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American medal awarded
for supporting the war
WITNESS HISTORY
3
SECTION
AUDIO
Support the War!
For the Allies to succeed against the relentless Axis war
machine, everyone—on the home front as well as on the
battlefield—had to work tirelessly. Ships needed to be
built in a matter of days, not months. Airplanes, tanks, and
ammunition had to be mass-produced. As factories
converted to war production, the production of consumer
goods such as automobiles ceased. All efforts were
focused on the massive production of the materials of war.
British poster
encouraging
women to work
in factories to
increase
production
Focus Question How did the Allies begin to push back
the Axis powers?
Objectives
As you teach this section, keep students
focused on the following objectives to help
them answer the Section Focus Question
and master core content.
■
Understand how nations devoted all of
their resources to fighting World
War II.
■
Explain how Allied victories began to
push back the Axis powers.
■
Describe D-Day and the Allied advance
toward Germany.
The Allies Turn the Tide
Objectives
• Understand how nations devoted all of their
resources to fighting World War II.
• Explain how Allied victories began to push back
the Axis powers.
• Describe D-Day and the Allied advance toward
Germany.
As 1942 began, the Allies were in trouble. German bombers flew
unrelenting raids over Britain, and the German army advanced deep
into the Soviet Union. In the Pacific, the Japanese onslaught seemed
unstoppable. But helped by extraordinary efforts on the home front
and a series of military victories, the tide was about to turn.
All-Out War
To defeat the Axis war machine, the Allies had to commit themselves to total war. Total war means nations devote all of their
resources to the war effort.
Terms, People, and Places
Rosie the Riveter
aircraft carrier
Dwight Eisenhower
Stalingrad
D-Day
Yalta Conference
Recognize Sequence In a flowchart like the one
below, sequence the events that turned the tide of
the war towards the Allies.
Allies Turn the Tide
1942
• Allies
increase
production.
•
•
1943
• Jan. —
Germans
surrender at
Stalingrad.
•
•
1944
•
•
Governments Increase Power To achieve maximum war production, democratic governments in the United States and Great
Britain increased their political power. They directed economic
resources into the war effort, ordering factories to stop making
cars or refrigerators and to turn out airplanes or tanks instead.
Governments implemented programs to ration or control the
amount of food and other vital goods consumers could buy. They
raised money by holding war bond drives, in which citizens lent
their government certain sums of money that would be returned
with interest later. Prices and wages were also regulated. While
the war brought some shortages and hardships, the increase in
production ended the unemployment of the depression era.
Under the pressures of war, even democratic governments limited the rights of citizens, censored the press, and used propaganda to win public support for the war. In the United States and
Canada, many citizens of Japanese descent lost their jobs, property, and civil rights. Many Japanese Americans and Japanese
Canadians were even interned in camps after their governments
Vocabulary Builder
Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 70; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3
High-Use Words
incessant, p. 582
inevitable, p. 583
Definitions and Sample Sentences
adj. uninterrupted; ceaseless
Because of the incessant rain yesterday, we never made it to the beach.
adj. unavoidable; inescapable
The soccer squads’ victory in the state finals seemed inevitable, because the
team had outplayed its competitor during the entire game.
3
Step-by-Step
Instruction
Prepare to Read
Build Background Knowledge
L3
Using a map of the world, point to an
area of fighting at this stage of the war
and ask volunteers to summarize the Axis
and Allied positions there. Guide students to see that the Axis had the upper
hand almost everywhere.
Set a Purpose
■
L3
WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
aloud or play the audio.
AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,
Support the War!
Ask What will the Allies need to
carry out this great effort? (raw
materials and workers) With so many
men going to fight in the war, who
will fill the need for workers?
(women)
■
Focus Point out the Section Focus
Question and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this question
as they read. (Answer appears with
Section 3 Assessment answers.)
■
Preview Have students preview the
Section Objectives and the list of
Terms, People, and Places.
■
Have students read this
section using the Paragraph Shrinking
strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,
have students fill in the flowchart
describing the sequence of events that
turned the tide of the war.
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 183
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decided that they were a security risk. The British took similar action
against German refugees. Some 40 years later, both the United States
and Canada provided former internees with reparations, or payment for
damages, but for many the compensation came too late.
