CS541 Preview of Week 1
„
CS 541: WEB TECHNOLOGY
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„
„
Peter Stanchev
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Module 1 – Course information
Module 2 – Introduction to Computers
Module 3 – Introduction to Internet
Module 4 – Web browsers
Module 5 – MS Explorer, Netscape
Module 6- Adobe Photoshop Elements:
Creating Web Graphics
Module 7 – Wrap-up
1
CS541 Course information
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2
Syllabus
The concepts, principles, issues
and
techniques
for
web
technology.
The main principles and protocols
in Internet, the key components in
XHTML, JavaScript, PERL, CGI,
Java Applets, XML. Web database
applications using MySQL and PHP.
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Contact Information
Course Description/Objectives
Schedule
Grades
Policies
Assignments
3
BlackBoard Use
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More on BlackBoard
Email and WWW (including BlackBoard) is
mandatory in this course
Technical Notes
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Important points in BlackBoard
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Course Information – syllabus
Instructor Information
Course Documents – home for slides
Assignments
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Tools – Note Digital Drop Box
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Accessible via a brower any where, any time at
blackboard.kettering.edu
Default id/password:
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4
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ID - First four of last name, last four of student number
as in borc7566
Password – First letter of first name, student number as
in a700067566
Logging into BlackBoard
Updating your email address and password
5
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Home for revised schedule
6
1
End of Module 1
CS541 Week 1
Module 2 – Introduction to
Computers
8
7
What is a Computer?
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CPU and Main Memory
Central
Processing
Unit
Input unit.
Output unit.
Memory unit.
Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
Central processing unit (CPU).
Secondary storage unit.
Chip that executes
program commands
Intel Pentium III
Sun Sparc Processor
Primary storage area
for programs and data
that are in active use
Synonymous with
RAM
Main
Memory
9
Secondary Memory Devices
Secondary memory
devices provide
longlong-term storage
Central
Processing
Unit
10
Input / Output Devices
Information is moved
between main memory
and secondary memory
as needed
Monitor
Central
Processing
Unit
I/O devices allow user
interaction
Keyboard
Hard disks
Floppy disks
ZIP disks
Writable CDs
Tapes
Monitor screen
Keyboard
Mouse
Bar code scanner
Light pen
Touch screen
Hard Disk
Main
Memory
Floppy Disk
11
Hard Disk
Main
Memory
Floppy Disk
12
2
Types of Programming
Languages
Software Categories
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Operating System
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controls all machine activities
provides the user interface to the computer
manages resources such as the CPU and
memory
Windows 98, Windows NT, Unix, Linux,
Mac OS
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Machine languages
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Assembly languages
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High-level languages
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
13
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Structured Programming
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Personal Computing
Pascal programming language by Nicklaus Wirth in
1971.
The Ada programming language was developed
under the sponsorship of the United States
Department of Defense (DOD) during the 1970s and
early 1980s.
Other widely used high-level languages such as C
and C++ generally allow programs to perform only
one activity at a time.
Java, through a technique called multithreading, also
enables programmers to write programs with parallel
activities.
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„
In 1977, Apple Computer popularized
the phenomenon of personal
computing.
In 1981, IBM, the world's largest
computer vendor, introduced the IBM
Personal Computer , making, personal
computing legitimate in business,
industry and government organizations.
