FM 3-34.215 ( FM251)
DEMOLITION OPERATIONS AND TRAINING
NOTE PER UN CORRETTO UTILIZZO DEL MANUALE: Il presente manuale serve ad indirizzare gli operatori dei Team AFO al
giusto utilizzo del materiale preparato utilizzando il manuale FM 3-34-214 per il compimento delle azioni richieste dal proprio Comando
Operazioni.
HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
IL PRESENTE MANUALE E’ REALIZZATO ED UTILIZZATO PER EVENTI SIMULATIVI LUDICO-SPORTIVI. LE REPLICHE DEGLI ARMAMENTI
REALIZZATI SONO INNOCUI ED APPORTANO SU DI ESSI LA SCRITTA FAC-SIMILE.
NOTE PER UN CORRETTO UTILIZZO DEL MANUALE
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
SECTION I – DEMOLITION EFFECTS
Generally in the operations of sabotage enemy installations or weapons, it identified the critical point where to place the explosive charge. An
optimal sabotage is not the complete destruction of the structure or armament, but in making it useless.
OVERVIEW
Fors abotage operations are usually used explosives with different heat capacities, for different purposes, the most commonly used:
• Sheet explosive.
• M112 (composition C4) block.
• 1-pound TNT block.
This devices can blowing mines in place, destroying timber trestle bridges, destroying captured equipment and supplies, cratering, and gaining
access to a building during training for urban operations. All of these missions can be executed safely with little or no damage to facility
infrastructures.
SECTION II – CHARACTERISTICS AND GENERAL USE
This section will be illustrated and explained the use of certain types of explosives in the destruction of certain targets.
SHEET EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION EFFECTS
Sheet explosives are materials formed by combining an explosive with a "rubberizer"— a flexible binding agent. The resulting compound is cast
into a flat sheet which is typically pliable and deformable over a wide range of temperature. Typical products are generally shock-insensitive
secondary explosives, requiring a blasting cap or other detonator.
Detonation velocities are frequently very high, which can improve the detonation synchronicity across the area of a tertiary charge with a low
detonation velocity. This property makes them suitable for use in detonation trains which require precise timing and homogeneous delivery of
force across a complex surface (but see also shaped charge for an orthogonal technique).
PRIMARY USES
This charge is primarily used for the following charges:
• Ribbon.
• Saddle.
• Diamond.
• Steel-cutting.
M112 (COMPOSITION C4) BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECTS
The M112 (composition C4) block is a common variety of the plastic explosive known as Composition C.
C4 is composed of explosives, plastic binder, plasticizer and usually a marker or odorizing taggant chemical such as 2,3-dimethyl-2,3dinitrobutane (DMDNB) to help detect the explosive and identify its source.
The explosive in C4 is RDX (cyclonite or cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine), which makes up around 91% of C4 by mass. The plasticizer is
diethylhexyl (5.3%)or dioctylsebacate and the binder is usually polyisobutylene (2.1%). Another plasticizer used is dioctyladipate (DOA). A
small amount of SAE 10 non-detergent motor oil (1.6%) is also added.C4 is manufactured by combining the noted ingredients with binder
dissolved in a solvent. The solvent is then evaporated and the mixture dried and filtered. The final material is an off-white solid with a texture
similar to modelling clay.
PRIMARY USES
The M112 charge is used primarily for steel-cutting charges, forced entry of buildings, breaching, cutting timber, demolishing small
structures, neutralizing mines, destroy enemy equipment, weapons and installations. For the sabotage of weapons such as artillery
or missile ramps simply the application of a single charge of plastic explosive on the ramp, thanks to the power of cutting metal at
high temperature smakes the facilities unusable. TheC4 is commonly used for the sabotage of electronic equipment, the
decompression force resulted in the first seconds of the detonationare capable of destroying al most all the equipment in a medium
sized room of the 50 mq.
SPECIFICATIONS
The M112 block specifications are as follows:
• Weight: 1 1/4 pounds.
• Dimensions: 1 by 2 by 10 inches.