Teach
All-Out War
L3
Women Help Win the War As men joined the military, millions of
Instruct
■
Introduce Display Color Transparency 176: World War II Poster.
Have students also look at the British
poster on the previous page. Discuss
how posters, advertisements, and movies helped to instill patriotism and a
desire to cooperate in the war effort.
Color Transparencies, 176
■
Teach Ask Why would Britain and
the United States need to ration, or
limit, the amount of consumer
goods available? (to preserve supplies
for the war effort) What impact did
increased production have on the
economy? (It finally ended the
depression.)
■
Quick Activity Ask Why did Allied
governments intern people with
Japanese and German ancestry in
camps? (from fear that they were security risks) Using the Numbered Heads
strategy (TE, p. T23), ask students to
discuss the following: In times of war,
does a government have the right to
take away civil liberties?
Independent Practice
Have students take the role of an American woman who has entered the workforce for the first time and write a letter
to a male relative in the army. Have them
explain why they wanted to work.
women around the world replaced them in essential war industry jobs.
Women, symbolized by the character “Rosie the Riveter” in the United
States, built ships and planes and produced munitions.
British and American women served in the armed forces in many auxiliary roles—driving ambulances, delivering airplanes, and decoding
messages. In occupied Europe, women fought in the resistance. Marie
Fourcade, a French woman, helped downed Allied pilots escape to safety.
Soviet women served in combat roles. Soviet pilot Lily Litvak, for example, shot down 12 German planes before she herself was killed.
How did the Allies mobilize all of their resources for the
war effort?
The Allies Forge Ahead
The years 1942–1943 marked the turning point of the war. The Allies
won victories on four fronts—the Pacific, North Africa and Italy, the
Soviet Union, and France—to push back the Axis tide.
Japanese Navy Battered In the Pacific, the Japanese suffered their
Air War in the Pacific
Allied forces won decisive victories in the
Coral Sea and at Midway Island. The
Japanese pilots below may have taken part
in these battles, which were fought from
planes launched from aircraft carriers. How
do you think aircraft carriers changed
naval warfare?
Alaska
(U.S.)
Sea of
Japan
Aleutian Isla
JAPAN
Haw
aiia
n
converted factories from making consumer
goods to making airplanes, tanks, and ships;
rationed goods; regulated wages and prices;
worked to recruit all members of society to the
war effort
Caption Sample: Naval warfare became less predictable; enemy ships no longer had to be very
close to each other to engage in battle.
578 World War II and Its Aftermath
Guadalcanal
Coral Sea
AUSTRALIA
n ds
Isla
nds
Pearl
Harbor
Pac i f i c
O cean
a
l Se
Answers
New
Guinea
ra
Co
As students complete their flowcharts,
circulate to make sure they correctly
identify and sequence the key events.
For a completed version of the flowchart,
see
Note Taking Transparencies, 186
The Big Three Plot Their Strategy After the United States entered
the war, the Allied leaders met periodically to hammer out their strategy.
Midway
Tokyo
Monitor Progress
first serious setback at the Battle of the Coral Sea. The battle lasted for
five days in May 1942. For the first time in naval history, the enemy ships
never even saw each other. Attacks were carried out by planes launched
from aircraft carriers, or ships that transport aircraft and accommodate
the take-off and landing of airplanes. The Japanese were prevented from
seizing several important islands. More importantly, the Americans sank
one Japanese aircraft carrier and several cruisers and destroyers.
This Allied victory was followed by an even more impressive win at the
Battle of Midway in June 1942, which was also fought entirely from the
air. The Americans destroyed four Japanese carriers and more than 250
planes. The battle was a devastating blow to the Japanese. After Midway,
Japan was unable to launch any more offensive operations.
History Background
Social Impact of War To meet the needs of total
war, Americans of all backgrounds joined the armed
forces. Filipino and Korean Americans were especially
eager to fight, not only to aid the Allied effort, but also
to liberate their homelands from Japanese conquest.
African Americans were initially limited to support
roles, but soon were given the opportunity to fight in
combat. African American soldiers went on to win
nearly 800 medals.
The war also provided new opportunities at home.
At first, defense industries did not want to hire African
Americans. In 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, which banned discrimination in job
training programs and in defense industries. He also
set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee, to
review charges of job discrimination. By the end of
the war, nearly two million African Americans worked
in defense factories.
