Latin Grammar
Nouns
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
2
3
4
5
6
7
7
Cases: their uses & meanings
1st declension
2nd declension
3rd declension
Neuter nouns
4th declension
5th declension
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
8
8
8
9
9
Adjectives
Rules of agreement
2nd declension
3rd declension
Comparatives & superlatives
Irregular comparatives & superlatives
Page 10
Adverbs
Page
Page
Page
Page
Pronouns
Personal pronouns
Relative pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Pronouns
11
12
12
13
Page 14
Demonstrative adjectives
Page 15
Prepositions
Page 16
Question words
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Verbs
Persons
Conjugations
Present tense
Imperfect tense
Perfect tense
Pluperfect tense
Common irregular verbs
Verbs with irregular perfects
17
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Page 24
Page 24-25
Pages 25-26
Page 26
Parts of verbs
Infinitives
Imperatives
Participles
Gerundives
Page 27
Pages 28-29
Subjunctives
Uses of subjunctives
Page 30
Page 31
Numbers
Time Expressions
Pages 32-35
Appendix 1
“King’s words”
Appendix 2 – test
yourself
1
Pages 36-37
Pages 38
Pages 39-40
Definitions
Catches & irregulars
Latin Grammar
Questions Help sheet
Nouns
In Latin nouns are divided into declensions. A declension is simply a posh
word for a group of nouns.
There are 5 declensions but you only need to know the first 3 well.
All nouns have genders: masculine, feminine, neuter.
Nouns have different case endings.
A case shows the role a noun plays in the sentence.
Cases
Nominative:
Subject of the sentence (person or thing doing the
verb)
Vocative:
Addressing or calling someone by name or title
Accusative:
Object of the sentence (person or thing after the
verb having the verb done to it)
After a preposition
Time Expression (THLAC)
Genitive:
of, ‘s, s’ (Jenny’s case)
Dative
to, for
Following certain verbs
Ablative
by, with, from
After a preposition
Time Expression (TWAB)
To remember the order of case, think of New Vans Are Generally Driven
Awfully.
You may want to write your own version here:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2
1st Declension nouns
1st Declension nouns end in –a in the nom sing and –ae in the gen sing.
Almost all 1st Declension nouns are feminine.
They take the following endings:
Sing
N
V
A
G
D
A
puella
puella
puellam
puellae
puellae
puella
Pl
N
V
A
G
D
A
puellae
puellae
puellas
puellarum
puellis
puellis
Exceptions:
The following nouns are masculine, even if they look feminine.
agricola, nauta, poeta
The following have dat & abl pl endings in –abus.
filia (daughter)
dea (goddess)
filiabus
deabus
This is to avoid confusion with deus (god) and filius (son)
3
2nd Declension nouns
2nd Declension nouns end in –us or -er in the nom sing and –i in the gen
sing.
2nd Declension nouns are masculine (with the exception of neuter ones:
see page 6.)
Sing
N
V
A
G
D
A
servus
serve
servum
servi
servo
servo
puer
puer
puerum
pueri
puero
puero
Pl
N
V
A
G
D
A
servi
servi
servos
servorum
servis
servis
pueri
pueri
pueros
puerorum
pueris
pueris
Exceptions:
Although vir (man) ends in –ir, it is a 2nd declension noun and declines like
puer.
Magister (and the nouns which go like it) go like puer but drop the final
“e” after the voc sing; e.g. (magistrum, magistri etc.)
The following nouns have irregular vocative singulars:
Filius
Deus
fili
di
4
3rd Declension nouns
There is no common model for the nom & voc sing of 3rd declension nouns.
The best we can say is that any noun which does NOT end in –a, -us, um is
probably 3rd declension.
Sing
N
V
A
G
D
A
actor
actor
actorem
actoris
actori
actore
Pl
N
V
A
G
D
A
actores
actores
actores
actorum
actoribus
actoribus
Exceptions:
Some 3rd declension nouns take –i in the ablative singular.
Some 3rd declension nouns take –ium in the genitive plural.
5
Neuter nouns
Unlike French, Latin has a 3rd gender called neuter.
Neuter nouns exist in the 2nd and 3rd declensions.
The rule with neuter nouns is as follows:
Whatever the ending of the nom sing, the voc sing & the acc sing will
always be the same.
The nom, voc & acc pl ALWAYS end in –a.