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End of Module 2
CS541 – Week 1
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17
Module 3 – Introduction to
INTERNET
18
3
The Internet
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Internet started in late 1960
Research project of ARPA
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The Internet
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ARPANET
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Advanced Research Project Agency
A communications system able to keep its
integrity under a nuclear attack
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Based on host-to-host protocol called the
Network Control Protocol (NCP)
Services build on top of TCP/IP
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First remote terminal connection from
UCLA to SRI in November 1969
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remote login (telnet)
file transfer (ftp)
email
Ping, finger
About 200 sites in 1981
19
The Internet
„
The Internet
ARPANET
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New protocol developed to link with other
vendors’ networks
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20
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP protocol suite)
Switch from NCP to TCP/IP took place
January 1, 1983
In March 1986, there were about 3000
sites
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Initiation of NSFNET backbone, connecting
6 NSF supercomputer centers
By late 1989, there were about 150,000
sites around the world
In January 1992, the Internet Society
(ISOC), a voluntary, non-profit group,
was founded to oversee development of
the net
21
Internet Protocols
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Internet Protocols
Internet is a packet-switched network
IP is the underlying protocol
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TCP built on top of basic service
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Provides packets for up to 1500 bytes of
data
Each packet contains unique source and
destination address
Packets passed from router to router from
source to destination
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22
Occasionally, they get damaged or arrive out of
order
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Breaks messages larger than 1500 bytes
into a sequence of small IP packets
On receiving end, packets are collected,
ordered, and data extracted from them
Missing and corrupted packets are
retransmitted
Defines concept of ports
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Logical addresses
Well-known port numbers assigned by IANA Internet Assigned Number Authority
24
4
Internet Addresses
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Basic Internet Services
DNS name servers used to find internet
address corresponding to domain name
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If local DNS server doesn’t know address,
it asks DNS server of top level domain for
address of DNS server responsible for the
next lower domain, and proceeds
downward until address is found
Traditionally most widely used
applications are,
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Remote login
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telnet
File transfer
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ftp
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Identified
Anonymous
25
Motivation
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26
Heterogeneous Environment
Connecting multiple physical networks
into a single logical communication
system
No single networking technology
suffices for all circumstances
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Cannot just connect the wiring from
one network to another to form a
common network
Bridges connect similar networks
Routers connect heterogeneous
networks
27
Router
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Router
Special-purpose computer for
interconnecting networks
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CPU
Memory
I/O interface for each network to which it
is connected
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5
Internet Architecture
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Internet Architecture
An internet comprises a set of networks
interconnected by routers
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Independent parameters
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Number of networks
Types of networks
Number of routers
Interconnection topology
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Internet: Layers of connected
networks
Internet Architecture
Workstation
Internet
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A Bridge joins 2 physical networks into
1 logical net
A Router moves data between two
networks
A Gateway moves data between 2
networks with different protocols
Token ring
network
Gateway
Workstation
Router
Ethernet
Bridge
Workstation
Workstation
Ethernet
Workstation
Server
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Internet Architecture
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Internet Architecture
IP (Internet Protocol)
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means a big chunk of data are sent by
dividing them into several smaller packets
and shooting them over to the destination
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TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
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means we guarantee the reliable delivery
of packets in the right order, by holding
open a path between the source and
destination, acknowledging packets and
resending if necessary
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35
Individually TCP and IP are two
protocols used to interconnect networks
Together, they are a suite of protocols
that has been made a standard for the
Internet by U.S. Secretary of Defense
36
6
Layer 1
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Layer 2
RS-232
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Network interface layer
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How data is organized into frames
How a computer transmits frames over the
network
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Address resolution
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Layer 3
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Layer 4
Internet layer
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Specifies format of packets sent across the
internet
Specifies methods used to forward packets
through one or more routers to its
destination
Transport layer
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Specifies how reliable transfer is ensured
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Layer 5
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IP Addresses
Application layer
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40
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Specifies how applications use the internet
Protocol software defines an addressing
scheme that is independent of
underlying physical addresses
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Addressing specified by the Internet
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Each host assigned a unique 32-bit number
Protocol (IP)
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Internet Protocol address
IP address
42
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IP Addresses
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Internet Addresses
Each 32-bit IP address divided into 2 parts
(makes routing more efficient)
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Division of the address space
Prefix
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Identifies physical network to which the computer
is attached
Network number, associated with every network;
assigned globally by Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Suffix
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Identifies the individual computer on that network
43
Internet Addresses
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44
Internet Addresses
Dotted decimal notation
45
Internet Addresses
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46
Address Resolution
An internet with IP addresses assigned
to hosts
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Transformation between IP address and
hardware address
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47
Local to a network
If A wants to send a message to B and
they reside on different networks, then the
address of the first appropriate router must
initially be resolved
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8
Address Resolution
IP Datagram Header
0
4
8
16
19
24
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Transmission Across an
Internet
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Transmission Across an
Internet
After sender selects a next hop, the sender
encapsulates the datagram in a frame and
transmits the result across the physical
network to the next hop
When frame reaches next hop, the receiving
software removes the IP datagram and
discards the frame
If datagram must be forwarded across
another network, a new frame is created
51
Maximum Transmission Unit
52
Fragmentation
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When datagram is larger than MTU, the
router divides it into pieces called
fragments
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Bit in FLAGS field of header indicates
whether datagram is a fragment
Header field FRAGMENT OFFSET specifies
where this particular fragment is placed
54
9
Fragmentation
Fragmentation
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Only final destination reassembles
fragments
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Reduces amount of state information in
router
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Router doesn’t have to know that datagram is a
fragment
Allows routes to change dynamically
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If an intermediate route reassembled
fragments, all the fragments would have to
reach that router
55
Identifying a Fragment
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Fragment Loss
Individual fragments can be lost or
delivered out of order
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56
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When a router fragments the datagram, the
router copies Value in IDENTIFICATION
header field of datagram to each fragment
A receiver uses the identification number
and IP source address in an incoming
fragment to determine the datagram to
which the fragment belongs.