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INFOGRAPHIC
The Allies Forge Ahead
L3
Instruct
Deadlier bombs, machines that broke secret codes, dive-bombers—all of these
technologies gave those who used them a military advantage. Scientists and
engineers on both sides of World War II created and improved technologies at a
fast and furious pace in a desperate effort to win the war.
■
Introduce: Key Terms Have students
find the key term aircraft carrier (in
blue) in the text. Point out that Japan
was more than 3,000 miles from some
of its conquests in Southeast Asia. Ask
Why do you think aircraft carriers
were such a vital part of the war
effort? (Sample: Large fleets were
needed to move airplanes, troops, and
supplies around the vast area of the
Pacific.)
■
Teach Have students refer to the map
of the Pacific theater in Section 4 and
locate the Battles of Coral Sea and
Midway. Then have them refer to the
map of the European theater on the
next spread to see the location of El
Alamein, the points where Italy was
invaded, and the site of Stalingrad. Ask
How did these battles turn the tide
for the Allies? (Midway and the Coral
Sea badly damaged Japanese power,
preventing Japan from launching any
further offensive operations. El Alamein
and Stalingrad stopped the Axis powers
at their farthest advance. The invasion
of Italy was the first assault on the Axis’
homelands.)
■
Analyzing the Visuals To help students visualize the battle of Stalingrad,
display Color Transparency 177:
Battle of Stalingrad. Ask a volunteer
to read the description of the battle
from the text. As the student reads
each sentence, point to the map to show
where the action took place. Then use
the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion.
Color Transparencies, 177
Nylon replaced 䉴
silk as a lightweight
material used to
make parachutes.
䉳 Radar uses the behavior of
electromagnetic waves to detect
objects. It helped defenders to
“see” and destroy planes before
they could reach their targets.
䉲 Improved sonar technology allowed
submarines to use sound waves
underwater to “see” enemy submarines.
Thinking Critically
1. Draw Conclusions Radar helped the
British win the Battle of Britain. Explain
why it made such a difference.
2. Determine Relevance How did Hitler
use technology in his blitzkrieg tactics?
In 1942, the “Big Three”—Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin—agreed to
focus on finishing the war in Europe before trying to end the war in Asia.
From the outset, the Allies distrusted one another. Churchill and
Roosevelt feared that Stalin wanted to dominate Europe. Stalin believed
the West wanted to destroy communism. None of the new Allies wanted
to risk a breakdown in their alliance, however. At a conference in Tehran,
Iran, in late 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt yielded to Stalin by agreeing
to let the borders outlined in the Nazi-Soviet Pact stand, against the
wishes of Poland’s government-in-exile. However, Stalin also wanted
Roosevelt and Churchill to open a second front against Germany in Western Europe to relieve the pressure on the Soviet Union. Roosevelt and
Churchill replied that they did not yet have the resources. Stalin saw the
delay as a deliberate policy to weaken the Soviet Union.
Allied Victory in North Africa In North Africa, the British led by General Bernard Montgomery fought Rommel. After the fierce Battle of El
Alamein in November 1942, the Allies finally halted the Desert Fox’s
advance. Allied tanks drove the Axis back across Libya into Tunisia.
Later in 1942, American General Dwight Eisenhower took command of a joint British and American force in Morocco and Algeria.
Advancing on Tunisia from the west, the Allies trapped Rommel’s army,
which surrendered in May 1943.
Link to Math
The Enigma Code Intelligence work helped produce the American victory at Midway—and that work
owed its success in part to a Polish mathematician. In
the 1930s, the Germans developed a machine called
Enigma that allowed them to put military communications in code. Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski
led a team that cracked the code. The Polish team
gave their information to the British, who developed a
new device that decoded messages created by a
revised version of Enigma. The Germans had given an
Enigma machine to the Japanese, and the Americans
created their own machine to decode it. As a result,
American naval intelligence officers intercepted Japanese plans to attack Midway. That allowed the navy to
have a fleet lying in wait to beat back the Japanese
attack.
Answers
Thinking Critically
1. because it allowed the British to know when
German planes were coming and where they
were going
2. Improved aircraft and tank technology helped
Hitler to overwhelm his opponents.
