Slide 1
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Chapter Seven
Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Slide 2
What is deviance?
• Deviance is any behavior, a belief, or condition that
violates significant social norms in the society or
group in which it occurs
• deviance is a formal property of social situations and
social structure
• deviance is a property conferred by audiences
• deviance is relative and it varies in its degree of
seriousness
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Slide 3
What is deviance?
• some forms of deviant behavior are officially defined
as a crime
– Crime is behavior that violates criminal law and is
punishable with fines, jail terms, or other sanctions
• all societies have norms that govern acceptable
behavior and mechanisms of social control
– Social control is systematic practices developed by social
groups to encourage conformity and to discourage
deviance
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Slide 4
Studying Deviance
• criminology is the systematic study of crime
and the criminal justice system, including
police, courts, and prisons
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Slide 5
Functionalist perspectives on deviance
• Emile Durkheim regarded deviance as a
natural and inevitable part of all societies
• deviance is universal because it serves three
important functions
– deviance clarifies roles
– deviance unites group
– deviance promotes social change
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Slide 6
Strain Theory
• According to strain theory, people feel strain
when they are exposed to cultural goals that
they are unable to obtain because they do not
have access to culturally approved means of
achieving those goals
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Slide 7
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Strain Theory
• Robert Merton identified five ways in which
people adapt to cultural goals and approved
ways of achieving them
– conformity
– innovation
– ritualism
– retreatism
– rebellion
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1910-2003
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Slide 8
Opportunity Theory
• according to Richard Clower and Lloyd Ohlin,
for deviance to occur people must have access
to illegitimate opportunity structures
– circumstances that provide an opportunity for
people to acquire through illegitimate activities
what they cannot achieve through legitimate
channels
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Slide 9
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Slide 10
symbolic interactionist perspectives on
deviance
• differential association theory states that
individuals have a greater tendency to deviate
from societal norms when they frequently
associated with those who are more favorably
inclined towards deviance and conformity
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Slide 11
symbolic interactionist perspectives on
deviance
• criminologist Ronald Akers has combined
differential association theory with elements
of psychological learning theory to create
differential reinforcement theory
• deviant behavior and conventional behavior
are learned through the same social process
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Slide 12
symbolic interactionist perspectives on
deviance
• social bond theory holds that probability of deviant
behavior increases when a person's ties to society
are weakened or broken
• social bonding consist of
–
–
–
–
attachments to other people
commitment to conformity
involvement and conventional activities
belief in the legitimacy of conventional values and norms
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Slide 13
symbolic interactionist perspectives on
deviance
• Labeling Theory states that deviants are those people
who have been successfully labeled as such by others
– primary deviance is the initial act of role breaking
– secondary deviance occurs when a person who has been
labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues
the deviant behavior
– tertiary deviance occurs when a person has been labeled a
deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by re-labeling it as
non-deviant
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Slide 14
Conflict perspectives on deviance
• according to conflict theorists, people in positions of
power maintain their advantage by using laws to
protect their own interests
• according to the critical approach, the ways laws are
made and enforced benefits the capitalist class by
ensuring that individuals at the bottom of the social
class structure do not infringe on the property or
threaten the safety of those at the top
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Slide 15
postmodernist expressions on deviance
• according to the postmodernist such as Foucault, the intertwining
nature of power, knowledge, and social control is the nexus and
which deviance and crime are defined
• in explaining prisons, Foucault uses the concept of Panoptican -- - a structure that his prison officials the possibility of complete
observation over criminals at all times to demonstrate social
control
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Slide 16
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Slide 17
crime classifications and statistics
• crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanors
based on a seriousness of the crime
• sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are
committed and how society views the offenses
• conventional or street crime is all violent crime,
certain property crimes, and certain moral crimes
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Slide 18
crime classifications and statistics
• occupational or white-collar crime are illegal
activities committed by people in the course
of their employment or financial affairs
• corporate crime is an illegal act committed by
corporate employees own behalf of the
corporation and with its support
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Slide 19
crime classifications and statistics
• organized crime is a business operation that supplies
illegal goods and services for profit
• political crime refers to illegal or unethical acts
involving the usurpation of power by government
officials or:
– illegal unethical acts perpetrated against the government
by outsiders seeking to make a political statement
– Attempting to undermine or overthrow the government
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Slide 20
crime classifications and statistics
• official crime statistics such as those found in the
uniform crime report provide important information
