judith. Economics, Bureaucracy, and Race: How Keynesians Misguided the War on
Poverty. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
Shephard, Kris. Rationing Justice: Poverty Lawyers and Poor People in the Deep South. Baton
Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007.
Schmitt, Edward R. President of the Other America: Robert Kennedy and the Politics of
Poverty. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010.
Quadagno, Jill S. The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverty. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Social Welfare in America Since the War on Poverty
DeParle, Jason. American Dream : Three Women, Ten Kids, and a Nation’s Drive to End
Welfare. New York: Viking, 2004.
Edin, Kathryn and Maria Kefalas. Promises I can Keep:Why Poor Women Put Motherhood
Before Marriage. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
Ellwood, David. Poor Support: Poverty in the American Family. New York: Basic Books, 1989.
Hancock, Ange-Marie. The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New
York: New York University Press, 2004.
Haskins, Ron. Work over Welfare: The Inside Story of the 1996 Welfare Reform Law.
Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2006. A blow-by-blow account of how
PRWORA passed Congress and became law, written by the former Republican staff
director of the House Ways and Means Human Resources Subcommittee.
Katz, Michael B. The Underserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare.
New York: Pantheon Books, 1990.
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The Price of Citizenship: Redefining the American Welfare State. New York: Henry
Holt, 2001.
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Murray, Charles. Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950-1980. 1984. Argues that a
paradigm shift occurred the 1960s: as federal spending on social welfare increased,
the new programs that resulted increasingly focused on equality of outcome rather
than equality of opportunity. Controversially suggests that these programs—the
social policy of Great Society—are responsible for the increasing number and
worsening circumstances of poor Americans.
Wilson, William Julius. The Truly Disadvantaged: The Innercity, the Underclass, and public
policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. A second edition published in
2012 has a new afterward. Argues that industrial decline and the disappearance of
good-paying jobs have created a black underclass in American cities. Links black
male unemployment to the rise in single-parent black families, suggesting there has
been a decline in “marriageable” black men—an insight echoing and updating the
Moynihan Report. Read at the time as a sort of rejoinder to Murray.
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When Work Disappears. The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Knopf, 1996.
Legacies: Recent Writings and Resources on the War
on Poverty
Baily, Martha J. and Sheldon Danziger, Legacies of the War on Poverty New York: Russell
Sage, 2013.
Council of Economic Advisors. The War on Poverty 50 Years Later: A Progress Report.
January 2014.
Chait, Jonathan. Paul Ryan Tries to Enlist Social Science to Back Up His Poverty Plan,
Disaster Ensues. New York Magazine, March 5, 2014, http://nymag.com/daily/
intelligencer/2014/03/ryan-enlists-social-science-disaster-ensues.html. Discusses
the House Budget Committee Report: The War on Poverty: 50 Years Later. House
Budget Committee Majority staff, March 3, 2014. And rebuttal by social scientists at
the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, among others: CBPP Commentary: Ryan
Report Distorts Safety Net’s Picture, March 4th, 2014.
Edelman, Peter. “The War on Poverty and Subsequent Federal Programs: What Worked,
What Didn’t Work, and Why? Lessons for Future Programs,” Clearinghouse Review
40, no. 7 (May-June 2006).
Goldfarb, Zachary. “Study: U.S. Poverty Decreased Over Last half-century thanks to safetynet programs” Washington Post, December 9, 2013. Links to study and LBJ speech
and quotes from White House officials.
Lowrey, Annie, “50 Years Later, War on Poverty is a Mixed Bag,” New York Times, January 5,
2014.
LBJ Library, links to press coverage on the 50th anniversary: http://www.lbjlibrary.org/
press/war-on-poverty-press.
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Meyer, Bruce D. and James X. Sullivan. “Winning the War: Poverty from the Great Society
to the Great Recession.” NBER Working Paper No. 18718. “We find that moving
from traditional income-based measures of poverty to a consumption-based
measure (which we argue is superior on both theoretical and practical grounds)
and, crucially, adjusting for bias in price indices leads to the conclusion that the
poverty rate declined by 26.4 percentage points between 1960 and 2010, with 8.5
percentage points of that decline occurring since 1980.”
New York Times, Room for Debate, Does the United States Need Another War on Poverty?
January 5, 2014.
Sherman, Arloc. “Official Poverty Measure Masks Gains Made Over Last 50 Years,”
September 13, 2013, CBPP.