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Allies Advance Through Italy
Independent Practice
■
Have students fill in the Outline Map
Europe and North Africa.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 77
■
Have students access Web Code nbp2931 to take the Geography Interactive Audio Guided Tour and then
answer the map skills questions in
the text.
Monitor Progress
■
■
Have students write a brief paragraph
explaining why Churchill, Roosevelt,
and Stalin cooperated during the war,
what agreements they reached in their
1942 conference, and what factors
caused problems among them.
The Pain of Defeat
German prisoners are marched through the
snowy streets of Stalingrad after their defeat
by the Soviet army.
With North Africa under their control,
the Allies were able to cross the Mediterranean into Italy. In July 1943, a
combined British and American army
landed first in Sicily and then in
southern Italy. They defeated the
Italian forces there in about a month.
After the defeats, the Italians overthrew Mussolini and signed an armistice, but fighting did not end. Hitler
sent German troops to rescue Mussolini and stiffen the will of Italians
fighting in the north. For the next 18 months, the Allies pushed slowly up
the Italian peninsula, suffering heavy losses against strong German resistance. Still, the Italian invasion was a decisive event for the Allies because
it weakened Hitler by forcing him to fight on another front.
Germans Defeated at Stalingrad A major turning point occurred in
the Soviet Union. After their lightning advance in 1941, the Germans
were stalled outside Moscow and Leningrad. In 1942, Hitler launched a
new offensive. This time, he aimed for the rich oil fields of the south. His
troops, however, got only as far as Stalingrad.
The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the costliest of the war. Hitler was
determined to capture Stalin’s namesake city, and Stalin was equally
determined to defend it. The battle began when the Germans surrounded
the city. As winter closed in, a bitter street-by-street, house-by-house
struggle raged. A German officer wrote that soldiers fought for two
weeks for a single building. Corpses “are strewn in the cellars, on the
landings and the staircases,” he said. In November, the Soviets encircled
their attackers. Trapped, without food or ammunition and with no hope
of rescue, the German commander finally surrendered in January 1943.
After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Red Army took the offensive and
drove the invaders out of the Soviet Union entirely. Hitler’s forces suffered irreplaceable losses of both troops and equipment. By early 1944,
Soviet troops were advancing into Eastern Europe.
Circulate to make sure students have
correctly labeled their Outline Maps.
Administer the Geography Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 79
How did the Allies push back the Axis powers on four
fronts?
The Allies Push Toward Germany
By 1944, the Western Allies were at last ready to open a second front in
Europe by invading France. Allied leaders under Eisenhower faced the
enormous task of planning the operation and assembling troops and supplies. To prepare the way for the invasion, Allied bombers flew constant
missions over Germany. They targeted factories and destroyed aircraft
that might be used against the invasion force. They also bombed railroads and bridges in France.
The D-Day Assault The Allies chose June 6, 1944—known as D-Day—
for the invasion of France. Just before midnight on June 5, Allied planes
dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines. Then, at dawn, thousands of
ships ferried 156,000 Allied troops across the English Channel. The troops
Solutions for All Learners
Answer
Midway blocked the Japanese advance in the
Pacific. El Alamein was the beginning of the
end of German control of North Africa. The
invasion of Italy attacked one of the Axis home
lands. Stalingrad destroyed a large German
army in the east.
580 World War II and Its Aftermath
L2 Less Proficient Readers
Tell students that many historians consider the Battle of
Stalingrad to be the key turning point in World War II.
Work with students to help them to find reliable internet
sources and grade-level reference sources about the battle. Then challenge them to describe or illustrate one of
the aspect battle—for example, the military movements
or daily life in the city.
Use the following resources to help students acquire
basic skills.
Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 183
■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 184
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For: Interactive map and timeline
Web Code: nbp-2931
World War II in Europe and North Africa, 1942–1945
Map Skills Axis power reached its height in Europe
in 1942. Then the tide began to turn.
1. Locate (a) Vichy France (b) Soviet Union
(c) El Alamein (d) Normandy (e) Berlin
The Allies Push Toward
Germany
2. Place Describe the extent of Axis control in 1942.
3. Make Inferences How did geography both help
and hinder Allied advances?