on crime
– however the data reflect only those crimes have been
reported to the police
• The national crime victimization survey has made
researchers aware that the incident of some crimes
such actually is substantially higher than reported in
the UCR
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Slide 21
crime classifications and statistics
• Crime statistics do not reflect many crimes
committed by persons of professional
economic status in the course of business
because they are handled by administrative or
quasi-judicial bodies
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Slide 22
gender and crime
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• the three most common arrest categories for
both men and women are
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– driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs
– larceny
– minor criminal mischief types of offenses
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Slide 23
gender and crime
• liquor law violations such as underage drinking,
simple assault, and disorderly conduct are middle
range offenses for both men and women
• the rate of arrest for murder, arson, and
embezzlement are relatively low for both men and
women
• there is a proportionately greater involvement of
men in major property crimes and violent crimes
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Slide 24
age and crime
• arrest rates for index crimes are highest for
people between the ages of 13 and 25, with
the most between 16 and 17
• rates of arrest are higher for males than
females at every age and for nearly all
offenses
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Slide 25
social class and crime
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• individuals from all social classes
commit crimes
– they simply commit different kinds of
crimes
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• persons from lower socioeconomic
backgrounds are more likely to be
arrested for violent and property
crimes
– only a very small proportion of individuals
who commit white-collar worker crimes
will ever be arrested or convicted
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Slide 26
race and crime
• in 2010, whites accounted for 64 percent of all arrest
for index crimes
– arrest rates for whites were higher in nonviolent property
crimes such as fraud and larceny theft
– but were lower than for the rates of African-Americans in
crimes such as robbery in murder
• In 2010 whites constituted about 66 percent of all
arrests for property crimes and more than 59
percent of arrest for violent crimes
• African-Americans account for over 30 percent of
arrest for violent crimes and 31 percent of arrest for
property crimes
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Slide 27
race and crime
• arrest records tend to produce over
generalizations about who commits crime
because arrest statistics are not an accurate
reflection of the crimes actually committed in
our society
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Slide 28
crime victims
• men are more likely to be victimized by crime,
although women tend to be more fearful of crime,
especially those directed towards them such as
forcible rate
• the elderly also tend to be more fearful crime, but
are the least likely to be victimized
• young men of color between the ages 12 and 24
have the highest criminal victimization rates
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Slide 29
crime victims
• the burden of robbery victimization falls more
heavily on
– males than females
– African-Americans more than whites
– young people more than middle age or older
persons
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Slide 30
the criminal justice system
• the criminal justice system includes the police, the
courts, and prisons
• the system is a collection of bureaucracies
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– The system possesses considerable discretion
• the use of personal judgment regarding whether to take action on
a situation and so what kind of action to take
• the police are responsible for crime control and
maintenance of order
• the courts determine the guilt or innocence of those
accused to committing a crime
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Slide 31
the criminal justice system
• punishment is any action designed to deprive a
person of the things of value including Liberty
because of something that the person is thought to
have done
• Disparate treatment of the poor, people of color, and
women is evident in the prison system
• the medicalization of deviance is the transformation
of deviance into a medical problem that requires
treatment by physician
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Slide 32
the criminal justice system
• for many years capital punishment or the
death penalty has been used in the United
States
– about 4000 executions have occurred in the U.S.
since 1930, and scholars document race and class
biases in the imposition of the death penalty in
this country
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Slide 33
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Slide 34
What to do about crime?
• Although many people in the United States agree
that crime is one of the most important problems
facing the country, they are divided about what to do
about it
• the best approach for reducing delinquency and
crime is prevention
– work with people before they become juvenile offenders
so as to help them establish family relationships, of selfesteem, choose a career, and get an education which will
help them pursue the Career
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Slide 35
What to do about crime?
• as long as racism, sexism, the class system,
and ageism exist in our society people will see
deviant and criminal behavior through
selective lenses
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Slide 36
The global criminal economy
• global crime
– networking of powerful criminal organizations and their
associates and shared activities around the world is
relatively new phenomenon
• networking and strategic alliances between criminal
networks have been key factors in successive
criminal organizations that have sought to expand
the criminal activities over the past two decades
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Slide 37
The global criminal economy
• recent studies have concluded that reducing
global crime will require a global response
including the cooperation of law-enforcement
agencies prosecutors and intelligence services
across geopolitical boundaries.
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