Destination cannot hold fragments for
an arbitrary time waiting for all of them
to be delivered
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IP defines maximum time to hold
fragments
All or nothing
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Cannot request sender to resend certain
fragments as sender doesn’t know about
fragmentation
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Recursive Fragmentation
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58
Services & Port Numbers
Fragments can themselves be
fragmented
A receiver doesn’t know whether an
incoming fragment is an original
fragment or a subfragment
The many standard IP Services on
UNIX
Service
Port #/Protocol used
59
ftp
telnet
finger
csnet-ns
http
tftp(trivial ftp)
smtp(simple mail)
21/tcp
23/tcp
79/tcp
105/tcp
80
69/udp
25/tcp
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10
Domain Name System
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The naming system used in the Internet
is called the Domain Name System
(DNS)
nova.kettering.edu
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DNS doesn’t specify an exact number
of segments in each name nor what
those segments represent
Each organization can choose how
many segments to use and what
those segments represent
DNS specifies values for most
significant segment
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Domain Name System
Top-level
DNS Server Hierarchy
Possible top level domains
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Each server is configured to know the
addresses of servers corresponding to
its subhierarchies
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Server for .com knows address of server
for foobar.com
Server for foobar.com knows address of
server for walnut.candy.foobar.com
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Resorses for chapter 1
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www.deitel.com
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netforbeginners.about.com
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Recourses for chapter 1
Please check this site for updates, corrections and additional resources for
all Deitel & Associates, Inc., publications.
The About.com Internet for Beginners guide provides valuable resources for
further exploration of the history and workings of the Internet and the
World Wide Web.
„
„
the World Wide Web and the underlying technologies. The site contains
much information appropriate for novices.
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This site introduces novices to the Internet and the World Wide
Web, targeting users who will be surfing the Web in a classroom
setting.
www.ed.gov/pubs/OR/ConsumerGuides/internet.html
„
The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web site offers a comprehensive
description of Web technologies. For each Internet technology with which
the W3C is involved, the site provides a description of the technology, its
benefits to Web designers, the history of the technology and the future
goals of the W3C in developing the technology.
This University of Kansas Web site gives a comprehensive overview
of the Internet and the World Wide Web, with an interactive slide
presentation of each topic covered.
members.tripod.com/~teachers/index.html
Learn the Net is a Web site containing a complete overview of the Internet,
www.w3.org
„
www.ukans.edu/cwis/units/coms2/class/intro/index.htm
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www.learnthenet.com/english/index.html
„
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The U.S. Department of Education's Consumer Guide provides a
clear, concise tutorial on the structure, content and compatibilities
of the Internet and the Web.