Instruct
■
Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
Have students read the Vocabulary
Builder terms and definitions. Give
them the following sentence and ask
which term would best fill in the blank
to complete the sentence: The
attacks on German cities were
repeated against Japan. (incessant)
■
Teach Ask Why did the Americans
and British wait until 1944 to
invade France? (They said they were
not ready until then.) How long did it
take the Allied forces to liberate
Paris and all of France? (about two
and half months to regain Paris and
another month to free the rest of France)
What kinds of targets did the Allies
bomb in Germany in 1944? (military
bases, factories, railroads, oil depots,
and cities) Why was it important for
the Allied leaders to meet early in
1945? (They were closing in on Germany
from both sides by that time, and the
war in Europe was nearing an end; they
had to agree on the strategy to end the
war and on post-war arrangements.)
■
Quick Activity Show students Triumph
at Normandy from the Witness
History Discovery School™ video
program. Ask volunteers to describe
some of the planning and resources
needed to carry out the D-Day invasion
of Normandy.
70° N
Europe Axis powers, 1942
10° E
Maximum Axis control, 1942
Neutral nations, 1942
Allied territory, 1942
FINL
Allied advances
AND
SWEDEN
Major battles
0°
d
ngra
Leni
N O R W AY
60° N
Ba
Danzig
Elbe
R
1945
.
London
Atla
n
Oce tic
an
50° N
NETH.
Dunkirk
BELGIUM
N or m a n
dy
1 94
LUX.
1944
5
Berlin
1945
194
2
UG
AL
40° N
1944
I T A LY
Rome
Anzio
PORT
S PA I N
1944
42
19
MOR
200
Jan 1943
Germans surrender
at Stalingrad
Bl
400 mi
a
Yalt
Sea
k
ac
L I B YA
Jul 1943
Allied forces
land in Sicily
1944
Sep 1943
Italians surrender
to Allies
RK
EY
SYR
E
Le
Tripoli
Tunisia
(F R. )
400 km
3
N
W
1 94
2
194
3
d
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ea
an S
rane
k
Medite r
Tobru
1943
Nov 1942
British defeat Germans
at El Alamein
IA
TU
GREEC
Jan 1945
Soviets enter Warsaw
1945
Jun 6, 1944
D-Day invasion
at Normandy
N
43
19
S
OCCO
0
194
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lin
Sta
1943
1943
1 94 2
0
1942
Tunis
Algeria
(F R . )
Oran
Conic Projection
200
AN
ROM .
4
194
Sicily
Algiers
Casabla
nca
st
Budape
ALB.
Salerno
Palermo
Spanish
Morocco
44
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19
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SWITZ.
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1945
Paris
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Vichy
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May 7, 1945
Germany surrenders
1946
Mar 1945
British and American
forces cross Rhine
Answers
Map Skills
Careers
Cartographer Mapmakers, or cartographers,
make maps that show geographic data—latitude
and longitude, the distance between objects, and
the height or depth of physical features—or other
data, such as political boundaries, the location of
economic resources, and living patterns. They usually
learn their skills by taking a college degree. They also
need strong computer skills. Mapping technicians
help cartographers carry out their work. They turn
information taken from observations of the land into
data that can be incorporated onto maps. These
workers need less training than cartographers, and
the demand for them is expected to grow more rapidly than for cartographers in the future. However,
they earn less than people in cartography, which is
considered a more advanced career.
1. Review locations with students.
2. The Axis controlled all of Eastern and Western
Europe except the neutral nations (Sweden, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland) and
the United Kingdom, which was fighting them.
They also controlled the western part of the
Soviet Union and almost all of North Africa.
3. helped: They could attack Germany from all
sides; hindered: The Americans and British had
to move resources through the Atlantic to North
Africa and southern Europe.
Chapter 17 Section 3 581
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Independent Practice
■
Have each student select one of the
three leaders, Churchill, Stalin, or
Roosevelt. Have them learn more about
this leader and then write an obituary,
which summarizes his role and
achievements during World War II.
■
Have students take the role of a soldier
who fought at D-Day and write a letter
to family members back home describing the experience.
Monitor Progress
■
Have students create an outline of the
subsection The Allies Push Toward
Germany that organizes and highlights
the key points.