Sherman, Arloc, Sharon Parrott, and Danilo Trisis, Chartbook: The War on Poverty at 50,
January 6, 2014, CBPP.
Spotlight on Poverty, links to press coverage, events, etc: http://
www.spotlightonpoverty.org/50th_anniversaries.aspx
Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality. “State of the Union: The Poverty and Inequality
Report, 2014.”
Tax Policy Center, Urban Institute and Brookings Institution. “50 Years into LBJ’s War on
Poverty, What’s the Role for Tax Policy”? An event on January 24, 2014. The link
has video of the panel discussions and the keynote by Chairman of the Council of
Economic Advisors, Jason Furman.
U.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Ways and Means. Greenbook: Background
Material and Data on the Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee
on Ways and Means. Includes information about AFDC/TANF, SSI, Medicare,
Unemployment Insurance, Social Security, and other programs. The 2012 is
available here: http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/2012-green-book. The
first Greenbook was published in 1981, and the Greenbooks from 1996 forward are
available online at: http://greenbook.waysandmeans.house.gov/archive.
Wimer, Christopher et al., “Trends in Poverty with an Anchored Supplemental Poverty
Measure” December 5, 2013.
Other Bibliographic Sources, Resources and Archival
Collections
Rutgers University Libraries has two bibliographies on the history of social welfare policies,
one for pre-1930 and one for post-1930 policy. Both are very useful, with links to primary
source documents that might be particularly helpful when teaching.
Georgetown University Law Library has a poverty law research guide: http://
www.law.georgetown.edu/library/research/guides/poverty.cfm
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For a terrific bibliography of sources on poverty law in particular, with an emphasis on
more recent books and law review articles on poverty lawyering, see Scott L. Cummings and
Jeffrey Selbin, “Poverty Law: United States” (Full citation: Cummings, Scott L. and Selbin,
Jeffrey, Poverty Law: United States (September 7, 2013). International Encyclopedia of
Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2d Ed., Forthcoming; NYLS Clinical Research Institute Paper
No. 31/2012; UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 2242275. Available at SSRN:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2242275).
The Social Welfare History Project has very useful encyclopedia-style entries on the people,
events, organizations, and programs most important for understanding the history of social
welfare in America.
Teaching the War on Poverty: Syllabi and Related Material
The National Poverty Center collects syllabi of courses on poverty policy and related
topics: http://www.npc.umich.edu/opportunities/training/course/index.php
For an interesting debate about teaching poverty law see: Amy L. Wax, Musical Chairs
and Tall Buildings: Teaching Poverty Law in the 21st Century, 34 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1363,
1364, 1366-69 (2007); Martha F. Davis, The Pendulum Swings Back: Poverty Law in the Old
and New Curriculum, 34 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1391, 1393 (2007); and Karen M. Tani, Poverty
Law 101: The Law and History of the U.S. Welfare State, 39 Fordham Urb. L.J. City Square 1
(2012), http://urbanlawjournal.com/?p=417.
The blog Poverty Law: Poverty Law for Professors and Legal Academics has collected some
syllabi: http://maximinlaw.wordpress.com/2011/08/17/poverty-law-syllabi-fall-2011/
A new textbook on poverty law came out in 2014:
Juliet Brodie, Clare Pastore, Ezra Rosser, Jeffrey Selbin, Poverty Law: Policy and Practice.
Aspen, 2014. The front matter (preface and table of contents) is available from the SSRN .
Poverty Law, Policy and Practice is the first new poverty law casebook in 17 years and only
the second since 1976. With current literature from multiple viewpoints, the book provides
an overview of the field, including cases, data and major government programs that map
onto important theoretical, doctrinal, policy and practice questions. The book is designed to
accompany a survey course, and an online teacher’s manual will be published soon.
A note on this bibliography
This bibliography is not exhaustive. Rather, the goal is to highlight 1) some of the most
enduring scholarship on the War on Poverty and 2) the most recent work being done by
social scientists, legal scholars, and historians on the subject. For context, we have included
a list of useful sources on social welfare in America before and after the War on Poverty, as
well as some recent analyses of the legacies of the War on Poverty.
Elisa Minoff started this bibliography, but she hopes others will add to it and improve
it. If you would like to contribute citations and commentary, please e-mail Elisa at
elisa.minoff@gmail.com. Elisa can either give you permission to edit the document directly
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or add your suggested citations herself.
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