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11
End of Module 3
CS451 Week 1
Module 4 – Web browsers
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67
World-Wide Web Capsule
History
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March 1989
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Tim Berners-Lee circulates Information
Management: A Proposal at CERN
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January 1992
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May 1992
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A draft of HTML 1.0, among other
information on the World-Wide Web is
posted to several newsgroups
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May 1991
www, a line mode browser, is written
Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory sets
up first U.S. server
General release of www over CERN
network
70
World-Wide Web Capsule
History
August 1991
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
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March 1991
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WWW browser created by Berners-Lee on
NeXT computer
69
Project presented to CERN
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Proposal redrafted
World-Wide Web named
November 1990
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February 1991
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October 1990
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
„
www available by ftp
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Graphical browser Viola is released by Pei
Wei at Berkeley
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January 1993
„ Other browsers become available
„ A few dozen web servers are online
February 1993
„ NCSA (National center for Supercomputing
Applications, University of Illinois), Mosaic for X is
released
September 1993
„ NCSA releases early versions of Mosaic for common
operating systems
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
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October 1993
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
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There are approximately 200 web servers
online
November 1993
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HTML+ is made available for informal
January 1994
April 1994
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discussion
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General releases of commercial software to
allow home users to connect to WorldWide Web via the Internet
Initial draft of HTML 2.0 released to the
public
July 1994
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CERN and MIT announce an agreement to
form the W3C
73
World-Wide Web Capsule
History
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Netscape 1.0 beta released
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First meeting of the W3C held at MIT
Netscape 1.0 finalized
April 1995
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May 1995
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HTML 2.0 released as an RFC (Request for
Comments)
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November 1995
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Internet Explorer 1.0 finalized
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September 1995
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Netscape 1.2 released
August 1995
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W3C announces selection of Cascading
Style Sheets to provide visual effects
W3C provides initial information on HTML
World-Wide Web Capsule
History
July 1995
„
Netscape 1.1 released
3.0
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
HTML 3.0 released as an RFC
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February 1995
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March 1995
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December 1994
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
October 1994
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74
W3C workshop on style sheets
Internet Explorer 2.0 finalized
January 1996
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NCSA Mosaic 2.1 released
RFC for HTML 2.0 approved
October 1995
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NCSA Mosaic final beta released
Netscape 2.0b1 released
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
„
World-Wide Web Capsule
History
March 1996
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W3C announces that the market leaders
will work with the W3C to establish
interoperability standards
Netscape 2.0 finalized
Internet Explorer 3.0a1 released
April 1996
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„
NCSA Mosaic 3.0 beta released
Netscape 3.0b1 released
„
May 1996
„
July 1996
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HTML 3.2 released as an RFC
Cougar (HTML 4.0) released to the public
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World-Wide Web Capsule
History
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Netscape 3.0 finalized
Internet Explorer 3.0 finalized
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Internet Explorer 3.01 released
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W3C recommends Cascading Style Sheets,
level 1
Netscape 4.0b1 released
81
History of HTML
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May 1997
„
Internet Explorer 4.0 Developer Release
announced
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„
1990
A DTD of SGML
Platform independent content markup
„
Netscape 4.0b2 released
History of HTML
Level 0
„
W3C recommends HTML 3.2
NCSA ends development with Mosaic 2.0
February 1997
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December 1996
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January 1997
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October 1996
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„
World-Wide Web Capsule
History
August 1996
„
80
Level 0
„
The only required element was TITLE
„
Users to provide formatting through their
clients, which wouldn’t be known at the time of
document creation and markup
HTML nodes could provide access to other
HTML nodes via HTTP
83
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<HTML>, <BODY>, </BODY>, </HTML> not
required
Paragraph element, P, was used to
separate paragraphs, rather than as a
container of paragraphs
„