ADVANTAGE
A major advantage of C4 is that it can easily be molded into any desired shape. C4 can be pressed into gaps, cracks, holes and
voids in buildings, bridges, equipment or machinery. Similarly, it can easily be inserted into empty shaped charge cases of the type
used by military engineers.
C4 is very stable and insensitive to most physical shocks. C4 cannot be detonated by a gunshot or by dropping it onto a hard
surface. It does not explode when set on fire or exposed to microwave radiation. Detonation can only be initiated by a combination
of extreme heat and a shockwave, such as when a detonator inserted into it is fired.A singlecharge canbreak into nearlyall types
ofequipment.
TABLE OF POWER DESTRUCTION DEVICE
(M112 BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECT)
EQUIPMENT OR AMMO
NUMBER OF CHARGE
(Dimension 1x2x10 inch)
EFFECT
CONCRETE WALL
2
SABOTAGE
RADIO EQUIPMENT
1
DESTROY
AMMUNITION DEPOT
1
DESTROY
DOORS OR SMALL
WINDOWS
1
DESTROY
BMP1
2
SABOTAGE
BRDM2
1
SABOTAGE
ELETTRONIC EQUIPMENT
1
DESTROY
AA-ZPU
1
DESTROY
BM21 GRAD
1
SABOTAGE
ARTILLERY
1
SABOTAGE
AA-MISSILES
1
DESTROY
BALLISTIC MISSILES
1
DESTROY
TANK
3
SABOTAGE
RADAR ANTENNA
1
DESTROY
2S1/2S3
3
DESTROY
MEDIUM SIZED ROOM
OF THE 50 mq.
1
DESTROY ALL
EQIPMENT
FUEL DEPOT
1
DESTROY
(M112 BLOCK ARRANGEMENT OF THE CHARGE )
1-POUND, TRINITROTOLUENE- BLOCK DEMOLITION EFFECTS
The TNT-block is made of 1 pound of chalk powder and sand mixture placed into a card board box that has the same
measurements as an actual TNT box. The device can be made with or without an internal detonating cord booster charge.TNT is
one of the most commonly used explosives for demolition operation. It is valued partly because of its insensitivity to shock and
friction, which reduces the risk of accidental detonation, compared to other more sensitive high explosives such as nitroglycerin.
TNT melts at 80 °C (176 °F), far below the temperature at which it will spontaneously detonate, allowing it to be poured as well as
safely combined with other explosives. TNT neither absorbs nor dissolves in water, which allows it to be used effectively in wet
environments. Additionally, it is stable compared to other high explosives.
TNT is reported to contain 2.8 mega joules per kilogram explosive energy. The actual heat of combustion is 14.5 megajoules per
kilogram, which requires that some of the carbon in TNT react with atmospheric oxygen, which does not occur in the initial event.
The explosive energy utilized by NIST is 4184 J/g (4.184 MJ/kg). The energy density of TNT is used as a reference-point for many
other types of explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in kilotons (~4.184 terajoules) or
megatons (~4.184 petajoules) of TNT equivalent.
For comparison, gunpowder contains 3 megajoules per kilogram, dynamite contains 7.5 megajoules per kilogram, and gasoline
contains 47.2 megajoules per kilogram (though gasoline requires an oxidant, so an optimized gasoline and O2 mixture contains 10.4
megajoules per kilogram).
PRIMARY USES
This charge is used primarily for the following:
• Neutralizing mines.
• Reducing fortifications.
• Urban operations.
• Breaching.
• Cutting timber.
• Bridge demolition.
ADVANTAGE
The TNT offers several advantages over standard powders used in demolition, due to its high combustion temperature can cut the
metal bar sin the structures of concrete, making it easier to sabotage of structures such as bridges or fortifications.
TABLE OF POWER DESTRUCTION DEVICE
(TRINITROTOLUENE-BLOCK
DEMOLITION)
EQUIPMENT OR AMMO
NUMBER OF CHARGE
Concrete wall
1
DEMOLISHED
Steel Bridge
1
SABOTAGE
(Dimension 1 3/4 x 1 3/4 x 7 inch)
EFFECT
Fortificaion bunker
3
DEMOLISHED
Concrete bridge
2
SABOTAGE
Radio Tower
1
SABOTAGE