2.B Cell Membranes Without Pictures
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1.
2.
active
transport
When a cell gets materials or excretes them
by using its own energy, usually through
ATP; going against a concentration
gradient.
amphipathic
Molecules are said to be this when it has
regions that are both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic.
3.
aquaporin
A membrane protein, specifically a
transport protein, that facilitates the
passage of water through channel proteins.
4.
carrier protein
A membrane protein, specifically a
transport protein, that holds onto
molecules and changes their shapes in a
way that shuttles them across the
membrane.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
A protein built into the membrane with
active site exposed.
exocytosis
Occurs when a cell secretes certain
biological molecules by the fusion of
vesicles with the plasma membrane.
facilitated
diffusion
Passive diffusion that is aided by transport
proteins, but that does not require cellular
energy.
flaccid
This happens when water moves, but the
amount within the cell is constant; no
pressure builds.
fluid mosaic
model
Structural model of the plasma membrane
where molecules are free to move sideways
within a lipid bilayer.
22.
cell-cell
recognition
The function of membrane proteins in
which some glycoproteins serve as ID tags
that are recognized by membrane proteins
of other cells.
23.
gated channel
A protein channel in a cell membrane that
opens or closes in response to a particular
stimulus.
channel
protein
A membrane protein, specifically a
transport protein, that has a hydrophilic
channel that certain molecules or atomic
ions use as a tunnel.
24.
glycolipids
Membrane carbohydrates that are
covalently bonded to lipids.
25.
glycoprotein
A protein with one or more carbohydrates
covalently attached to it.
26.
glycoproteins
Membrane carbohydrates that are
covalently bonded to proteins.
Golgi
apparatus
Stack of membranes in the cell that
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
from the endoplasmic reticulum.
28.
hypertonic
Describes a solution that has a greater
concentration of total solute.
hypotonic
Describes a solution that has a lesser
concentration of total solute.
integral
proteins
Transmembrane proteins with
hydrophobic regions that completely span
the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
31.
isotonic
Describes solutions that have an equal
concentration of total solutes.
32.
lysosome
A cell organelle that contains digestive
enzymes.
membrane
potential
The voltage of a plasma membrane.
nuclear
envelope
Double membrane perforated with pores
that control the flow of materials in and out
of the nucleus.
nuclear lamina
A netlike array of protein filaments lining
the inner surface of the nuclear envelope; it
helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
concentration
gradient
A difference in the concentration of a
substance across a distance.
contractile
vacuoles
A membranous sac that helps move excess
water out of the cell.
cotransport
The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of
one substance to the "uphill" transport of
another against its own concentration
gradient.
27.
This happens when a cell shrinks and
shrivels; can result in cell death if severe.
29.
12.
cytolysis
This happens when a cell swells until
pressure bursts it, resulting in cell death.
30.
13.
dialysis
The diffusion of small solutes through a
selectively permeable membrane.
16.
enzymatic
activity
Strong layer around the cell membrane in
plants, algae, and some bacteria.
crenation
15.
A network of membranes inside and
around a eukaryotic cell, related either
through direct physical contact or by the
transfer of membranous vesicles.
cell wall
11.
14.
endomembrane
system
diffusion
When a substance moves from an area of
higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration. Due to entropy.
electrochemical
gradient
The combination of forces that acts on
membrane potential.
33.
endocytosis
Occurs when a cell takes in biological
molecules and particulate matter by
forming new vesicles from the plasma
membrane.
34.
35.
36.
osmoregulation
The control of water balance.
37.
osmosis
The diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane.
passive
transport
Transport of a substance across a cell
membrane by diffusion. Going with a
concentration gradient.
peripheral
proteins
The proteins of a membrane that are not
embedded in the lipid bilayer; they are
appendages loosely bound to the surface of
the membrane.
38.
39.
40.
41.
peroxisome
phagocytosis
A microbody containing enzymes that
transfer hydrogen from various substrates
to oxygen, producing and then degrading
hydrogen peroxide.
Process in which extensions of cytoplasm
surround and engulf large particles and
take them into the cell.
pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell
"gulps" droplets of fluid into tiny vesicles.
plasma
membrane
The membrane at the boundary of every
cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby
regulating the cell's chemical composition.
plasmolysis
This happens when a cell shrinks inside
its cell wall while the cell wall remains
intact.
pressure
potential
This measurement has a minimum value
of 0 (when the solution is open to the
environment); it increases as pressure
increases.
46.
proton pump
An electrogenic pump that works largely
with H+ ions.
47.
rough ER
A network of interconnected membranous
sacs in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm;
covered with ribosomes that make
membrane proteins and secretory proteins.
selective
permeability
A property of a plasma membrane that
allows some substances to cross more
easily than others.
49.
smooth ER
Synthesis of lipids, phospholipids and
steroid sex hormones, and helps detoxify
drugs and toxins.
50.
solute potential
This measurement has a maximum value
of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a
solute increases.
51.
tonicity
The ability of a solution to cause a cell to
gain or lose water; depends partly on
concentration of nonpenetrating solutes
relative to inside of cell.
transmembrane
proteins
Integral proteins that span the membrane.
42.
43.
44.
45.
48.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
transport
An exchange of molecules (and their kinetic
energy and momentum) across the boundary
between adjacent layers of a fluid or across cell
membranes.
transport
protein
A membrane protein that is responsible for
moving hydrophilic substances from one side to
the other.
transport
vesicles
Vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to
another.
turgid
A cell with a cell wall that has a reasonable
amount of pressure but is healthy.
turgor
pressure
The pressure inside of a cell as a cell pushes itself
against the cell wall.
vesicle
Small membrane-bound sac that functions in
moving products into, out of, and within a cell.
water
potential
The physical property predicting the direction in
which water will flow, governed by solute
concentration and applied pressure.