Thus, <P> was used between paragraphs
„
</P> not required
84
14
History of HTML
„
History of HTML
Level 0
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Six levels of headers provided
„
Level 1
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„
Each level was expected to be used only once,
and in sequence
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„
Dan Connolly began development in 1992
Released on the Internet in 1992
RFC released in mid-1993
HEAD element separate from BODY
element
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Along with TITLE, the HEAD element could
contain other attributes
Opening and closing tags required for
some elements
ANCHOR element introduced
85
86
History of HTML
„
History of HTML
Level 1
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„
GIF files could be displayed
Horizontal rule introduced
The FORM element was introduced
Various style elements
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Emphasis
Keyboard
Strong
Bold
Italic
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87
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Subscripting
Superscripting
Footnotes
Margins
Alignments
Tabs
Tables
Mathematical formulas
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
used to extend HTML file types
88
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Attributes for
„
PostScript
GIFs
JPEGs
MPEGs
Sounds
History of HTML
HTML+
„
Proposal by Dave Raggett
Could link to
„
History of HTML
„
HTML+
HTML+
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89
HTML+ parsers ignored tags they didn’t
recognize
90
15
History of HTML
„
History of HTML
HTML 2
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„
„
„
„
People wanted a standard
W3C established for this RFC was drafted
and published
Stage set for HTML 2.0 as a recognized
standard
This was a structured response to
Netscape Corporation’s various additions to
HTML
HTML 2.0
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„
„
91
History of HTML
„
„
„
Added the break element, BR
Added the META element
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„
FORM element
ANCHOR element
BODY element
HEAD element
TITLE element
Lists
Images
Links
HTML 3
„
„
Describes document
Provides for indexing and cataloging of the
contents
„
David Raggett was point person
Proposed as attempt to address the
competing demands for a markup
language that operated over all platforms
Proposed to be acceptable to software
companies in addition to Netscape
93
History of HTML
„
„
„
„
FIG element proposed
„
„
„
HTML 3
„
Allowed for
„
Text flow around figures
Support for mathematical equations
ALIGN attribute added to certain elements
„
94
History of HTML
HTML 3
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92
History of HTML
HTML 2.0
„
Reimplemented
IMG
P
HR
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
Underlined text
Bigger text
Smaller text
Subscripts
Superscripts
Background images
Tabs
Banners
„
95
Part of HTML document that wouldn’t scroll, but
always remain on top
96
16
History of HTML
„
History of HTML
HTML 3
„
„
„
„
„
Could work with style sheets
„
Removal of display control elements from
HTML
Link to a separate style sheet or by use of a
STYLE element
„
Different tags supported
Approval date for HTML 3.0 passed and nothing
97
happened
History of HTML
98
History of HTML
Netscape proprietary additions
„
By this time, Microsoft’s Internet Explorer
was free and Netscape Navigator was, for
all purposes, also free
Several books written discussing the
migration from Level 2.0 to Level 3.0 and
the dangers of using markup not yet an
approved standard
„
„
HTML 3
„
Didn’t publish DTD’s for these additions
„
„
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„
„
HTML 3.2
„
BLINK element
Attributes to HR (horizontal line) element
Different types of bullets for bulleted lists
Alignment for images
Font sizes
„
„
HTML 3.2 became the standard, replacing
HTML 2.0
Added the SCRIPT and STYLE elements
Formalized
„
„
Background, text, and link colors
Image width, height, alignment, and spacing
99
History of HTML
„
History of HTML
HTML 4.0
„
„
„
Code named Cougar
An attempt to set standards to divide
markup of content from appearance
„
„
100
Other proposals
„
Dynamic HTML
„
Embedded objects and scripting for animation
More reliance on style sheets
Introduces OBJECT element, to replace
IMG
101
102
17
Browser History
„
Browser History
Viola
„
„
„
„
„
„
„
1991-1992
Allowed user to have more than one font
Links were boxed
History
Bookmarks
Could display source markup
NCSA
„
„
„
„
National Center for Supercomputing
Applications
One of its missions was the creation of free
software to aid the scientific research
community
Began project to create interface to WWW
In February 1992, Mosaic for the X window
system was released
103
Browser History
„
Browser History
NCSA
„
„
104
„
By September 1992, browsers for X,
Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh
computers were released
In February 1993, Mark Andreessen and
others left NCSA and formed Mosaic
Communications Corporation
„
Netscape
„
Referred to prototype browser as Mozilla
„
„
„
Company was later renamed Netscape
Rumor has it that Mozilla means Mosaic killer
When company still called Mosaic, the
browser was called Netscape
After company changed its name to
Netscape, its browser was still called
Netscape
105
Browser History
„
Browser History
Netscape
„
„
„
„
„
Version 2
„
106
Netscape
„
Browser called Navigator
Added scripting via JavaScript
Could run Java applets
Version 4
„
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„
LAYER tag for layout
Cascading style sheets
Proprietary JavaScript style sheets
Version 3
„
Support for color backgrounds in tables
107
108
18
Browser History
„
Browser History
Microsoft
„
„
„
Licensed Mosaic, rewrote some of its
appearance functions, and released it as
Internet Explorer
Proprietary features
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Microsoft
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Proprietary features
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Its own version of dynamic HTML
Its own features for tables and frames
Scripting
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JScript
VBScript
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JavaScript: Object-Based
Scripting for the Web
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Java
JavaScript is an object-based language with
strong support for proper software
engineering techniques.
