Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words (American Treasures of the Library of Congress) The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages Page 1 of 1 SEARCH Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words, indicates the depth and breadth of Benjamin Franklin's public, professional, and scientific accomplishments through important documents, letters, books, broadsides, and cartoons. Marking the tercentenary of Franklin's birth, this exhibition, concentrates on his achievements as a printer and writer, an inventor and scientist, and, particularly, as a politician and statesman. The physical exhibition will be on view at the Library through June 17, 2006. Exhibition Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects Learn More - Public Programs - News Release - Acknowledgments Exhibition Sections: Introduction A Cause For Revolution Break With Britain Continental Congress Treaty of Paris The New Republic Scientist and Inventor Printer and Writer Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures January 19, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-home.html 7/15/2006 Partial Transcriptions: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 1 of 6 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Partial Transcriptions Stamp Act Repeal in 1766 (7) The favourable Sentiments you express of my Conduct with regard to the Repeal of the Stamp act, give me real Pleasure; and I hope in every other matter of publick Concern, so as to behave myself as to stand fair in the Opinions of the Wise and Good: What the rest think and say of me will then give me less Concern. Return to Object in the Exhibition Franklin and the King and Queen of France (9) You see I speak of the Queen as if I had seen her, and so I have; for you must know I have been at Court. We went to Versailles last Sunday, and had the Honour of being presented to the King, he spoke to both of us very graciously and chearfully, is a handsome Man, has a very lively Look. And appears younger than he is. Return to Object in the Exhibition "You Are Now My Enemy" (10) You are a Member of Parliament, and one of that Majority which has doomed my Country to Destruction. You have begun to burn our Towns, and murder our People. Look upon your hands! They are stained with the Blood of your Relations! You and I were long Friends; You are now my Enemy, and I am, Yours Return to Object in the Exhibition Response to the Hutchinson Affair (11) Having been from my Youth more or less engag'd in Publick Affairs, it has often happened to me in the Course of my Life to be censured sharply for the Part I took [i]n them. Return to Object in the Exhibition http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-transcripts.html 7/15/2006 Partial Transcriptions: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 2 of 6 "It is impossible we should think of Submission" (13) It is impossible we should think of Submission to a Government, that has with the most wanton Barbarity and Cruelty, burnt our defenceless Towns in the midst of Winter, excited the Savages to massacre our Farmers, and our Slaves to murder their Masters, and is even now bringing foreign Mercenaries to deluge our Settlements with Blood. These atrocious injuries have extinguished every remaining Spark of Affection for that Parent Country we once held so dear. Return to Object in the Exhibition Benjamin Franklin Delivers a Petition (18) Petiton of the Continental Congress Oct. 26 1774 letter of transmittal We desire you will deliver the Petition into the hands of his Majesty and after it has been prevented, we wish it may be made public thro' the press together with the list of Grievances. Petition to the king We therefore most earnestly beseech your Majesty, that your royal authority and interposition may be used for our relief: and that a gracious answer may be given to this petition. Return to Object in the Exhibition The Edge of the Precipice (19) I hope the administration will see and be convinced that it is not a little faction, but the whole body of American freeholders from Nova Scotia to Georgia that now complain and apply for redress; And who, I am sure, will resist rather than submit. Return to Object in the Exhibition Negotiating the Treaty of Paris (20) Now therefore, We the Ministers Plenipotentiary from the United States of America, for making Peace with Great Britain do notify to the People & Citizens of the said United States of America, that Hostilities on their Part against his Britannic Majesty both by Sea and Land are to cease. Return to Object in the Exhibition "The Hypocrisy of this Country" (24) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-transcripts.html 7/15/2006 Partial Transcriptions: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 3 of 6 I made a little Extract from yours of April 27 of the Number of Slaves imported and perishing, with some close Remarks on the Hypocrisy of this Country which encourages such a detestable Commerce by Laws, for promoting the Guinea Trade, while it piqu'd itself on its Virtue Love of Liberty, and the Equity of its courts in setting free a single Negro. Return to Object in the Exhibition Restoring Harmony (26) It has given me great Pleasure to observe that till this Point, the Proportion of Representation, came before us, our Debates were carry'd on with Great Coolness and Temper. Return to Object in the Exhibition A Copy of the Federal Constitution (28) I take this opportunity of sending you another Copy of the propos'd new federal Constitution, and of acquainting you that the Box containing the Encyclopedia for me and Mr. Hopkinson is just come to hand in good Order. Return to Object in the Exhibition "A Much More Respectable Bird" (29) I am, on this acccount, not displeas'd that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turk'y. For in truth, the Turk'y is in comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America. Return to Object in the Exhibition The "growing Strength" of the United States (30) My Malady renders my Sitting up to write rather painful to me, but I cannot let my Son-in-law Mr. Bache part for New York, without congratulating you by him on the Recovery of your Health, so precious to us all, and on the growing Strength of our New Government under your Administration. Return to Object in the Exhibition Franklin's Design for Bifocals (36) I therefore had formerly two Pair of Spectacles, which I shifted occasionally, as in travelling I sometimes read, and often wanted to regard the Prospects. Finding this Change troublesome, and not always sufficiently ready, I had the Glasses cut, and half of each kind associated in the same Circle, thus, http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-transcripts.html 7/15/2006 Partial Transcriptions: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 4 of 6 Return to Object in the Exhibition On Electricity (38) "That the Electricty by its repulsive Nature is capable of Forcing Portions of the same Fluid out of Bodies without entring them itself, appears from this Experiment." Return to Object in the Exhibition Franklin Explains the Effects of Lightning (39) The Tinfoil melted in Spots between b and c, and that whole Space not being melted, seems to indicate that the Foil in the melted Parts had been thinner than the rest, on which their Parts the passing Fluid had therefore a greater effect. Return to Object in the Exhibition Franklin Battles the Common Cold (41) Means of preventing Colds, Temperance, Choice of Meats & Drinks, Warm Rooms, & Lodging & Clothing in Winter, dry Air, Care to keep the Belly open, & frequent Discharge of Water, warm Bathing to cleanse the Skin. Rubbing for Sweat, especially in the Spring. Return to Object in the Exhibition The Aurora Borealis (42) A Similar Operation is perform'd by Nature on the Air of this Globe. Our Atmosphere is of a certain height, perhaps at a Medium Miles. Above that height it is so rare as to be almost a vacuum. The Air heated between the Tropics is continually rising, its Place is supply'd by northerly & southerly Winds which come from the cooler Regions. Return to Object in the Exhibition Benjamin Franklin's Personal Liturgy (47) I Believe there is one Supreme most perfect Being, Author and Father of the Gods themselves. For I believe that Man is not the most perfect Being but One, rather that as many Degrees of Beings his Inferiors, so there are many Degrees of Beings superior to him. Return to Object in the Exhibition http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-transcripts.html 7/15/2006 Partial Transcriptions: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 5 of 6 A Letter to His Wife (54) It seems but t'other Day since you and I were rank'd among the Boys and Girls, so swiftly does Time fly! We have however great Reason to be thankful that so much of our Lives has pass'd so happily; and that so great a Share of Health and Strength remains, as to render Life yet comfortable. Return to Object in the Exhibition Jefferson Eulogizes Benjamin Franklin (55) I can only therefore testify in general that there appeared to me more respect and veneration attached to the character of Doctor Franklin in France than to that of any other person in the same country, foreign or native. Return to Object in the Exhibition "Public Education for Our Youth" (56) Having acquir'd some little Reputation among my Fellow Citizens by projecting the Public Library in 1732 and obtaining the Subscriptions by which it was establish'd, Return to Object in the Exhibition Philadelphia Accepts Legacy from Franklin (57) That they conceive this Corporation is by Law capable of taking the Legacy contained in the Will of Doct. Franklin subject to the Trust therein expressed, and as the same is given to a charitable Use immediately & for the general benefit of the City Return to Object in the Exhibition Praise for Franklin from James Madison (58) During the session of the Grand Convention of which he was a member and as long after as he lived, I had opportunity of enjoying much of his conversation which was always a feast to me. I never passed half an hour in his company without hearing some observation or anecdote worth remembering. Return to Object in the Exhibition The Senate Rejects Efforts to Honor Franklin (59) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-transcripts.html 7/15/2006 Partial Transcriptions: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 6 of 6 Carol, rose and made Motion That the Senate should wear crape A month for the loss of Doctor Franklin. before he was seconded Elsworth got up and opposed it. said it could not be carried in the Senate he trusted it would not be seconded. Return to Object in the