Neuter nouns in the 2nd declension all go like templum.
Here are the endings:
Sing
N
V
A
G
D
A
2ND Dec
um
um
um
i
o
o
3RD Dec
?
?
?
is
i
e/i
Pl
N
V
A
G
D
A
a
a
a
orum
is
is
(i)a
(i)a
(i)a
(i)um
ibus
ibus
6
4th & 5th declension nouns
You do not need to know these ending but they are listed below. You do
need to know the meaning of a few 4th and 5th declension nouns which are
also below.
4th dec
5th dec
Sing
N
V
A
G
D
A
portus (harbour)
portus
portum
portus
portui
portu
dies (day)
dies
diem
diei
diei
die
Pl
N
V
A
G
D
A
portus
portus
portus
portuum
portibus
portibus
dies
dies
dies
dierum
diebus
diebus
4th & 5th declension words
4th dec
exercitus
domus
manus
metus
portus
5th dec
army
house / home
hand
fear
harbour
dies
fides
res
spes
7
day
faith / loyalty
thing / matter
hope
Adjectives
Adjectives agree with (match) their noun in 3 ways:
Number (Sing. / Pl.)
Case (Nom, Voc etc.)
Gender (M, F, N)
Often the adjective will have the same ending as its noun
e.g.
dominus bonus
Sometimes it does not.
agricola bonus
looks wrong but…
both words are nominative, masculine, singular so they agree.
multi mercatores also looks wrong but…
both words are nominative, masculine, plural, so they agree.
If the adjective does not agree in all 3 ways then you have made a
mistake ! 
Many adjectives are 2nd declension. This means that:
In the feminine, they take the same endings as puella.
In the masculine, they take the same endings as servus.
In the neuter, they take the same endings as templum.
Other adjective are 3rd declension and they have the same endings as 3rd
declension nouns in the masculine & feminine (which are the same endings)
and neuter.
8
Comparison of adjectives
Adjectives can exist in 3 forms: positive, comparative & superlative.
Positive is the “normal” form e.g. big, small, happy, bad
Comparative means: -er, more… e.g. bigger, more big
Superlative means: -est, most…, very… e,g, biggest, most big, very big
Comparatives
They end in –ior in the nom, masc, sing. But do take endings to agree with
the noun e.g. –iorem, ioris, iores.
They decline like 3rd declension nouns.
Superlatives
They have 3 types of endings:
-issimus (longissimus)
-errimus (pulcherrimus)
-illimus (facillimus)
Irregular comparatives & superlatives VERY IMPORTANT
Positive
Bonus (good)
Malus (bad)
Magnus (big)
Parvus (small)
Multus (much)
Comparative
melior
peior
maior
minor
plus (plures)
9
Superlative
optimus
pessimus
maximus
minimus
plurimus
Adverbs
There is no rule about what adverbs look like but below is a list of the
most common ones on which you are tested – especially on the grammar
sections which asks you to find adverbs.
Latin
bene
celeriter
diu
forte
fortiter
frustra
heri
hodie
iam
iterum, rursus
lente
magnopere
mox
non
numquam
nunc
olim
paene
quoque
saepe
semper
sic
statim
subito
tandem
tum
English
well
quickly
for a long time
by chance
bravely
in vain
yesterday
today
now, already
again
slowly
greatly
soon
not
never
now
once
almost
also
often
always
in this way
at once
suddenly
at last
then
10
Pronouns
There are 4 types of pronoun you need you need to know:
Personal pronouns
Relative pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
Pronouns (general)
Personal pronouns
A personal pronoun is a word which replaces a person’s name or title.
These ONLY refer to: I (me), you, we (us)
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
I
You (s)
We
You (pl)
ego
me
mei
mihi
me
tu
te
tui
tibi
te
nos
nos
nostri / nostrum
nobis
nobis
vos
vos
vestri /vestrum
vobis
vobis
You will quite often find the ablative for with me, you etc. However the
cum (with) is on the end of the pronoun not before it as with nouns.
e.g.
tecum – with you
mecum – with me
nobiscum – with us
vobiscum – with you
11
Relative pronouns
These mean who, which
M
F
N
Sing
N
A
G
D
A
qui
quem
cuius
cui
quo
quae
quam
cuius
cui
qua
quod
quod
cuius
cui
quo
Pl
N
A
G
D
A
qui
quos
quorum
quibus
quibus
quae
quas
quarum
quibus
quibus
quae
quae
quorum
quibus
quibus
Reflexive pronouns
These only refer to himself, herself, itself, themselves.
