6
STUDY GUIDE
1. Functions of the Skeletal System
List five functions of the skeletal system.
1)
____________________________
Support
3) __________________________
Blood cell production
2)
____________________________
Protection
4) __________________________
Mineral storage
Attachment sites for skeletal
5) __________________________
muscles
__________________________
2. Bone Structure
a.
Label the diagram by placing the number of each structure by the correct label.
_____
Articular cartilage
2
_____
Bone, compact
5
1
_____
Bone, spongy
3
2
_____
10 Diaphysis
9
3
_____
Epiphyseal disk
1
_____
11 Epiphysis, distal
4
_____
Epiphysis, proximal
9
_____
Marrow, red, in spaces
4
_____
Marrow, yellow
7
_____
Medullary cavity
6
5
_____
Periosteum
8
6
7
b. Match the terms with the statements.
10
8
1) Periosteum
3) Marrow, red
2) Epiphyseal plate
4) Marrow, yellow
3 Fills spaces in spongy bone.
_____
2 Hyaline cartilage.
_____
1 Covers surface of bone.
_____
4 Fills medullary cavity.
_____
3.
Microscopic Structure
Match the terms with the statements.
11
1) Lacunae
4) Osteonic canals
2) Lamellae
5) Periosteum
3) Osteon
6) None of these
4 Channel for blood vessels and nerves.
_____
1 Spaces containing osteocytes.
_____
2 Concentric layers of compact bone.
_____
5 Source of osteoblasts.
_____
3 Structural unit of compact bone.
_____
6 Spaces containing red marrow.
_____
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4. Bone Formation
Write the answers to the statements in the spaces provided.
1) Cells that deposit bone matrix.
____________________________________________
Osteoblasts
2) Cells that remove bone matrix.
____________________________________________
Osteoclasts
3) Cells that occupy the lacunae.
____________________________________________
Osteocytes
4) Site of growth in length of long bones.
____________________________________________
Epiphyseal plate
5) Type of ossification in most skull bones.
____________________________________________
Intramembranous
6) Type of ossification in bones preformed in
cartilage.
____________________________________________
Endochondral
7) Cells that hollow out the medullary cavity.
____________________________________________
Osteoclasts
5. Bones of the Skeleton
Write the names of the labeled bones in the
1
spaces provided.
Skull
1) ____________________________________________
Mandible
2) ____________________________________________
2
Sternum
3) ____________________________________________
7
Ribs
4) ____________________________________________
8
column
5) _Vertebral
___________________________________________
Sacrum
6) ____________________________________________
3
Clavicle
7) ____________________________________________
9
4
Scapula
8) ____________________________________________
Humerus
9) ____________________________________________
Ulna
10) ____________________________________________
5
Radius
11) ____________________________________________
10
11
Carpals
12) ____________________________________________
6
Metacarpals
13) ____________________________________________
Phalanges
14) ____________________________________________
12
13
Coxa
15) ____________________________________________
Femur
16) ____________________________________________
Patella
17) ____________________________________________
14
Tibia
18) ____________________________________________
15
Fibula
19) ____________________________________________
16
Tarsals
20) ____________________________________________
Metatarsals
21) ____________________________________________
17
Phalanges
22) ____________________________________________
18
19
20
21
22
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6. The Axial Skeleton
a.
Label the diagram of the skull, anterior view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by the
correct label.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
12
9
14
15
16
13
10
17
11
16 Nasal concha, inferior
_____
14 Nasal concha, middle
_____
_____
Coronal suture
3
_____
Ethmoid (eye orbit)
5
1 Parietal
_____
6 Squamosal suture
_____
_____
Ethmoid, perpendicular plate
9
_____
Frontal
2
7,
13 Sphenoid (2 places)
_____
8 Temporal
_____
_____
Lacrimal
4
_____
11 Mandible
10 Vomer
_____
15 Zygomatic
_____
_____
17 Maxilla
_____
12 Nasal
b. List the skull bones that contain sinuses. ________________________________________________________
Ethmoids, Frontal, Maxillae, Sphenoid
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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c.