JavaScript mostly by reading our live-code
examples and examining the corresponding
input/output screens. Nonprogrammers will
learn computer programming in these
carefully paced chapters with a large number
of exercises.
Java source
code
Java
compiler
Java
bytecode
Java
interpreter
Bytecode
compiler
Machine
code
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Quiz 1a
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Thought Question
1 The _______ is the grandparent of today’s Internet.
a) Infonet
b) Multi-user line
c) ARPANET
d) Dial-up network
2.The _______ _______ _______ (TCP) ensures that messages are properly routed from sender to receiver and that the
messages arrive intact.
a) Transportation Conform Practicum
b) Trransmission Care Protocol
c) Transfer Control Placement
d) Transmission Control Protocol
3.Tim Berners-Lee developed the _______.
a) Internet
b) World Wide Web (WWW)
c) Desktop computer
d) TCP/IP
4. Tim Berners Lee founded the _______ in 1994 to promote interoperability and accessibility on the Web.
a) WWW
b) Internet
c) MSN
d) W3C
5. _______ are programs used to view documents on the Internet and World Wide Web.
a) Explorers
b) Browsers
c) Navigators
d) Managers
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Answer the selfreview questions on
page 22 from the
first textbook
Send the answer of
the quiz 1
114
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End of Module 4
CS 541: WEB TECHNOLOGY
Peter Stanchev
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Web applications
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CS541 – Week 1
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Europrix
Web pages
Module 5 – MS Explorer,
Netscape
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MS Explorer
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MS Explorer
Click to Enlarge
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MS Explorer
MS Explorer
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MS Explorer
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MS Explorer
tutorial
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Netscape
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End of Module 5
Mozilla.org
Opera.com
W3.org
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CS541 – Week 1
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CS541 – Week 1
Module 6 – Adobe Photoshop
Elements: Creating Web Graphics
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Corel draw
Illustrator
MS Paint
MS Front page
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Adobe Photoshop Elements:
Creating Web Graphics
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www.adobe.com (Adobe Inc.'s home page) to stay up-to-date on
general information about Photoshop Elements. Most of the information
on the Web, however, is available at user-run sites offering general
information, examples and tutorials.
www.photoshopcafe.com has excellent in-depth tutorials, for both
Photoshop beginners and experts who want to explore new techniques.
Another site for tutorials is located at www.planetphotoshop.com. Many
Photoshop tutorials were written for versions of Photoshop other than
Elements, but many of the main concepts carry over to the Elements
version. If looking for effects more diverse than those included in
Photoshop
Elements, new filters can be downloaded for free from sites such as
www.plugins.com/plugins/photoshop. Plug-in filters, brushes and fonts
are installed to the hard drive of the computer under the Photoshop
Elements directory.
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Quiz 1b
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1. A Web browser is a(n) ______ that renders Internet documents.
a) hardware
b) software
c) search engine
d) firmware
2 ______ and ______ are the two most popular Web browsers.
a) Opera and Mosaic
b) Amazon and E-bay
c) Netscape and Internet Explorer
d) America Online and MSN
3 The acronym URL stands for ______.
a) Universal Required Label
b) Universal Remote Locator
c) Uniform Resource Locator
d) Uniform Resource Label
4 Typically, Web pages are delivered via which protocol:
a) Netscape
b) HTTP
c) FTP
d) QTP
5 Restricted access FTP sites require that the user ______.
a) login
b) register
c) send an email address
d) download a file
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End of Module 6
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Thought Question
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Answer the selfreview questions on
page 43 from the
first textbook
Send the answers of
the quiz 1b
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Assignments
• Read chapter 1-3 of the text book 1
CS541 – Week 1
• Send the answers of quiz 1a and 1b
• Work with BlackBoard
• Set e-mail preference
• Reset password
• Download the slides for week 1
Module 7 – Wrap-up
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