■
Check Reading and Note Taking Study
Guide entries for student understanding.
Page 582 Tuesday, June 20, 2006 4:01 PM
BIOGRAPHY
Churchill
Winston Churchill (1874–1965) was a
staunch antisocialist and defender of
the British Empire. As a member of
Parliament, he loudly warned the British
of the threat posed by Nazi Germany.
After Neville Chamberlain’s government
failed to defend Norway from Hitler,
Churchill replaced him as prime minister
on May 10, 1940. Within seven weeks,
France had surrendered, and Nazi forces
threatened Britain. Churchill’s courage
and defiance steeled British resolve in
the darkest days of the war when Britain
stood alone against the Nazis. How did
Churchill inspire the British people?
WITNESS HISTORY VIDEO
Watch Triumph at Normandy on the Witness
History Discovery School™ video program to
experience the planning and execution of the
D-Day invasion.
Roosevelt
In 1933, Franklin Delano Roosevelt
(1882–1945) started his first term as
president, promising to bring the
United States out of the Great Depression. During his second term, FDR lent,
and then gave, millions of dollars in war
supplies to the struggling British.
Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor quickly
brought the United States into the war.
From the start of American involvement, Roosevelt took the lead in establishing alliances among all countries
fighting the Axis powers—including the
Soviet Union. How did Roosevelt
influence World War II before Pearl
Harbor?
Stalin
Joseph Stalin (1879–1953) was born
Joseph Dzhugashvili (joo gush VYEE
lyee). He changed his name to Stalin,
meaning “man of steel,” after he joined
the Bolshevik underground in the early
1900s. Stalin emerged as the sole ruler
of the Soviet Union in the 1920s, and he
maintained an iron grasp on the nation
until his death in 1953. When Hitler’s
army invaded the Soviet Union and
threatened Moscow in 1941, Stalin
refused to leave the capital city. He
eventually forced the Germans into retreat. Why would Churchill and
Roosevelt have distrusted Stalin?
fought their way to shore amid underwater mines and raking machine-gun
fire. As one soldier who landed in the first wave of D-Day assault recalled,
Primary Source
all seemed unreal, a sort of dreaming while awake, men were screaming and
“ Itdying
all around me. . . I honestly could have walked the full length of the
beach without touching the ground, they were that thickly strewn about.
”
—Melvin B. Farrell, War Memories
Still, the Allied troops clawed their way inland through the tangled
hedges of Normandy. In early August, a massive armored division under
American General George S. Patton helped the joint British and American forces break through German defenses and advance toward Paris.
Meanwhile, other Allied forces sailed from Italy to land in southern
France. In Paris, French resistance forces rose up against the occupying
Germans. Under pressure from all sides, the Germans retreated. On
August 25, the Allies entered Paris. Within a month, all of France was free.
Allies Continue to Advance By this time, Germany was reeling
under incessant, round-the-clock bombing. For two years, Allied bombers
had hammered military bases, factories, railroads, oil depots, and cities.
Vocabulary Builder
incessant—(in SES unt) adj.
uninterrupted, ceaseless
Solutions for All Learners
Answer
BIOGRAPHY Churchill: with his courage
and defiant attitude; Roosevelt: He gave supplies and guidance to help the British fight the
Nazis; Stalin: because he showed ruthlessness
in killing or exiling all his rivals before gaining
power and because he had earlier allied himself with Hitler
582 World War II and Its Aftermath
L4 Advanced Readers
L4 Gifted and Talented
Point out that the war saw heavy use of air attacks
on cities. Explain that cities often held key military
targets, such as factories, railroad depots, bridges,
and oil facilities. They also held millions of people,
however, and targeting during World War II was not
precise. Have students investigate the issue of the
bombing carried out during the war and write an
essay exploring whether the targeting of cities was
justified, not justified, or justified in some cases but
not others. Remind students to offer facts as well as
well-reasoned arguments to support their opinions.
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The goal of this kind of bombing was to cripple Germany’s industries and
destroy the morale of its civilians. In one 10-day period, bombing almost
erased the huge industrial city of Hamburg, killing 40,000 civilians and
forcing one million to flee their homes. In February 1945, Allied raids on
Dresden, not an industrial target, but considered one of the most beautiful
cities in Europe, killed as many as 135,000 people.