Label the diagram of the skull, lateral view, by placing the number of each structure in the space by
the correct label.
1
13
2
14
3
4
15
5
16
17
6
18
7
19
8
20
9
10
11
21
12
13 Coronal suture
_____
12 Coronoid process
_____
18 Nasal
_____
16 Ethmoid
_____
7
_____
External auditory canal
1
_____
Parietal
14 Frontal
_____
17 Lacrimal
_____
2
_____
Squamosal suture
3
_____
Lambdoidal suture
21 Mandible
_____
4
_____
Temporal
10 Mandibular condyle
_____
8
_____
Mastoid process
19 Zygomatic
_____
5
_____
Occipital
15 Sphenoid
_____
9
_____
Styloid process
11 Temporal, zygomatic process
_____
6
_____
Zygomatic, temporal process
20 Maxilla
_____
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d. Write the terms that match the statements in the spaces provided.
e.
1) Contains the foramen magnum.
____________________________________________
Occipital
bone
2) Forms anterior portion of hard palate.
____________________________________________
Palatine
process of maxilla
3) Contains external auditory canal.
____________________________________________
Temporal
bones
4) The seven vertebrae of the neck.
____________________________________________
Cervical
vertebrae
5) Weight-bearing portion of a vertebra.
____________________________________________
Body
6) Foramen through which spinal cord passes.
____________________________________________
Vertebral
foramen
7) Vertebrae-bearing ribs.
____________________________________________
Thoracic
8) Number of pairs of true ribs.
____________________________________________
Seven
(7)
9) Attaches true ribs to sternum.
____________________________________________
Costal
cartilages
10) First cervical vertebra.
____________________________________________
Atlas
11) Cartilaginous pads between vertebrae.
____________________________________________
Intervertebral
disks
12) Forms posterior wall of pelvic girdle.
____________________________________________
Sacrum
13) Vertebrae with heaviest bodies.
____________________________________________
Lumbar
vertebrae
14) The breastbone.
____________________________________________
Sternum
Name the group of bones that provides protection for the
2) Heart and lungs Thoracic cage
1) Brain Cranium
f.
Label the vertebra by placing the number of the structure in the space by the correct label.
3 Body
_____
5 Facet for rib
_____
3
6 Spinous process
_____
1
2 Superior articular
_____
process
2
4 Transverse process
_____
4
1 Vertebral foramen
_____
5
6
7. The Appendicular Skeleton
a.
Write the missing words in the spaces at the right.
The pectoral girdle is formed of two ____1___
and two ____2___ . Its function is to support
the upper ____3___ . Each ____4___ articulates
with the scapula at one end and the ____5___
at the other. The scapulae are attached to the
axial skeleton by ____6___ instead of ligaments.
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1) Clavicles
___________________________________________
2) Scapulae
___________________________________________
3) Extremities
___________________________________________
4) Clavicle
___________________________________________
5) Sternum
___________________________________________
6) Muscles
___________________________________________
b. Label these diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label.
1
19
20
18
5
17
6
14
9
10
11
12
_____
18 Acromion process
2
_____
Capitulum
4
_____
19 Coracoid process
_____
10 Coronoid process
3
_____
17 Glenoid cavity
7
4
_____
Greater tubercle
1
_____
Head of humerus
5
8
_____
11 Head of radius
_____
15 Head of ulna
_____
Lateral epicondyle
3
_____
Medial epicondyle
7
_____
Olecranon fossa
2
_____
14 Olecranon process
_____
12 Radial tuberosity
_____
20 Scapular spine
_____
13 Styloid process, radius
_____
16 Styloid process, ulna
15
16
13
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_____
Surgical neck
6
_____
Trochlea
8
_____
Trochlear notch
9
c.