They have no nominative and the ending for sing & pl are the same.
You have to work out from the sense of the sentence whether it refers
to himself, herself, itself, themselves.
A
G
D
A
se
sui
sibi
se
Again you will see the cum (with) on the end.
e.g. secum – with him(self), her(self), it(self), them (selves)
12
Pronouns (general)
Is, ea, id
These little words mean: he, she, it
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
is
eum
eius
ei
eo
ea
eam
eius
ei
ea
id
id
eius
ei
eo
ei
eos
eorum
eis
eis
eae
eas
earum
eis
eis
ea
ea
eorum
eis
eis
Plural
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
13
Demonstrative adjectives
These are adjectives which demonstrate which noun is being talked about.
Is it this (these) one or that (those) ones?
Hic, haec, hoc
This / these
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
hic
hunc
huius
huic
hoc
haec
hanc
huius
huic
hac
hoc
hoc
huius
huic
hoc
Plural
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
hi
hos
horum
his
his
hae
has
harum
his
his
haec
haec
horum
his
his
Ille, Illa, Illud
That / those
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
ille
illum
illius
illi
illo
illa
illam
illius
illi
illa
illud
illud
illius
illi
illo
Plural
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
illi
illos
illorum
illis
illis
illae
illas
illarum
illis
illis
illa
illa
illorum
illis
illis
14
Prepositions
Prepositions are small words which come before a noun (pre-) often
showing where the noun is (position).
In Latin prepositions can only be followed by two cases: ACCUSATIVE or
ABLATIVE
Prepositions
+
Accusative
Prepositions
+
Ablative
ad
ante
a (ab)
cum
By, from
With
circum
To, towards
Before, in front
of
around
de
contra
inter
Against
Between, among
e (ex)
pro
per
post
prope
Propter
super
trans
Through, along
After, behind
Near
On account of
Above
across
sine
sub
About, down
from
Out of
In front of, on
behalf of
Without
under
NB
“a” becomes “ab” and “e” becomes “ex” when the word following it
starts with a vowel.
e.g. ab Italia
You will almost always see sine followed by mora meaning without delay
THE BELOW IS A HUGE EXAM CATCH.
“In” is the only preposition which can be followed by ablative and
accusative…BUT…
In + acc = into, onto
In + abl = in, on
15
Question words
-ne (on end of 1st word) Simple question (like est-ce que in French)
nonne
Surely…?
num
Surely…not?
ubi
where?
quo
to where?
unde
from where?
quis
who?
quid
what?
cur
why?
quo modo
how?
quot
how many?
16
Verbs
In Latin verbs are divided into conjugations. A conjugation is simply a
posh word for a group of verbs.
There are 4 conjugations.
1st:
2nd:
3rd:
4th:
porto, portare, portavi, portatum
doceo,docere, docui, doctum
traho, trahere, traxi, tractum
audio, audire, audivi, auditum
When you look up a verb in the back of your book or a dictionary, you will
see it laid out as above. The 4 parts of the verb are called principal parts.
These show:
present tense
Present infinitive
Perfect tense
Perfect passive participle
To find out which conjugation a verb is in you need to look at the present
tense and the infinitive.
Persons
Just like in French a verb has 6 persons.
1st person sing
2nd pers sing
3rd pers sing
I
you
he, she, it
1st pers pl
2nd pers pl
3rd pers pl
we
you
they
Tenses
A tense tells you when a verb is done. In Latin there are 6 tenses but you
only need to know 4: present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect
17
Present tense
This means: I carry, I do carry, I am carrying.
The endings are:
I
You
He, she, it
We
You
They
-o
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
porto
portas
portat
portamus
portatis
portant
doceo
doces
docet
docemus
docetis
docent
traho
trahis
trahit
trahimus
trahitis
trahunt
audio
audis
audit
audimus
auditis
audiunt
Note that:
the 1st conj keeps the a
the 2nd conj keeps the e
the 4th conj keeps the i
18
Imperfect tense
This means: I was carrying, I used to carry.