Exhibition Franklin's Epitaph (61) The Body of B. Franklin, Printer; like the Cover of an old Book, Its Contents torn out, And stript of its Lettering and Gilding, Lies here, Food for Worms. But the Work shall not be wholly lost; For it will, as he believ'd, appear once more, In a new & more perfect Edition, Corrected and amended By the Author. Return to Object in the Exhibition Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures January 10, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-transcripts.html 7/15/2006 Checklist of Objects: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Libr... The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages Page 1 of 7 SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Checklist of Objects Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) "Join, or Die" Page 2 Woodcut from the Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia, May 9, 1754 Enlarged versions: Page 1 - Page 2 Serial & Government Publications Division (2) MAGNA Britannia, her Colonies REDUC'd. [Philadelphia, ca.1766] Photostat copy Enlarged version Rare Book & Special Collections Division (4) No Stamped Paper To Be Had. [Philadelphia: Printed by Hall & Franklin, November 7, 1765] Enlarged version Rare Book & Special Collections Division (5A) An Act for granting and applying certain Stamp Duties. . . London: Mark Baskett, Printer to the King, 1765 Printed pamphlet Manuscript Division (6) Benjamin Franklin to Charles Thomson, September 27, 1766 Page 2 Manuscript letter Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript Division (7) Benjamin Franklin to Mary Stevenson (1739-1795), September 14, 1767 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (9) [Matthew Wheelock]. Reflections Moral and Political on Great Britain and Her Colonies. London: Printed for T. Becket and Co. 1770, bound with [Allan Ramsay]. Thoughts on the Origin and Nature of Government. London: 1769 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-checklist.html 7/15/2006 Checklist of Objects: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Libr... Page 2 of 7 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (3) Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan (1715-1785), July 5, 1775 Manuscript letter Enlarged version Manuscript Division (10) Artist unknown The Plan, or a Scene in the French Cabinet. [London: September 1779] Etching Enlarged version Prints & Photographs Division (15) LC-DIG-ppmsca-10081 Benjamin Franklin to Lord Richard Howe (1726-1799), July 20, 1776 Page 2 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (13) "Tract Relative to the Affair of Hutchinson's Letters written by Dr. Franklin." [1774] Manuscript document Manuscript Division (11) Robert Whitechurch (1814-ca. 1880), engraver Franklin before the Lord's Council, Whitehall Chapel, London, 1774 Hand-colored engraving, 1859 Prints & Photographs Division (12) LC-DIG-pga-03390 Declaration of the Cessation of Arms and Treaty of Paris (in French), 1783 Page 2 Manuscript copy book Manuscript Division (20) Anton Hohenstein (ca. 1823-?) Franklin's Reception at the Court of France, 1778. Philadelphia: John Smith, n.d. Hand-colored lithograph Prints & Photographs Division (14) LC-DIG-pga-01591 Louis-Alexandre, duc de La Rochefoucauld d'Enville, translator Constitutions des Treize Etats-Unis de L'Amerique. Paris, Ph.-D. Pierres, 1783 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (20A) Robert Sayer and John Bennett The United States of America with the British Possessions of Canada, Nova Scotia, & of Newfoundland, divided with the French; and the Spanish Territories of Louisiana and Florida According to the Preliminary Articles of Peace Signed at Versailles, [Jan. 20, 1783]. London: Printed for R. Sayer and J. Bennett, 1783 Hand-colored engraved map Geography & Map Division (21) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-checklist.html 7/15/2006 Checklist of Objects: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Libr... Page 3 of 7 [gmd370/g3700/g3700/ar075200] Thomas Colley, engraver A Political Concert; the vocal parts by 1. Miss America, 2. Franklin, 3. F-x, 4. Kepp-ll, 5. Mrs. Britannia, 6. Shelb-n, 7. Dun-i-g, 8. Benidick Rattle Snake. London: W. Richardson, February 18, 1783 Engraving Prints & Photographs Division (22) LC-DIG-ppmsca-10082 A plan of the city and environs of Philadelphia, survey'd by N. Scull and G. Heap. London: Will Faden, 1777 Engraved map Geography & Map Division (16A) [gmd382/g3824/g3824p/ct000185] In Congress, July 19, 1776. Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the Convention of Pennsylvania, to hasten, with all possible Expedition, the March of the Associators into New-Jersey, Page 2 [Philadelphia: John Dunlap, 1776] Rare Book & Special Collections Division (19A) Petition of the Continental Congress to King George III, October 26, 1774 Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript document in the hand of Timothy Matlack Manuscript Division (18) Charles Thomson (1729-1824) to Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), November 1, 1774 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (19) Benjamin Franklin Plan for a Confederation, July 21, 1775 Annotated document Manuscript Division (17) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) to Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), October 14, 1787 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (28) Bill of Sale, August 1787, signed by Benjamin Franklin Manuscript document with seal Manuscript Division (27) Benjamin Franklin to George Washington, September 16, 1789 Page 2 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (30) Benjamin Franklin to Anthony Benezet (1713-1784), August 22, 1772 Manuscript letter Enlarged version Manuscript Division (24) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-checklist.html 7/15/2006 Checklist of Objects: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Libr... Page 4 of 7 An Address to the Public from the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, and the Relief of Free Negroes. . . . Philadelphia, 1789 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (25) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) to Sarah Bache (1743-1808), January 26, 1784 Manuscript letter Enlarged version Manuscript Division (29) Benjamin Franklin Draft speech, [June 11, 1787] Manuscript document Manuscript Division (26) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) "Suppositions and Conjectures on the Aurora Borealis," [ca. December 1778] Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 Manuscript essay Enlarged version: Page 1 -Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 Manuscript Division (42) Benjamin Franklin "Hints concerning what is called Catching a Cold," [1773] Page 2 Manuscript document Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript Division (41) Benjamin Franklin. Experiments and Observations on Electricity, made at Philadelphia in America, By Benjamin Franklin. Page 2 London, Printed for David Henry, 1769 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (37A) Benjamin Franklin to Jan Ingenhousz, 1777 Manuscript essay Enlarged version Manuscript Division (39) Benjamin Franklin "Queries from Dr. Ingenhousz, with my Answers, B.F." Page 2 - Page 3 Holograph report with annotations, [1777] Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 - Page 3 Manuscript Division (38) Benjamin Franklin "Maritime Observations and A Chart of the Gulph Stream" in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: 1796 Engraved map Geography & Map Division (40A) [gmd9/g9112/g9112g/ct000136] http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-checklist.html 7/15/2006 Checklist of Objects: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Libr... Page 5 of 7 Benjamin Franklin to George Whatley (ca. 1709-1791), May 23, 1785 Letterpress manuscript Manuscript Division (36) Benjamin Franklin An Account of the New Invented Pennsylvanian Fire-Places. Page 2 Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, 1744 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (35) L'Armonica: Lettera del Signor Beniamino Franklin al Padre Giambatista Beccaria, Regio Professore di Fisica nell' Univ. di Torino. Page 2 [Milano?:1776?] Rare Book & Special Collections Division (43) Franklin and Hall [shillings]; Hall and Sellers [dollars] Paper currency, various amounts and dates Manuscript Division (50a-f) 50a - Front of Bill Reverse of Bill 50b - Front of Bill Reverse of Bill 50c - Front of Bill Reverse of Bill 50d - Front of Bill Reverse of Bill 50e - Front of Bill Reverse of Bill 50f - Front of Bill Reverse of Bill Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) M. T. Cicero's Cato Major, or, his Discourse of Old-Age. Translated by James Logan. Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, 1744 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (44) The Art of Making Money Plenty in Every Man's Pocket by Doctor Franklin. New York: P. Maverick, 1817 Enlarged version Rare Book & Special Collections Division (51) [Benjamin Franklin]. Poor Richard, 1739. An Almanack for the Year of Christ 1739. Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, 1738 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (53) Richard Saunders [Benjamin Franklin]. The Way to Wealth, and a Plan by which Every Man may pay his Taxes. Philadelphia: Printed by Daniel Humphreys, 1785 Enlarged version Rare Book & Special Collections Division (53A) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-checklist.html 7/15/2006 Checklist of Objects: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Libr... Page 6 of 7 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. London, 1725 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (52) 0046p1s.jpg"> [Benjamin Franklin]. A Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge among the British Plantations in America. Page 2 Philadelphia, 1743 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (46) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) "Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion," November 20, 1728 Manuscript document Manuscript Division (47) The General Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for all the British Plantations in America. Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, January 1741 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (45) Ephrata Community Die bittre Gute, oder Das Gesäng der einsamen Turtel-Taube . . . Page 2 Manuscript hymnal, 1746 Music Division (49) [Conrad Beissel]. Vorspiel der Neuen-Welt. Page 2 Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin, 1732 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (48) [Benjamin Franklin] The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. Late Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States of America to France, &c. London, Printed for J. Parsons, 1793 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (60) Benjamin Franklin "Observations Relative to the Intentions of the Original Founders of the Academy in Philadelphia," June, 1789 Page 2 Manuscript essay Manuscript Division (56) Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Epitaph, 1738 Manuscript verse Manuscript Division (61) Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin (1705?-1774), January 6, 1773 Page 2 Manuscript letter Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-checklist.html 7/15/2006 Checklist of Objects: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Libr... Page 7 of 7 Manuscript Division (54) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) to William Smith (1727-1803), February 19, 1791 Page 2 Manuscript letter Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript Division (55) James Madison's (1751-1836) notes on Benjamin Franklin Manuscript document, post 1817 Enlarged version Manuscript Division (58) William Maclay's diary April 23, 1790 Manuscript diary Enlarged version Manuscript Division (59) Report of the Committee "to whom was referrd the consideration of the Legacy left by Doct. B. Franklin to the Corporation," June 18, 1790 Manuscript document Manuscript Division (57) Juste Chevillet (1729-1802) [after a painting by Joseph Duplessis (1725-1802)] Benjamin Franklin. Né à Boston, dans la Nouvelle Angleterre, le 17 Janv. 1706 Engraving, 1778 Prints & Photographs Division (1) LC-DIG-ppmsca-10080 Edward Fisher (1730-ca. 1785), after Mason Chamberlin (d. 1787) Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia, 1763 Mezzotint Prints & Photographs Division (32) LC-DIG-ppmsca-10083 Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures May 2, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-checklist.html 7/15/2006 Learn More: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Co... Page 1 of 3 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Learn More Benjamin Franklin Selected Chronology 1706 Born in Boston on January 17 1718 Apprenticed as a printer to brother James 1723 Leaves Boston for Philadelphia 1729 Acquires Philadelphia newspaper, Pennsylvania Gazette; son William born 1730 Marries Deborah Read 1731 Founds Library Company of Philadelphia, first subscription library 1732 Publishes first issue of Poor Richard's Almanack; son Francis is born 1736 Organizes Philadelphia's first volunteer fire company; Francis dies 1743 Daughter Sarah is born 1744 Markets Franklin fireplace or "stove" 1750 Helps establish the Academy of Philadelphia, later the University of Pennsylvania 1751 Elected to Pennsylvania Assembly 1752 Pennsylvania Hospital opens with Franklin's support 1753 Appointed deputy British postmaster of North America 1757 Goes to London as agent of the Pennsylvania Assembly 1762 Returns to Philadelphia; son William is appointed Royal Governor of New Jersey 1764 Goes to London with petition for Royal Government for Pennsylvania 1766 Supports repeal of Stamp Act before the British House of Commons http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-learnmore.html 7/15/2006 Learn More: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Co... Page 2 of 3 1774 Denounced by British government and dismissed as postmaster; Deborah Franklin dies 1775 Returns to Philadelphia; elected delegate to Second Continental Congress; drafts Articles of Confederation for the United States 1776 Helps write Declaration of Independence; sails to France as United States minister 1778 Signs treaties of alliance and friendship with France 1782 Helps negotiate Treaty of Paris with Great Britain to end American Revolution 1784 Invents bifocals 1785 Returns to Philadelphia; chosen president of Pennsylvania 1787 Serves as delegate to Federal Constitutional Convention 1790 Petitions Congress for end to slavery; dies on April 17 Read More About It Brands, H.W. The First American: the Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Doubleday, 2000. Dray, Philip. Stealing God's Thunder. Benjamin Franklin's Lightning Rod and the Invention of America. New York: Random House, 2005. Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Second Edition. Foreword by Edmund S. Morgan. New Haven: Yale Nota Bene/Yale University Press, 2003. Humes, James C. The Wit & Wisdom of Benjamin Franklin. A Treasury of More Than 900 Quotations and Entertaining Anecdotes. New York: Harper Collins, 1995. Isaacson, Walter. Benjamin Franklin: An American Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003. Lemay, J.A. Leo, ed. Franklin: Writings. New York: Library of America, 1987. Middlekauff, Robert. Benjamin Franklin and His Enemies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. Morgan, Edmund. Benjamin Franklin. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. Shiff, Stacy. A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. New York: Henry Holt, 2005. Talbott, Page, ed. Benjamin Franklin: In Search of a Better World. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. Waldstreicher, David. Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery and the American Revolution. New York: Hill and Wang, 2004. For younger readers: Fradin, Dennis Brindell and John O'Brien (illustrator). Who Was Benjamin Franklin? New York: Penguin Young Readers Group, 2002 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-learnmore.html 7/15/2006 Learn More: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Co... Page 3 of 3 Fritz, Jean and Margot Tomes (illustrator). What's The Big Idea, Ben Franklin? New York: Penguin Young Readers Group, 1996. Giblin, James Cross and Michael Dooling (illustrator). The Amazing Life of Benjamin Franklin. Scholastic, Inc., 2006. Lawson Robert. Ben and Me: A New and Astonishing Life of Benjamin Franklin As Written by His Good Mouse Amos. Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1939 [Reprinted, 1988]. Satterfield Kathryn Hoffman. Benjamin Franklin (Time for Kids Series). New York: Harpers Collins Children's Books, 2005. Schanzer, Rosalyn. How Ben Franklin Stole Lightning. New York: Harper Collins Publisher, 2003. Stevenson, Augusta and Ray Quigley (illustrator). Benjamin Franklin: Young Printer (Childhood of Famous Americans Series). Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1983. On the Web: Benjamin Franklin: A Documentary History, by J.A. Leo Lemay. University of Delaware: 1997. www.english.udel.edu/lemay/franklin/ The Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary. Administered by the Benjamin Franklin Tercentenary Commission. The site includes "Ben Across the Curriculum," a set of interdisciplinary lesson plans, keyed to appropriate national standards, that expand upon and interpret the five central themes highlighted in the official tercentenary exhibition, Benjamin Franklin: In Search of a Better World. Philadelphia: 2005. www.franklin300.org Franklin Institute, Philadelphia -- dedicated to science and technology education. Franklin Institute is also the national memorial to Benjamin Franklin. www.fi.edu Benjamin Franklin. A PBS companion website to a program produced by Twin Cities Public Television in cooperation with Middlemarch Films, 2002. www.pbs.org/benfranklin Teacher Institutes on Benjamin Franklin Description and registration form Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures January 25, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-learnmore.html 7/15/2006 Public Programs: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library ... Page 1 of 2 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Public Programs Lecture Series Thursday, March 9, 2006 at Noon "Benjamin Franklin" J. A. Leo Lemay, University of Delaware Noon, March 9, 2006 Location: Thomas Jefferson Building, Room LJ119 (view floor plan) >> more about J. A. Leo Lemay: http://www.english.udel.edu/Profiles/lemay.htm Thursday, April 20, 2006 at Noon "Benjamin Franklin and Others in Search of a Better World" Emma Lapsansky-Werner, Haverford College Location: James Madison Building, Mary Pickford Theater (view floor plan) >> more about Emma Lapsansky-Werner: http://www.haverford.edu/library/special/webejl/vita896.html http://www.haverford.edu/publications/winter03/laps.htm Thursday, May 4, 2006 at Noon "Did Benjamin Franklin Have a Dark Side?" Robert L. Middlekauff, Berkeley Location: Thomas Jefferson Building, Room LJ119 (view floor plan) >> more about Robert Middlekauff: http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Middlekauff http://teaching.berkeley.edu/dta96/#middlekauff Gallery Talks All programs will take place in the American Treasures Gallery at 12:00 P.M. (view map) January 18, 2006 Gerard Gawalt of the Manuscript Division will lead Part I of a tour through the exhibition Benjamin Franklin: In His http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-public.html 7/15/2006 Public Programs: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library ... Page 2 of 2 Own Words February 22, 2006 Rosemary Fry Plakas of the Rare Book and Special Collections Division will discuss Benjamin Franklin as a writer and printer March 1, 2006 Gerard Gawalt of the Manuscript Division will discuss Benjamin Franklin as a statesman and diplomat March 29, 2006 Len Bruno of the Manuscript Division will discuss Benjamin Franklin as scientist and inventor May 3, 2006 Gerry Gawalt of the Manuscript Division will lead Part II of tour through the exhibition Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures February 8, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-public.html 7/15/2006 Library Exhibit Celebrates Tercentenary of Benjamin Franklin's Birth Page 1 of 2 The Library of Congress > The Library Today n News m j k l m n All Library of Congress Pages i j k l Public Affairs Office 101 Independence Avenue SE Washington, DC 20540-1610 tel (202) 707-2905 fax (202) 707-9199 e-mail pao@loc.gov November 9, 2005 Press contact: Audrey Fischer (202) 707-0022 Web site: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-home.html Library Exhibit Celebrates Tercentenary of Benjamin Franklin's Birth Display to Open Dec. 12 in “American Treasures” Exhibition The Library of Congress, which houses the second largest collection of Benjamin Franklin papers in the world, will celebrate the tercentenary of the statesman’s birth with an exhibition titled “Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words.” This display will occupy the central portion of the larger “American Treasures” exhibition and will be on view from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday-Saturday in the