Label the diagrams by placing the number of each structure in the space by the correct label.
2
13
7
14
1
8
9
10
15
11
3
16
12
4
17
_____
10 Acetabulum
_____
Coccyx
9
_____
Greater trochanter
1
_____
Head of femur
2
_____
Iliac crest
7
_____
14 Ilium
_____
16 Ischium
_____
Lateral condyle
5
_____
Lesser trochanter
4
_____
Medial condyle
6
_____
Neck of femur
3
_____
15 Obturator foramen
_____
17 Pubic arch
_____
12 Pubis
_____
13 Sacroiliac joint
_____
Sacrum
8
_____
11 Symphysis pubis
5
6
d. Indicate whether each statement is associated with the fibula (F) or tibia (T).
F Lateral malleolus
_____
T
_____
Medial malleolus
T Lateral condyle
_____
T
_____
Medial condyle
T Articulates with femur
_____
T, F Articulates with talus
_____
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8. Articulations
a.
Match the type of joint with the articulation formed by the bones.
1) Immovable
3) Ball-and-socket
5) Gliding
7) Pivot
2) Slightly movable
4) Condyloid
6) Hinge
8) Saddle
_____
_____
5 Carpal—carpal
6 Femur—tibia
_____
_____
8 Trapezium—metacarpal 1
1 Frontal—parietal
_____
Humerus—scapula
_____
3 Coxa—femur
3
_____
_____
1 Maxilla—zygomatic
2 Vertebra—vertebra
_____
_____
4 Metacarpal—phalanx
7 Atlas—axis
b. Match the terms with the correct definitions.
1) Articular cartilage
3) Cartilage pads
5) Sesamoid bone
2) Bursa
4) Joint capsule
6) Synovial fluid
6 Lubricates joints.
_____
_____
1 Protects articular surfaces of bones.
2 Sacs of synovial fluid.
_____
_____
5 Bone embedded in a tendon.
3 Support knee joint and cushion bones.
_____
_____
4 Formed of ligaments.
c. Match the movements with the descriptions.
1) Abduction
5) Extension
9) Eversion
13) Pronation
2) Adduction
6) Flexion
10) Inversion
14) Supination
3) Depression
7) Dorsiflexion
11) Circumduction
15) Protraction
4) Elevation
8) Plantar flexion
12) Rotation
16) Retraction
_____
Extension of foot.
_____
12 Turning head from side to side.
8
_____
_____
Decrease in angle of joint.
6
15 Pushing mandible anteriorly.
_____
Movement
of
arm
toward
midline.
_____
Raising shoulders.
4
2
_____
Straightening arm at elbow.
_____
11 Drawing circle on chalkboard.
5
_____
10 Turning sole of foot inward.
_____
14 Turning palm of hand upward.
9. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Write the name of each disorder described in the space provided.
1) Displacement of bones forming a joint.
____________________________________________
Dislocation
2) A lateral curvature of vertebral column.
____________________________________________
Scoliosis
3) Protrusion of intervertebral disk.
____________________________________________
Herniated disk
4) Bone broken into several pieces.
____________________________________________
Comminuted fracture
5) Broken bone pierces through skin.
____________________________________________
Compound fracture
6) Arthritis with invasion of fibrous tissue that
calcifies, making joint immovable.
____________________________________________
Rheumatoid arthritis
7) Tearing of ligaments of joint capsule.
____________________________________________
Sprain
8) Severe loss of calcium salts from bones.
____________________________________________
Osteoporosis
10. Clinical Applications
a.
A member of the soccer team is diagnosed with a torn knee cartilage. Would you expect rapid or slow
recovery? Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________________
No. Cartilage lacks blood vessels. The reduced supply of nutrients slows
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
the repair process.
b. Specifically, what is a broken hip? The
_____________________________________________________________
femur breaks at the neck.
Why is it more common among older persons? __________________________________________________
Their bones are more brittle and are often weakened by
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
osteoporosis.
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