Keep your eyes open for
–ba-
The endings are:
I
You
He, she, it
We
You
They
-bam
-bas
-bat
-bamus
-batis
-bant
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portabam
portabas
portabat
portabamus
portabatis
portabant
docebam
docebas
docebat
docebamus
docebatis
docebant
trahebam
trahebas
trahebat
trahebamus
trahebatis
trahebant
audiebam
audiebas
audiebat
audiebamus
audiebatis
audiebant
Note that:
the 1st conj keeps the a
the 2nd conj keeps the e
the 4th conj keeps the i
19
Perfect tense
This means: I carried, I have carried
Very often, before the ending you will see: v, ss, x, s, u
The endings are:
I
You
He, she, it
We
You
They
-i
-isti
-it
-imus
-istis
-erunt
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portavi
portavisti
portavit
portavimus
portavistis
portaverunt
docui
docuisti
docuit
docuimus
docuistis
docuerunt
traxi
traxisti
traxit
traximus
traxistis
traxerunt
audivi
audivisti
audivit
audivimus
audivistis
audiverunt
Note that:
the
the
the
the
1st conj keeps the a and adds a v
2nd conj changes to a u
3rd conj changes its stem (main part of the verb)
4th conj keeps the i and adds a v
20
Pluperfect tense
This means: I had carried
You take the perfect stem (often v, u, x, s, ss) (which is used to make the
perfect tense) and add the endings (which are the imperfect of sum).
The endings are:
I
You
He, she, it
We
You
They
-eram
-eras
-erat
-eramus
-eratis
-erant
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portaveram
portaveras
portaverat
portaveramus
portaveratis
portaverant
docueram
docueras
docuerat
docueramus
docueratis
docuerant
traxeram
traxeras
traxerat
traxeramus
traxeratis
traxerant
audiveram
audiveras
audiverat
audiveramus
audiveratis
audiverant
Note that:
the
the
the
the
1st conj keeps the a
2nd conj changes to a u
3rd conj changes its stem (main part of the verb)
4th conj keeps the i
21
Irregular verbs
These are the key Irregular verbs which you will need to know.
Esse – To be
Posse – To be able to (can)
Velle – To want Nolle – To not want
Ferre – To bring/carry
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
possum (1)
potes
potest
possumus
potestis
possunt
volo
vis
vult
volumus
vultis
volunt
nolo
non vis
non vult
nolumus
non vultis
nolunt
(2)
Imperfect
eram
eras
poteram
poteras
volebam
volebas
Perfect
fui
fuisti
fuit
potui
potuisti
potuit
Pluperfect
fueram
potueram
(1)
Possum was originally potens sum (I am powerful). This was shortened to potsum
which became possum as it was easier to say.
This explains why there is a t. The t appears when the following part of sum starts with an e. (potEst).
Nolo was originally non volo. This was shortened to nolo as it was easier to say. The non remains when the part of volo does NOT
contains an o. (nolo but non vIs).
Eo is the verb which looks like an ending without a verb to stick to!
This has got to be the most largest change in stem from the present tense: fero becomes tuli!
Present
(2)
(3)
(4)
Ire – To go
fero
fers
fert
ferimus
fertis
ferunt
eo (3)
is
it
imus
itis
eunt
nolebam
nolebas
ferebam
ferebas
ibam
ibas
volui
voluisti
voluit
nolui
noluisti
noluit
tuli
(4)
tulisti
tulit
ii
iisti
iit
volueram
nolueram
tuleram
ieram
22
Common verbs with irregular perfect tenses
do
sto
dare
stare
dedi
steti
I gave
I stood
iubeo
maneo
rideo
iubere
manere
ridere
iussi
mansi
risi
I ordered
I stayed, remained
I smiled, laughed
ago
cogo
curro
dico
discedo
duco
gero
mitto
pello
pono
rego
scribo
trado
traho
vinco
agere
cogere
currere
dicere
discedere
ducere
gerere
mittere
pellere
ponere
regere
scribere
tradere
trahere
vincere
egi
coegi
cucurri
dixi
discessi
duxi
gessi
misi
pepuli
posui
rexi
scripsi
tradidi
traxi
vici
I did, drove
I forced
I ran
I said
I left, departed
I lead
I waged, wore
I sent
I drove
I put
I ruled
I wrote
I handed over
I dragged
I conquered
capio
facio
iacio
interficio
capere
facere
iacere
interficere
cepi
feci
ieci
interfeci
I took, captured
I did, made
I threw
I killed
fero
ferre
tuli
I carried, brought
23
Parts of verbs
Infinitives
This is the part of the verb which means “to…”
It always ends in –re
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portare
docere
trahere
audire
There are 4 exceptions:
sum
possum
volo
nolo
esse
posse
velle
nolle
Imperatives
An imperative is an order or a command. They come at the start of the
sentence not at the end and are followed by an exclamation mark!