Southwest Gallery of the Thomas Jefferson Building, 10 First Street S.E., Washington, D.C., from Dec. 12, 2005, through June 17, 2006. The display features 75 items drawn from the more than 8,000 documents in the Benjamin Franklin Collection in the Library’s Manuscript Division and other Franklin manuscripts in the Thomas Jefferson and George Washington papers. Also included in the display are books from Franklin’s personal library, maps and other visual materials provided by the Library’s Rare Book and Special Collections, Geography and Map, and Prints and Photographs divisions. Benjamin Franklin’s reputation as a writer, raconteur, wit, businessman and amateur scientist, propelled him into the front ranks of Philadelphia society and later made him a popular figure abroad. During his long life, Franklin achieved fame as a printer, author, scientist, philanthropist, inventor, politician and diplomat. The exhibition contains manuscripts, prints and other artifacts attesting to Franklin’s eclectic talents and interests. These include his designs for bifocal glasses; his writings on electricity, fire prevention and cures for the common cold; cartoons and engravings espousing his political views; a religious treatise; and the first English-language imprint of his autobiography (London, 1793). Benjamin Franklin was born on Jan. 17, 1706, in Boston. The 10th son of a candle maker, Franklin was educated at Boston Grammar School and subsequently apprenticed with his half-brother, Peter, a controversial printer. In 1723 Franklin found employment as a journeyman printer in Philadelphia. By 1730 he controlled his own printing shop, which published The Pennsylvania Gazette. His newspaper and “Poor Richard’s Almanack” (1732-57) made him known throughout the American provinces and England, where he served as an agent of Pennsylvania in London from 1757 to 1775. After the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, Franklin served in the Continental Congress, where he helped draft the Declaration of Independence. He was appointed one of America’s ministers to France, where he became a popular figure in French society. He served until 1785, helping to obtain French military aid and negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783. This historic document, a copy of which appears in the exhibition, ended the Revolutionary War. Franklin returned to the United States in 1785 and was elected president of the executive council of Pennsylvania. He served as a delegate http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2005/05-244.html 7/15/2006 Library Exhibit Celebrates Tercentenary of Benjamin Franklin's Birth Page 2 of 2 to the Federal Constitutional Convention in 1787 and signed the Constitution. Franklin died on April 17, 1790, just one month before Rhode Island became the last state to ratify the Constitution. ### PR 05-244 11/10/05 ISSN 0731-3527 The Library of Congress > The Library Today > News http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2005/05-244.html Contact Us 7/15/2006 Acknowledgments: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Librar... Page 1 of 2 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Acknowledgments Staff for the Exhibition Interpretive Programs Office: Irene Chambers, Interpretive Programs Chief Cheryl Regan, Exhibition Director Debbie Durbeck, Production Officer Christopher O'Connor, Lead Exhibition Production Specialist Betsy Nahum-Miller, Online Exhibition Coordinator Patrick Shepler, Registrar Susan Mordan-White, Education Specialist Denise Agee, Kimberli Curry, David Hayward, Carroll Johnson, Tambra Johnson, Antonio La Greca Library of Congress Curator: Gerard Gawalt, Manuscript Division Library of Congress Staff Contributors: Rosemary Fry Plakas, Rare Book and Special Collections Division Rikki Condon and Leonard Bruno, Manuscript Division; Kaare Chaffe, Yasmeen Khan, Hans Wang, Dan Paterson, and Claire Dekle, Conservation Division; Domenic Sergi, Chris Pohlhaus, Jade Curtis, Ronnie Hawkins, Information Technology Services; Julie Mangin, Elizabeth Miller, Network Development and MARC Standards Office; Sara Duke, Prints and Photographs Division; Audrey Fischer, Public Affairs Office; Stanley Bandong, Graphics Unit; Clark Evans and Mark Dimunation, Rare Book and Special Collections Division Exhibition and brochure design: Louis Emmanuel Gauci, Architecture & Design Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-credits.html 7/15/2006 Acknowledgments: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Librar... Page 2 of 2 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures January 10, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-credits.html 7/15/2006 Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words (American Treasures of the Library of Congress) The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages Page 1 of 1 SEARCH Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words, indicates the depth and breadth of Benjamin Franklin's public, professional, and scientific accomplishments through important documents, letters, books, broadsides, and cartoons. Marking the tercentenary of Franklin's birth, this exhibition, concentrates on his achievements as a printer and writer, an inventor and scientist, and, particularly, as a politician and statesman. The physical exhibition will be on view at the Library through June 17, 2006. Exhibition Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects Learn More - Public Programs - News Release - Acknowledgments Exhibition Sections: Introduction A Cause For Revolution Break With Britain Continental Congress Treaty of Paris The New Republic Scientist and Inventor Printer and Writer Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures January 19, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-home.html 7/15/2006 Introduction: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Co... Page 1 of 1 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures SEARCH American Treasures Pages Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Introduction Born in Boston on January 17, 1706, young Franklin struck out on his own in 1723, eventually finding employment as a journeyman printer in Philadelphia. Franklin's newspaper The Pennsylvania Gazette, his Poor Richard's Almanack, and work as an inventor and scientist propelled him to the front ranks of Philadelphia society and made him a well-known figure throughout the American provinces and England. In 1757, at age fifty-one Franklin, began his career as a diplomat and statesman in London where he essentially remained until the outbreak of the American Revolution. When Franklin returned to Philadelphia in 1775, he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he was instrumental in drafting the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation. Because of his international experience, Franklin was chosen as one the first ministers to France. In Paris Franklin reached his peak of fame, becoming the focal point for a cultural Franklinmania among the French intellectual elite. Franklin ultimately helped negotiate a cessation of hostilities and a peace treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War. Even after his death in 1790, Franklin remained an American celebrity. Shortly after his death, his now famous autobiography was published in France and was followed two years later by British and American editions. Perhaps, the last, best summary should be the simple words of James Madison taken from his notes on Franklin: "I never passed half an hour in his company without hearing some observations or anecdote worth remembering.” Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures January 10, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-intro.html 7/15/2006 A Cause for Revolution: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (American Treasures of the ... The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures Page 1 of 3 American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph A CAUSE for REVOLUTION Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the tenth son of Josiah, a candle purveyor, and Abiah Folger. Educated at Boston Grammar School, Benjamin apprenticed with his father, and then his half-brother, Peter, a controversial printer in Boston. Young Franklin struck out on his own in 1723 eventually finding employment as a journeyman printer in Philadelphia. By 1730, he controlled his own printing shop and published The Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper, had fathered a son, William, and married Deborah Read Rogers. "Join, or Die" Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) "Join, or Die" Page 2 Woodcut from the Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia, May 9, 1754 Enlarged versions: Page 1 - Page 2 Benjamin Franklin published this woodcut in the Pennsylvania Gazette, which represents America as a snake severed into various provinces. Prior to the outbreak of the French and Indian War, Franklin hoped to persuade the American colonies to unite their governments to protect themselves from the French and their Native American allies under a plan later known as "The Albany Plan," which was ultimately rejected. The image, the first to address unification of the colonies, would later be used as a symbol of the American Revolution with the motto: "Don't Tread On Me." Serial & Government Publications Division (2) Magna Britannia This vivid allegorical cartoon, which illustrates the fatal effects on the empire that would result from taxing the colonies, was designed by Franklin in 1766. Franklin printed the image on cards that he distributed to Parliament during the debate over the repeal of the Stamp Act. This broadside carries a text that reads: "The Moral is, that the Colonies may be http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-cause.html MAGNA Britannia, her Colonies REDUC'd. [Philadelphia, ca.1766] 7/15/2006 A Cause for Revolution: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (American Treasures of the ... ruined, but that Britain would thereby be maimed." Both the card and the broadside version, with the explanation and moral, are extremely rare. Page 2 of 3 Photostat copy Enlarged version Rare Book & Special Collections Division (4) Subverting the Stamp Act No Stamped Paper To Be Had. [Philadelphia: Printed by Hall & Franklin, November 7, 1765] On October 31, 1765, the publishers announced the suspension of the Pennsylvania Gazette in protest of the provisions of the Stamp Act, which required that newspapers be printed on imported, stamped paper that required payment of a duty. Between November 7 and December 26, Franklin's partner David Hall issued news sheets on unstamped paper without a masthead, thus avoiding legal repercussions while satisfying the subscribers. Enlarged version Rare Book & Special Collections Division (5A) Franklin Supports the 1765 Stamp Act Benjamin Franklin, Pennsylvania agent and deputy postmaster general in North America, initially supported the Stamp Act of 1765, by which Parliament levied a new tax on British colonies. Although the tax would not raise much money, the British chancellor of the Exchequer Sir George Grenville wanted a declaration of Parliament's sovereign right to tax the colonists. Franklin became an opponent when he learned of the fervent colonial opposition. An Act for granting and applying certain Stamp Duties. . . London: Mark Baskett, Printer to the King, 1765 Printed pamphlet Manuscript Division (6) Stamp Act Repeal in 1766 Benjamin Franklin to Charles Thomson, September 27, 1766 In this letter sent from London, Franklin thanks his old friend and Philadelphia neighbor for endorsing his conduct in regard to the repeal of the Stamp Act. Although Franklin, as Pennsylvania's agent in London, had briefly supported the new tax on America, he quickly switched to opposition after hearing of the angry response in Pennsylvania. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-cause.html 7/15/2006 A Cause for Revolution: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (American Treasures of the ... Page 2 Manuscript letter Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 Page 3 of 3 Franklin attributed America's success in obtaining the repeal "to what the Profane would call Luck & the Pious Providence." Manuscript Division (7) Partial Transcription Franklin and the King and Queen of France Benjamin Franklin was visiting France in 1767 when he wrote this letter to Mary (Polly) Stevenson, the intellectually curious daughter of his British landlady, Margaret Stevenson (ca. 1706-1783), describing in words and a drawing his experience at a public supper with the French King Louis XV and Queen Marie, who spoke to Franklin "Very graciously and cheerfully." Benjamin Franklin to Mary Stevenson (1739-1795), September 14, 1767 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (9) Partial Transcription Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures February 2, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-cause.html 7/15/2006 Break with Britain: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 1 of 3 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Break with Britain Franklin began his career as a diplomat and statesman when he went to London in 1757 as an agent of the Pennsylvania assembly and became an absentee deputy British postmaster for North America. There he remained, except for a brief return to Philadelphia, until the outbreak of the American Revolution in 1775, serving as an American provincial agent and pursuing his interests as an inventor, scientist, and author. In London, Franklin gradually ceased his support for British rule and became an American revolutionary. "You Are Now My Enemy" Willliam Strahan, an English printer and publisher, who was Franklin's friend and correspondent for many years, voted with the majority of Parliament to proclaim the Americans as rebels. Franklin drafted but never sent this well-publicized letter to Strahan to sever their friendship. Benjamin Franklin to William Strahan (1715-1785), July 5, 1775 Manuscript letter Enlarged version Manuscript Division (10) Partial Transcription Response to the Hutchinson Affair Benjamin Franklin wrote this tract after Alexander Wedderburn, British Solicitor-General, sharply attacked Franklin. Wedderburn asserted that Franklin was a "true incendiary" before the Privy Council on January 29, 1774, and accused him of being the "prime conductor" in the agitation against the British government largely for illegally obtaining copies of http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-break.html 7/15/2006 Break with Britain: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 2 of 3 Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson's letters filled with advice on how to subdue America by restricting its liberties. The tract was not published until after Franklin's death. "Tract Relative to the Affair of Hutchinson's Letters written by Dr. Franklin." [1774] Manuscript document Manuscript Division (11) Partial Transcription Franklin Before the Lords in Council This engraving captures the abusive hour-long attack waged by the British Solicitor-General Alexander Wedderburn against Franklin before the Privy Council in January 1744. Franklin remained silent throughout the attack. He would later write of the incident: "Spots of Dirt thrown upon my Character, I suffered while fresh remain; I . . . rely'd on the vulgar Adage, that they would all rub off when they were dry." Robert Whitechurch (1814-ca. 1880), engraver Franklin before the Lord's Council, Whitehall Chapel, London, 1774 Hand-colored engraving, 1859 Prints & Photographs Division (12) LC-DIG-pga-03390 "It is impossible we should think of Submission" Benjamin Franklin to Lord Richard Howe (1726-1799), July 20, 1776 Page 2 Just days after the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by Congress, Benjamin Franklin wrote this stinging rebuke to the commander of British naval forces in North America and peace commissioner, Lord Richard Howe, who had offered pardons to American political leaders. The offer was rejected. Franklin replied that "It is impossible we should think of Submission to a Government" that has inflicted "atrocious Injuries" on Americans. Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (13) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-break.html 7/15/2006 Break with Britain: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 3 of 3 Partial Transcription The Assumed Plan This 1779 British political cartoon shows a laughing Franklin, at center, holding a copy of his "Plan" that calls for draining of the "British Ocean" to facilitate an invasion by French troops. In his other hand are strings connected to the noses of the French King and members of the French Court. Artist unknown The Plan, or a Scene in the French Cabinet. [London: September 1779] Etching Enlarged version Prints & Photographs Division (15) LC-DIG-ppmsca-10081 Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures January 17, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-break.html 7/15/2006 Continental Congress: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 1 of 3 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Continental Congress Franklin returned to Philadelphia in 1775. There he served as a delegate to the Continental Congress, where he was instrumental in drafting the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation to form a new union. Because of his international experience, Franklin was chosen by the Continental Congress as one of its first ministers to France. In Paris Franklin reached his peak of fame, becoming the focal point for a cultural Franklin-mania among the French intellectual elite. Franklin ultimately helped negotiate a cessation of hostilities and a peace treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War. City of Philadelphia Philadelphia, site of both Continental Congresses, was one of the most urban, advanced cities in America in the eighteenth century. Drawn by George Heap, a surveyor and city coroner of Philadelphia, and Nicolas Scull, Surveyor General of the Province of Pennsylvania and a friend to Franklin, this map shows streams, roads, and names of the landowners in the vicinity of Philadelphia. The bottom of the map contains an illustration of the State-House or Independence Hall, home of the Federal Convention of 1787. A plan of the city and environs of Philadelphia, survey'd by N. Scull and G. Heap. London: Will Faden, 1777 Engraved map Geography & Map Division (16A) [gmd382/g3824/g3824p/ct000185] Plan of Confederation, 1775 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-congress.html 7/15/2006 Continental Congress: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 2 of 3 Benjamin Franklin returned from London in May, 1775, and was quickly drafted as one of the Pennsylvania delegates to the second Continental Congress. Franklin's plan for a government for a united colonial confederation was read in Congress on July 21, 1775, but was not acted upon at that time. Thomas Jefferson, a fellow delegate, annotated this copy of Franklin's plan. Benjamin Franklin Plan for a Confederation, July 21, 1775 Annotated document Manuscript Division (17) Benjamin Franklin Delivers a Petition Benjamin Franklin delivered this Petition of the Continental Congress, dated October 26, 1774 and signed by fifty-one delegates to the Congress, to Britain's King George III. The petition, one of two copies sent to Franklin, stated the grievances of the American provinces and asked for the King's help in seeking solutions. Petition of the Continental Congress to King George III, October 26, 1774 Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript document in the hand of Timothy Matlack Manuscript Division (18) Partial Transcription The Edge of the Precipice Charles Thomson, secretary of the First Continental Congress, sent the petition of Congress to the British King, George III, with this cover letter to Benjamin Franklin, one of America's agents in London. Thomson wrote that although there was still hope for peace, the colonies were on the "very edge of the precipice." The petition, which outlined a peaceful redress of grievances, was summarily rejected by the British government. Charles Thomson (1729-1824) to Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-congress.html 7/15/2006 Continental Congress: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 3 of 3 November 1, 1774 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (19) Partial Transcription To the Continental Congress In anticipation of an imminent attack by enemy forces gathering on Staten Island, Congress had ordered the formation of a flying camp of militiamen from Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania to defend New Jersey. Franklin was appointed to a Congressional committee charged with conferring with political and military authorities on the best means of defense. This broadside signed by Franklin as president of the Pennsylvania Convention, urges the provincial militia to march with expedition, disregarding any reports to the contrary. In Congress, July 19, 1776. Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the Convention of Pennsylvania, to hasten, with all possible Expedition, the March of the Associators into New-Jersey, Page 2 [Philadelphia: John Dunlap, 1776] Rare Book & Special Collections Division (19A) Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures February 2, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-congress.html 7/15/2006 Treaty of Paris: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of ... Page 1 of 3 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Treaty of Paris At the French Court In this idealized version of Franklin's appearance at the Court in Versailles on March 20, 1778, King Louis XVI avowed the treaty of alliance between France and the United States by formally receiving the American commissioners. Franklin played the part of the rustic sage, as he shrewdly calculated the sophisticated courtiers would want to see him--wigless, bespectacled, and donning his "Quaker" suit of sober brown. He appeared again at the French court one year later as the U.S. Minister to France. Anton Hohenstein (ca. 1823-?) Franklin's Reception at the Court of France, 1778. Philadelphia: John Smith, n.d. Hand-colored lithograph Prints & Photographs Division (14) LC-DIG-pga-01591 Negotiating the Treaty of Paris Benjamin Franklin was one of the American Commissioners in France who negotiated the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain ending the American Revolutionary War and securing the United States ownership of a vast http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-treaty.html 7/15/2006 Treaty of Paris: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of ... Page 2 of 3 territory between the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi River. The Declaration of the Cessation of Arms followed the Preliminary Treaty of Peace, which appears in Franklin's copy book in French. Declaration of the Cessation of Arms and Treaty of Paris (in French), 1783 Page 2 Manuscript copy book Manuscript Division (20) Partial Transcription Constitutions of the Thirteen States of America Several weeks before the Treaty of Paris, Franklin arranged for the translation and publication of the thirteen state constitutions along with other founding documents and treaties of commerce and alliance. Believing the publication would be influential in supporting recognition of the new country by European powers, he had sumptuously bound copies presented to the French king and queen and all the French foreign ministers. The Great Seal of the United States, approved by Congress in June 1782, made its first printed appearance here. This copy is personally inscribed by Franklin to the translator. Robert Sayer and John Bennett Louis-Alexandre, duc de La The United States of America with the British Possessions of Canada, Nova Scotia, & Rochefoucauld d'Enville, of Newfoundland, divided with the French; and the Spanish Territories of Louisiana translator and Florida According to the Preliminary Articles of Peace Signed at Versailles, [Jan. Constitutions des Treize Etats- 20, 1783]. Unis de L'Amerique. London: Printed for R. Sayer and J. Bennett, 1783 Paris, Ph.-D. Pierres, 1783 Hand-colored engraved map Rare Book & Special Collections Geography & Map Division (21) Division (20A) [gmd370/g3700/g3700/ar075200] Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-treaty.html 7/15/2006 Treaty of Paris: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of ... Page 3 of 3 Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures February 2, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-treaty.html 7/15/2006 The New Republic: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Librar... Page 1 of 3 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures SEARCH American Treasures Pages Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The New Republic "The Hypocrisy of this Country" Benjamin Franklin, despite having brought two Black slaves to England in 1757, became an eager supporter and correspondent of Anthony Benezet, the Philadelphia abolitionist and educator, who had written important anti-slavery pamphlets, books, and newspaper articles. As president of the Pennsylvania anti-slavery society, Franklin appealed for public support of a humanitarian plan to not only emancipate slaves, but to educate free blacks and their children and to facilitate their progress toward good citizenship. Benjamin Franklin to Anthony Benezet (1713-1784), August 22, 1772 Manuscript letter Enlarged version Manuscript Division (24) An Address to the Public from the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, and the Relief of Free Negroes. . . . Philadelphia, 1789 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (25) Partial Transcription Restoring Harmony When delegates became heated over the issue of proportional representation at the Federal Constitutional Convention in 1787 at http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-newrepublic.html 7/15/2006 The New Republic: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Librar... Page 2 of 3 Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin urged "great Coolness and Temper," telling the delegates "we are sent here to consult, not to contend, with each other." As the eldest delegate at the Convention, Franklin acted on several occasions to restore harmony. Benjamin Franklin Draft speech, [June 11, 1787] Manuscript document Manuscript Division (26) Partial Transcription President of Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin was chosen president of Pennsylvania shortly after his 1785 return from France. The bulk of Franklin's presidential duties included signing land grants, such as this 1787 bill of sale, and performing ceremonial functions. Bill of Sale, August 1787, signed by Benjamin Franklin Manuscript document with seal Manuscript Division (27) A Copy of the Federal Constitution Benjamin Franklin enclosed a copy of the new federal constitution with this letter to Thomas Jefferson, the American minister to France, and thanked him for the receipt of a box of books. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) to Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), October 14, 1787 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (28) Partial Transcription http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-newrepublic.html 7/15/2006 The New Republic: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Librar... Page 3 of 3 "A Much More Respectable Bird" Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) to Sarah Bache (1743-1808), January 26, 1784 Benjamin Franklin criticized the new American hereditary military order of the Society of Cincinnati in this long letter to his daughter, Sarah Franklin Bache. He was particularly critical of the Society's symbol, featuring "a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turk' y. For in Truth, the Turk'y is in comparison a much more respectable Bird." Manuscript letter Enlarged version Manuscript Division (29) Partial Transcription The "growing Strength" of the United States In his eighty-fourth year, seven months before his death, an ailing Franklin writes to the nation's first president George Washington: "For my own personal case, I should have died two years ago; but tho' those years have been spent in excruciating pain, I am pleased that I have lived them since they brought me to see our present situation." Benjamin Franklin to George Washington, September 16, 1789 Page 2 Manuscript letter Manuscript Division (30) Partial Transcription Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures May 2, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-newrepublic.html 7/15/2006 Scientist and Inventor: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 1 of 5 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Scientist and Inventor Benjamin Franklin This portrait, which depicts Franklin as a learned scientist and inventor, was one of his favorites. Pictured on the left is the signal-bell apparatus Franklin devised to detect the presence of electrically-charged clouds. The bolt of lightning , seen through the open window, became an attribute closely identified with Franklin. At Franklin's death French philosopher/scientist Jacques Turgot wrote: "He seized the lightning from the sky and the scepter from the hand of tyrants." Edward Fisher (1730-ca. 1785), after Mason Chamberlin (d. 1787) Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia, 1763 Mezzotint Prints & Photographs Division (32) LC-DIG-ppmsca-10083 The Franklin Stove Benjamin Franklin An Account of the New Invented Franklin wrote this description of the stove he had invented to promote sales of a model being manufactured by his friend Robert Grace. A series of partitioned iron plates permits a continuous supply of fresh warm air, separated from the smoke, to be distributed equally throughout the room. By controlling the airflow, less heat is lost, and much less wood is needed. Franklin's stove became so popular in England and Europe that this essay was http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-scientist.html 7/15/2006 Scientist and Inventor: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 2 of 5 Pennsylvanian Fire-Places. frequently reprinted and translated into several foreign languages. Page 2 Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, 1744 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (35) Franklin's Design for Bifocals Benjamin Franklin is credited with the invention of bifocal glasses, which he sketched here for his friend George Whatley, a London merchant and pamphleteer. Franklin told Whately he found them particularly useful at dinner in France, where he could see the food he was eating and watch the facial expressions of those seated at the table with him, which helped interpret the words being said. He wrote: "I understand French better by the help of my Spectacles." Benjamin Franklin to George Whatley (ca. 1709-1791), May 23, 1785 Letterpress manuscript Manuscript Division (36) Partial Transcription Experiments in Electricity Benjamin Franklin. Experiments and Observations on Electricity, made at Philadelphia in America, By Benjamin Franklin. In 1751, Peter Collinson, President of the Royal Society, arranged for the publication of a series of letters from Benjamin Franklin, 1747 to 1750, describing his experiments on electricity. Franklin demonstrated his new theory of positive and negative charges, suggested the electrical nature of lightning, and proposed a tall, grounded rod as a protection against lightning. These experiments established Franklin's reputation as a scientist, and in 1753 he received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society for his contributions to the knowledge of lightning and electricity. Page 2 London, Printed for David Henry, 1769 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (37A) On Electricity Benjamin