After freeing France, Allied forces battled toward Germany. As their
armies advanced into Belgium in December, Germany launched a massive counterattack. At the bloody Battle of the Bulge, which lasted more
than a month, both sides took terrible losses. The Germans were unable
to break through. The battle delayed the Allied advance from the west,
but only for six weeks. Meanwhile, the Soviet army battled through Germany and advanced on Berlin from the east. Hitler’s support within Germany was declining, and he had already survived one assassination
attempt by senior officers in the German military. By early 1945, the
defeat of Germany seemed inevitable.
Uneasy Agreement at Yalta In February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill,
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
■
Have students complete the
Section Assessment.
■
Administer the Section Quiz.
■
To further assess student understanding, use
Progress Monitoring
Transparencies, 125
L3
Teaching Resources, Unit 4, p. 67
Vocabulary Builder
inevitable—(in EV ih tuh bul) adj.
unavoidable, inescapable
Reteach
If students need more instruction, have
them read the section summary.
Reading and Note Taking
L3
Study Guide, p. 184
and Stalin met again at Yalta, in the southern Soviet Union. Once again,
the Big Three planned strategy in an atmosphere of distrust. Stalin
insisted that the Soviet Union needed to maintain control of Eastern
Europe to be able to protect itself from future aggression. Churchill and
Roosevelt favored self-determination for Eastern Europe, which would
give people the right to choose their own form of government. However,
Churchill and Roosevelt needed Stalin’s help to win the war.
At the Yalta Conference, the three leaders agreed that the Soviet
Union would enter the war against Japan within three months of Germany’s surrender. In return, Churchill and Roosevelt promised Stalin
that the Soviets would take possession of southern Sakhalin Island, the
Kuril Islands, and an occupation zone in Korea. They also agreed that
Germany would be temporarily divided into four zones, to be governed by
American, French, British, and Soviet forces. Stalin agreed to hold free
elections in Eastern Europe. However, as you will read later, growing
mistrust would later cause a split between the Allies.
Adapted Reading and
L1 L2
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 184
Spanish Reading and
L2
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 184
Extend
L4
Have students compare the role of American women during World War II to their
role in World War I. Encourage them to do
additional research to gather information on both periods.
What agreements did Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin
come to at Yalta?
Answer
3
Terms, People, and Places
1. For each term, person, or place listed at
the beginning of the section, write a
sentence explaining its significance.
2. Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
Use your completed timeline to answer
the Focus Question: How did the Allies
begin to push back the Axis powers?
Progress Monitoring Online
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: nba-2931
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
3. Analyze Information How did democratic governments mobilize their economies for war?
4. Determine Relevance Explain why
the battles of Midway, El Alamein,
and Stalingrad were important turning points in the war.
5. Predict Consequences Why didn’t
the Yalta Conference lead to lasting
unity among the Big Three leaders?
Section 3 Assessment
1. Sentences should reflect an understanding
of each term, person, or place listed at the
beginning of the section.
2. American air power inflicted heavy losses
on the Japanese in the Pacific. The Americans and British combined to drive the
Germans out of North Africa and to
invade Italy. At the same time, the Soviets
defeated the Germans at Stalingrad.
● Writing About History
Quick Write: Develop a Thesis A thesis
statement summarizes the main idea of your
research paper. The thesis statement should
express an idea that can be defended or
refuted. It should also be narrow enough to
be addressed clearly in your writing.
Based on what you have read, write a
thesis statement for an essay explaining
the importance of the Battle of Stalingrad.
3. They directed and controlled economic
resources for the war effort, regulated
prices and wages, and enlisted the efforts
of all their citizens.
4. At Midway, American planes crippled Japanese naval power. El Alamein stopped
the German advance in North Africa.
Stalingrad allowed the Soviets to take the
offensive against the Germans.
5. Mutual mistrust and differing goals and
concerns divided the three leaders.
Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan in return
for gaining land. He also agreed to hold free
elections in Eastern Europe after the war. They
all agreed to divide Germany into four occupation zones.
● Writing About History
Students’ thesis statements should explain
why Stalingrad was an important battle.
For additional assessment, have students
access Progress Monitoring Online at
Web Code nba-2931.
Chapter 17 Section 3 583