In English we simply say the verb.
e.g. Run! Stop! Attack!
Conjugation
Singular
Plural
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
-a
-e
-e
-i
-ate
-ete
-ite
-ite
There are 4 “comedy” irregular imperatives:
fero
dico
facio
duco
fer
dic
fac
duc
(bring)
(say, tell)
(make, do)
(lead, take)
24
The negative imperative
This means Don’t…
You use the imperative of nolo: noli (sing), nolite (pl) and follow it with the
infinitive.
e.g.
nolite oppugnare
Don’t attack
Participles
A participle is a verbal adjective. This means that it is part of a verb but
acts like an adjective which means that it agrees with its noun in number,
case and gender.
Present participle
It means: -ing.
The endings you must look for are: -ans, –ens, or –nt- near the end e.g:
-antem, -antes and -entem, -entes.
These decline like a 3rd declension adjective.
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portans, -antis
docens, -entis
trahens, -entis
audiens, -entis
Perfect passive participle (PPP)
This means: having been …-ed
It is also the last of the principal parts when you look up a verb.
These decline like a 2nd declension adjective.
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portatus, a, um
doctus, a, um
tractus, a, um
auditus, a, um
25
Perfect active participle (PAP)
This means: having …-ed
Very few verbs have a PAP. These decline like a 2nd declension adjective.
-gressus
adeptus
conspicatus
hortatus
locutus
passus
profectus
precatus
secutus
suspicatus
versus
having gone ( this could take lots of prefixes; e.g.
egressus – having gone out)
having obtained
having caught sight of
having encouraged
having spoken
having suffered
having set out
having prayed
having followed
having suspected
having turned
Gerundives
This is a part of a verb which means “necessary / must”
The verb will always end in: -ndum est.
e.g.
laborandum est
fugiendum est
The person who is having to do the gerundive is always in the dative case,
as what Latin is literally saying is:
It is necessary for me to work (I must work)
e.g.
mihi laborandum est
I must work (it is necessary for me to work)
servo hic manendum est
The slave must stay here (it is necessary for the slave to
stay here)
26
Subjunctives
At your level of Latin, you will never see a subjunctive on its own. It will
always be part of a clause / construction. (See below).
You will meet 2 tenses of subjunctive.
The most common one is the imperfect subjunctive.
Imperfect subjunctive
To form this, you simply take the present infinitive and add the following
endings:
-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt.
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portarem
docerem
traherem
audirem
There are NO exceptions.
Pluperfect subjunctive
You will only see this after cum (and very rarely in an indirect question).
It is formed by taking the perfect stem (3rd principal part without the
ending) and adding the following endings:
-issem, -isses, -isset, -issemus, -issetis, -issent
1st conj
2nd conj
3rd conj
4th conj
portavissem
docuissem
traxissem
audivissem
27
Use of subjunctive
There are 5 clauses or constructions where you will see a subjunctive.
1
Cum + Pluperfect subjunctive
This means when something had happened.
e.g. Cum Romani hostes oppugnavissent.
When the Romans HAD attacked the enemy
You can also find cum + the imperfect subjunctive (When/while
something was happening)
NB cum can still mean with, when it is followed by the ablative
case (and not the subjunctive)
2
Indirect questions
An indirect question is a sentence which contains a question
word but does not have a question mark.
e.g.: I asked her where she lived.
Question words in Indirect Questions
Quis
Quid
Quo modo
Ubi
Cur
who
what
how
where
why
In an indirect question the verb (after the question word) will
always be in subjunctive (imperfect or pluperfect).
28
3
Purpose Clause
This is the most common of the constructions.
It means : (in order) to
e.g. I went shopping to buy some eggs.
In Latin you will see ut (negative ne ( in order not to)).
This will always be followed by a Subjunctive (imperfect).