Franklin's formulation of a general theory of electrical "action" http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-scientist.html 7/15/2006 Scientist and Inventor: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 3 of 5 won him an international reputation in pure science in his own day. Writing to Dutch physician and scientist Jan Ingenhousz, Franklin responds to a number of his friend's questions about electricity and the Leyden jar, an early form of electrical condenser. In this draft scientific report, it appears that Franklin wrote his answers first using dark ink, leaving room for the questions, which he wrote in red ink. Benjamin Franklin "Queries from Dr. Ingenhousz, with my Answers, B.F." Page 2 - Page 3 Holograph report with annotations, [1777] Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 - Page 3 Manuscript Division (38) Partial Transcription Franklin Explains the Effects of Lightning Benjamin Franklin to Jan Ingenhousz, 1777 In this lengthy essay intended for his fellow scientist Jan Ingenhousz, Benjamin Franklin attempted to explain the effects of lightning on a church steeple in Cremona, Italy, by describing the effects of electricity on various metals. He based his hypothesis on other written accounts, and used this sketch of a tube of tin foil to aid in his explanation. Manuscript essay Enlarged version Manuscript Division (39) Partial Transcription Mapping the Gulf Stream Although Spanish explorers had described the Gulf Stream, Franklin, fascinated by the fact that the sea journey from North America to England was shorter than the return trip, asked his cousin, Nantucket sea captain Timothy Folger, to map its dimensions and course. Franklin published this map and his directions for avoiding it in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society in 1786. Systematic research, conducted by the U.S. Coast Survey, of the Gulf Benjamin Franklin "Maritime Observations and A Chart of the Gulph Stream" in Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia: 1796 Engraved map http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-scientist.html 7/15/2006 Scientist and Inventor: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 4 of 5 Stream did not occur until 1845. Geography & Map Division (40A) [gmd9/g9112/g9112g/ct000136] Franklin Battles the Common Cold Benjamin Franklin "Hints concerning what is called Catching a Cold," [1773] Despite his eminence in scientific circles, Benjamin Franklin remained concerned with the more practical applications of scientific study. This sheet entitled "Definition of a Cold" is one of a series bearing Franklin's notes for a paper he intended to write on the subject. Exercise, bathing, and moderation in food and drink consumption were just some of his steps to avoid the common cold. Page 2 Manuscript document Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript Division (41) Partial Transcription The Aurora Borealis Benjamin Franklin's interest in the mystery of the "Northern Lights" is said to have begun on his voyages across the North Atlantic to England. He ascribed the shifting lights to a concentration of electrical charges in the polar regions intensified by the snow and other moisture. He reasoned that this overcharging caused a release of electrical illumination into the air. In this essay, which he wrote in English and French, Franklin analyzed the causes of the Aurora Borealis. It was read at the French Académie des Sciences on April 14, 1779. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) "Suppositions and Conjectures on the Aurora Borealis," [ca. December 1778] Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 Manuscript essay Enlarged version: Page 1 -Page 2 - Page 3 - Page 4 Manuscript Division (42) Partial Transcription Franklin's Armonica http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-scientist.html 7/15/2006 Scientist and Inventor: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Lib... Page 5 of 5 Before leaving London in July 1762, Franklin wrote to the Italian philosopher Giambatista Beccaria. Not having anything new to report on their shared interest in electricity, Franklin described the improvements he had made to the musical glasses invented by Richard Puckeridge. By fitting a series of graduated glass discs on a spindle laid horizontal in a case and revolving the spindle by a foot treadle, Franklin could create bell-like tones by touching his wet fingers to the revolving glasses. Franklin's armonica became popular in Europe, with Mozart and Beethoven composing music for it. L'Armonica: Lettera del Signor Beniamino Franklin al Padre Giambatista Beccaria, Regio Professore di Fisica nell' Univ. di Torino. Page 2 [Milano?:1776?] Rare Book & Special Collections Division (43) Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures July 12, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-scientist.html 7/15/2006 Printer and Writer: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 1 of 7 The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures SEARCH American Treasures Pages Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Printer and Writer For most people, Franklin's fame as a writer and printer rests on Poor Richard's Almanack which is commonly recognized for the wit and wisdom spun by Franklin under the pseudonym Richard Saunders. But Benjamin Franklin's accomplishments were far greater. He was considered the most accomplished printer in Colonial America. His 1744 edition of Cicero's Cato Major . . . is the finest example of early American printing. Not content with a successful career as a writer/printer, Franklin promoted a host of Philadelphia educational and benevolent societies including the founding of the city's first lending library. A Masterwork of Printing M.T. Cicero's Cato Major, Franklin's personal favorite from his press, is considered to be the finest example of the printing art in colonial America. Furthermore, this work by the Roman philosopher statesman Cicero is the first classic work translated and printed in North America. In his "Printer to the Reader," Franklin explains that he has printed this piece "in a large and fair Character, that those who begin to think on the Subject of oldage, . . . may not, in Reading by the Pain small Letters give the Eyes, feel the Pleasure of the Mind in the least allayed." Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 B.C.) M. T. Cicero's Cato Major, or, his Discourse of Old-Age. Translated by James Logan. Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, 1744 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (44) One of the America's First Magazines Franklin was the first to propose a monthly magazine for the American colonies. John Webb, whom Franklin had hoped to engage as editor, shared these plans with Franklin's rival, Andrew http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-printer.html 7/15/2006 Printer and Writer: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 2 of 7 Bradford, and those two decided to publish a magazine. Both printers issued their first number in February 1741. Bradford's American Magazine, which may have beaten Franklin's General Magazine by a few days, lasted only three issues, while Franklin's magazine survived for six. The General Magazine, and Historical Chronicle, for all the British Plantations in America. Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, January 1741 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (45) Promoting Useful Knowledge This rare broadsheet is the founding document of the American Philosophical Society, the oldest scientific society in America. Franklin proposed that Philadelphia members would exchange information and ideas regarding all fields of natural and applied science and correspond with members in other colonies and countries about practical matters to benefit their lives and improve mankind. Franklin served as society secretary during the early years, and later as president, when regular correspondence was established with the Royal Societies of London and Dublin. Franklin encouraged communication between the learned societies to continue even during the Revolution. [Benjamin Franklin]. A Proposal for Promoting Useful Knowledge among the British Plantations in America. Page 2 Philadelphia, 1743 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (46) Benjamin Franklin's Personal Liturgy Benjamin Franklin asserted in his autobiography that he had quickly tired of formal religious services, but that early in life he had written his own private articles of religious belief and a simple liturgy to be read on Sundays. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) "Articles of Belief and Acts of Religion," November 20, 1728 Manuscript document Manuscript Division (47) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-printer.html 7/15/2006 Printer and Writer: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 3 of 7 Partial Transcription Ephrata Community Songbook Founder of the German Seventh-Day Baptists Johann Conrad Beissel immigrated with the community to Ephrata, Pennsylvania, in 1732. Beissel served as the spiritual director of the group as well as its composer, devising his own system of composition. The group's illuminated musical manuscripts were hand-lettered in Fraktur and are among the earliest original music composed in the British colonies. This illustrated hymnal was once in the possession of Benjamin Franklin. The rare second compilation of Beissel's hymns was printed in roman type without music by Benjamin Franklin in 1732. Ephrata Community Die bittre Gute, oder Das Gesäng der einsamen Turtel-Taube . . . Page 2 Manuscript hymnal, 1746 Music Division (49) [Conrad Beissel]. Vorspiel der Neuen-Welt. Page 2 Philadelphia, Benjamin Franklin, 1732 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (48) Printed Currency Soon after establishing himself as an independent printer, Benjamin Franklin was awarded the "very profitable Jobb" of printing Pennsylvania bills of credit, partly because he had written and published a pamphlet on the need for paper currency in 1729. He was similarly employed by New Jersey and Delaware. Aware of the threat from counterfeiters, Franklin devised the use of mica in the paper and leaf imprints as ways to foil counterfeiters--both of these methods can be seen in these samples of currency printed by Franklin and his partner David Hall and later by the firm of Hall and William Sellers. Reverse of Bill http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-printer.html 7/15/2006 Printer and Writer: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 4 of 7 Reverse of Bill Reverse of Bill Reverse of Bill Reverse of Bill Reverse of Bill Franklin and Hall [shillings]; Hall and Sellers [dollars] Paper currency, various amounts and dates Manuscript Division (50a-f) The Art of Making Money The Art of Making Money Plenty in Every Man's Pocket by Doctor This humorous rendition of Franklin's teaching that honesty, industry, and frugality are the keys to full pockets has continued to be a popular souvenir since it was first printed as a rebus in 1791. Here the familiar image of Franklin in a fur cap is one that introduced Franklin to France in 1777. Franklin. New York: P. Maverick, 1817 Enlarged version Rare Book & Special Collections Division (51) http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-printer.html 7/15/2006 Printer and Writer: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 5 of 7 Franklin's First Book While working as a printer in London, Franklin published his first pamphlet at nineteen. In this metaphysical piece, a reply to William Wollaston's The Religion of Nature Delineated, Franklin argued that if God was infinite wisdom and goodness, vice and virtue were empty distinctions. After distributing a few copies to his friends, Franklin became disenchanted with his reasoning and destroyed all remaining copies but one. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790). A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. London, 1725 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (52) Poor Richard's Almanack [Benjamin Franklin]. Poor Richard, 1739. An Almanack for the Year of Christ 1739. Philadelphia: Printed and Sold by B. Franklin, 1738 As a writer, Franklin was best known for the wit and wisdom he shared with the readers of his popular almanac, Poor Richard, under the pseudonym "Richard Saunders." In his autobiography, Franklin notes that he began publishing his almanac in 1732 and continued for twenty-five years: "I endeavour'd to make it both entertaining and useful, and it accordingly came to be in such Demand that I reap'd considerable Profit from it, vending annually near ten Thousand." Rare Book & Special Collections Division (53) The Way to Wealth For his twenty-fifth almanac, for the year 1758, Franklin created a clever preface that reprised a number of proverbs from the almanac, framed as an event reported by Richard Saunders, in which Father Abraham advises a crowd attending a country auction that those seeking prosperity and virtue should diligently practice frugality and industry. Reprinted as Father Abraham's Speech and The Way to Wealth, this piece has been translated into many languages and is the most extensively reprinted of all of Franklin's writings. This is the first broadside edition, a popular format that allowed it to be tacked up on walls and distributed by clergy and gentry. Richard Saunders [Benjamin Franklin]. The Way to Wealth, and a Plan by which Every Man may pay his Taxes. Philadelphia: Printed by Daniel Humphreys, 1785 Enlarged version http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-printer.html 7/15/2006 Printer and Writer: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 6 of 7 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (53A) "Public Education for Our Youth" Benjamin Franklin "Observations Relative to the Intentions of the Original Founders of the Academy in Philadelphia," June, 1789 Page 2 Manuscript essay Throughout his life Benjamin Franklin had worked to educate the youth and citizens of Philadelphia. In this essay, he discussed his efforts to found a public subscription library in 1732, while seeking improvements in the governing of the Philadelphia Academy in 1789. When he died, Franklin left substantial bequests to fund public education in Philadelphia and Boston. By 1990, the remaining funds, totally more than seven million dollars, were distributed to schools and scholarship funds. Manuscript Division (56) Partial Transcription Franklin's Autobiography Franklin was sixty-five when he wrote the first part of his autobiography that focused on his early life to 1730. During the 1780s he added three briefer parts that advanced his story to his fiftieth year (1756) and revised the first part. In the summer of 1790, shortly after his death, extracts of Franklin's memoirs appeared in two Philadelphia magazines, but the first book-length edition, based on a French translation, was published in 1791. The first English edition was published in London in 1793. Although William Temple Franklin's 1818 edition became the standard version, John Bigelow's 1858 edition was the first complete publication of all four parts taken directly from Franklin's own manuscript. [Benjamin Franklin] The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin, LL.D. Late Minister Plenipotentiary from the United States of America to France, &c. London, Printed for J. Parsons, 1793 Rare Book & Special Collections Division (60) Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures February 2, 2006 http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-printer.html Contact Us 7/15/2006 Printer and Writer: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library... Page 7 of 7 Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-printer.html 7/15/2006 Epitaph: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Congr... The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures Page 1 of 4 American Treasures Pages SEARCH Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph Epitaph Portrait of Franklin The original oil portrait, upon which this engraving of Franklin was based, was a prized possession of Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont, Franklin's host while in the Paris suburb of Passay where Franklin lived from 1777-1785. The print carries an inscription in French that reads: "Honor of the New World and of Humanity, This lovable and true sage guides and enlightens them; Like another mentor, he conceals from the common eye, Under the features of a mortal, a divinity." Juste Chevillet (1729-1802) [after a painting by Joseph Duplessis (1725-1802)] Benjamin Franklin. Né à Boston, dans la Nouvelle Angleterre, le 17 Janv. 1706 Engraving, 1778 Prints & Photographs Division (1) LC-DIG-ppmsca-10080 A Letter to His Wife Benjamin Franklin to Deborah Franklin On the occasion of his birthday, January 6, 1773 (old-style, according to the Julian calendar) Benjamin Franklin reflects on earlier years with his wife, Deborah Read Rogers Franklin. Franklin recalls that "It seems but t'other Day since you and I were rank'd among the Boys and Girls, so swiftly does Time fly!" But Franklin still looked forward to "so great a Share of Health and Strength. . . http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-epitaph.html 7/15/2006 Epitaph: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Congr... (1705?-1774), January 6, 1773 Page 2 of 4 as to render Life yet comfortable." Page 2 Manuscript letter Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript Division (54) Partial Transcription Jefferson Eulogizes Benjamin Franklin After Benjamin Franklin's death in 1790, Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, wrote to the Reverend William Smith, who had been recruited by Franklin to head the new Philadelphia Academy, recalling that there was "more respect and veneration attached to the character of Doctor Franklin in France than to that of any other person in the same country." | Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) to William Smith (17271803), February 19, 1791 Page 2 Manuscript letter Enlarged version: Page 1 - Page 2 Manuscript Division (55) Partial Transcription Philadelphia Accepts Legacy from Franklin Report of the Committee "to whom was referrd the consideration of the Legacy left by Doct. B. Franklin to the Corporation," June 18, 1790 Benjamin Franklin, who like George Washington believed that public officials should work without a salary, stipulated in his will that his salary as president of the Executive Council of Pennsylvania should be given to the cities of Boston and Philadelphia. Trusts were established to manage the funds and to loan money at interest to apprentices seeking to establish their own business. Two trade schools, the Franklin Union in Boston and the Franklin Institute were later established with these funds and in 1990, as devised by Franklin, the funds, then worth more than seven million dollars, were distributed to schools and scholarship funds. Manuscript document Manuscript Division (57) Partial Transcription http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-epitaph.html 7/15/2006 Epitaph: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Congr... Page 3 of 4 Praise for Franklin from James Madison James Madison had high praise for Benjamin Franklin's intellect and personality in his notes for a biographical memorandum on Franklin: "I never passed half an hour in his company without hearing some observation or anecdote worth remembering." James Madison's (1751-1836) notes on Benjamin Franklin Manuscript document, post 1817 Enlarged version Manuscript Division (58) Partial Transcription The Senate Rejects Efforts to Honor Franklin William Maclay's diary April 23, 1790 After Benjamin Franklin's death on April 17, 1790, the United States House of Representatives voted to wear black crepe as "a mark of the veneration due to his memory," but the United States Senate, as reported by Pennsylvania Senator William Maclay, refused to wear "crape on their arms for a Month" and did not publicly acknowledge Franklin's death until 1791. Manuscript diary Enlarged version Manuscript Division (59) Partial Transcription Franklin's Epitaph A young Benjamin Franklin wrote this doggerel verse in 1728 to serve as his epitaph. Franklin, who loved to write humorous and satirical verses as well as essays, made copies of this verse for friends at various times in his life. This version, not in Franklin's hand, was among the papers owned http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-epitaph.html 7/15/2006 Epitaph: Benjamin Franklin: In His Own Words... (AmericanTreasures of the Library of Congr... by Franklin's grandson, William Temple Franklin. Page 4 of 4 Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Epitaph, 1728 Manuscript verse Manuscript Division (61) Partial Transcription Home - Overview - Transcripts - Checklist of Objects - Learn More - Public Programs - Acknowledgments Sections: Introduction - A Cause For Revolution - Break With Britain - Continental Congress Treaty of Paris - The New Republic - Scientist and Inventor - Printer and Writer - Epitaph The Library of Congress » Exhibitions » American Treasures February 2, 2006 Contact Us Exhibitions Online Survey http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/franklin-epitaph.html 7/15/2006