4
Indirect commands
This is exactly the same as a purpose clause (ut/ne + imperfect
subjunctive)
EXCEPT
Before the ut/ne you will see a verb of ordering or commanding.
impero
moneo
persuadeo
oro
rogo
5
I order
I warn / advise
I persuade
I beg
I ask
Result clause
This is a sentence which contains a so word, ut (ut non) and an
(imperfect) subjunctive.
In this construction ut means that.
So words
adeo
tam
tantus
tot
(so with a verb)
(so with an adverb or an adjective)
(so great / big)
(so many)
29
Numbers
Numbers are divided into 2 groups: cardinal and ordinal.
Cardinals are “normal” numbers.
Ordinals are when you want to put things in an order (1st, 2nd , 3rd etc)
Cardinals
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1000
Ordinals
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
unus, a, um
duo
tres, tria
quattuor
quinque
sex
septem
octo
novem
decem
undecim
duodecim
tredecim
quattuordecim
quindecim
viginti
triginta
quadraginta
quinquaginta
sexaginta
septuaginta
octoginta
nonaginta
centum
mille, milia
primus, a, um
secundus, a, um
tertius, a, um
quartus, a, um
quintus, a, um
sextus, a, um
septimus, a, um
octavus, a, um
nonus, a, um
decimus, a, um
These ordinals decline like 2nd
declension adjectives
30
Time Expressions
Time expressions exist in only TWO cases: Acc & Abl
Time
How
Long
ACcusative
When the time expression is in the Accusative, we translate with the
word “For” (This is the answer to a “how long” question e.g. How long are
you going to Spain for? For 10 days.)
e.g. duas horas
multos dies
for 2 hours
for many days
Time
When
ABlative
When the time expression is in the Ablative, we translate with the words
“in”, “on” or “at” (This is the answer to a “When” question, e.g. When are
you going to Spain? In 10 days / on Monday.
e.g. septem diebus in 7 days
secunda hora
on the second hour
31
Appendix 1
“King’s Words”
Below is a list of words which King’s boys find very difficult to remember.
Included, too, are ways to help remember some of them:
do
trado
traho
dare
tradere
trahere
dedi
tradidi
traxi
datum
traditum
tractum
I give
I hand over
I drag
Remember:
You give a donation.
When you trade, you have to hand something over
A tractor drags a plough.
habito
habeo
habitare
habere
habitavi
habui
habitatum
habitum
I live
I have
(ad)iutum
auditum
I help
I hear
I dare
monitum
mansum
I warn, advise
I stay, remain
Remember:
An inhabitant lives somewhere.
(ad)iuvo
audio
audeo
(ad)iuvare
audire
audere
(ad)iuvi
audivi
Remember:
Someone who is audacious is daring
moneo
maneo
monere
manere
monui
mansi
Remember:
You want to stay in a manor or a mansion.
32
pugno
oppugno
occupo
pugnare
oppugnare
occupare
pugnavi
oppugnavi
occupavi
pugnatum
oppugnatum
occupatum
I fight
I attack
I seize
Remember:
Someone who is pugnacious always wants to fight.
To occupy somewhere, you have to seize it first.
contendo
curro
contendere contendi
currere
cucurri
contentum
cursum
I hurry
I run
Remember:
After a curry you might well need to run!
descendo
discedo
descendere descendi
discedere discessi
descensum
discessum
I go down
I leave, depart
venio
advenio
invenio
venire
advenire
invenire
ventum
adventum
inventum
I come
I arrive
I find
veni
adveni
inveni
Remember:
A venue is a place to which everyone comes.
An advent calendar shows when Christmas is going to arrive.
An invention helps you find an easier way of doing something.
capio
cupio
capere
cupere
cepi
cupivi
dico
duco
dicere
ducere
dixi
duxi
captum
cupitum
dictum
ductum
Remember:
A Duke leads an army
33
I take, capture
I want, desire
I say, tell
I lead
fugio
effugio
fugere
effugere
fugi
effugi
timeo
terreo
terra
timere
terrere
timui
terrui
fugitum
effugitum
I flee
I escape
territum
I am afraid
I frighten
land
Remember:
If you are timid, you are afraid but a terrorist frightens you
dormio
dominus
donum
dormire
dormivi
dormitum
I sleep
master
gift
Remember:
You sleep in a dormitory, a donation is a gift and a master dominates
absum
adsum
abesse
adesse
quam
I am absent, away
I am present, here
quamquam
numquam
postquam
antequam
how (with an adjective), than (with a comparative
adjective, who / which (relative pronoun)
although
never
after
before
tandem
tamen
at last
however
miser
miserunt
wretched
they sent
ad
a, ab
to
from, by
iter (itineris)
itaque
iterum
journey
and so
again
(mitto, mittere, misi, missum)
(You ad(d) one thing to another)
34
Remember:
An itinerary is the plan of a journey
filius
filia
son
daughter
deus
dea
god
goddess
patria
pater, patris
country, homeland
father
ira
iratus
anger
angry
via
vita
road, street
life
quis?
quid?
who?
what?
nos
noster
we, us
our
totus
tutus
whole
safe
carus
clarus
dear
clear, famous
fortis
forte
fortiter
strong, brave
by chance
bravely
ibi
ubi
there
where, when
mox
nox
soon
night
35
Appendix 2
Use the notes above to help you fill in definitions of the words below:
Verbs
Conjugation……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Infinitive…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Tenses……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Participle………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Imperative…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Subjunctive……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Person……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Gerundive……………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………
Nouns
Declension………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Case………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Gender……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Adjectives
Positive…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Comparative……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
36
Superlative………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Agreement………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Odds and Ends
Pronouns…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Relative pronouns………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Personal pronouns………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Reflexive pronouns……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Prepositions……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Adverbs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Conjunctions………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Quam words……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Demonstrative adjectives…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Time expressions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Constructions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
37
Use your notes to fill in below any notes about what might be a catch or
irregular about the titles below.
1st Declension Nouns........................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2nd Declension Nouns........................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Neuter Nouns...................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Adjectives with irregular comparatives and superlatives.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Common adverbs.............................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Prepositions.................................................................................................
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Verbs with irregular infinitives
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Verbs with irregular imperatives
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Why subjunctive
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………
38
Latin Grammar Questions Help Sheet
These notes are designed to help with the eight questions on the paper which ask you to find
an example of a certain grammatical feature.
1
A verb in the imperfect tense
Look for BA in the ending (eram, eras,
erat etc., aberam, aderam and poteram
are the only verbs without BA)
2
A verb in the perfect tense
Look for 3rd Principal Part (PP3)
(often the letters V, X, S, SS, U appear just before the ending)
3
A verb in the pluperfect tense
Look for PP3 (often with a V, X, S, SS, U just before the ending) +
eram, eras, erat etc.
4
A noun in the nominative case
This means the subject of a sentence.
You expect the 1st noun in a sentence to be nominative.
5
A noun in the vocative case
This is someone being spoken to. It will always be in speech marks. It often has a
comma on one or both sides of it.
6
A noun in the accusative case
This is the object and will usually be in the middle of a sentence.
The noun after many prepositions will also be accusative.
7
A noun in the ablative case
Look for one of Clara’s prepositions (e, a, de, ex, ab, cum, in). The noun after it
will be ablative.
8
A cardinal number
Write a number from 1-1000.
9
An ordinal number
Write a number from 1st-10th.
10
An adverb
Top answer is non. Also look out for subito, bene, mox.
39
11
A conjunction
Top answer is et. Also look out for sed.
12
A preposition followed by the ablative case
Write one of Clara’s prepositions (e, a, de, ex, ab, cum, in)
13
A preposition followed by the accusative case
Write a preposition which isn’t one of Clara’s.
14
A subjunctive verb
Give the verb after ‘ut’ or ‘ne’. ‘cum’ can also have a subjunctive after it instead of
an ablative noun.
15
A comparative adjective
Look for –IOR- in an adjective.
16
A superlative adjective
Look for –SS- in an adjective.
NB irregulars (maximus, minimus, optimus, pessimus, plurimus)
17
A present participle
Look for a verb with the letters –NS or –NT- (before the ending)
18
A personal pronoun
Look for part of ego, tu, nos or vos.
19
A relative pronoun
Look for part of qui, quae, quod.
20
An infinitive
Look for 2nd Principal Part (verb ending in –RE)
N.B. esse, posse, velle, nolle
21
An imperative
Look for a verb ending in –A, -E, -I or –TE.
An imperative will always be in speech marks and often comes 1st word (unusual for a
verb) and often is followed by !
22
A gerundive
Look for a verb with –ndum at the end.
40