Midterm Exam Study Guide
Enlightenment
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Enlightenment Ideas
Natural Law and order
-ideas came from Scientific
Revolution
Stressed the individual
Progress and reason
Questioned established ways
Natural rights and freedoms
Democracy-power to govern
comes from the people
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Enlightenment Thinkers
Thomas Hobbes- people are naturally cruel & selfish
John Locke- people are born with natural rights à
life, liberty, & property
Voltaire- freedom of speech
Rousseau- will of the majority
Montesquieu- separation of powers
French Revolution
Causes of the French Revolution
A. Social Class Structure- 3 Estates
1. First Estate- Clergy (Priests, Bishops, Cardinal, Archbishop)
• Very wealthy, many privileges
• Owned 20 % of land
2. Second Estate- Nobility, Royalty (King, Nobles)
• Very wealthy, enjoyed many privileges
• Owned 10% of the land
3. Third Estate- Bourgeoisie (Middle Class), Bankers, Merchants, Lawyers, Doctors,
City Workers, Peasants
• Owned 70 % of land
• 96% of population (27 million people)
• Most were very poor and unhappy
B. Old Regime
• No privileges
• Taxes & feudal dues
• Tithes & business restrictions
• NO SOCIAL MOBILITY
C. Absolute Monarch – King Louis XVI (16th)
D. Enlightenment Ideas
E. American Revolution inspires French
E. Guillotine- killing machine used during Robespiesrre’s Reign of Terror
Effects of the French Revolution:
A. Napoleon Bonaparte- Dictator- unlimited power- defeated by Russia’s harsh winter
Reforms:
• Ends estate system
• Talent not birth determined high
positions
• Ends absolute monarchy
• Public school system
• France is a united nationNATIONALISM
• Legal code developed
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Abolishes feudal dues
Central banking system
B. Middle Class gained political power and influence
C. Congress of Vienna: to return Europe to the way it was before the French Revolution
1. Peace Plan
2. Settle land disputes- Redrew map of Europe
3. Maintain peace & stability- Balance of Power- so 1 nation doesn’t become too strong
4. Wipe out ideas of Napoleon
5. Reestablish old monarchies or regimes
Latin American Revolution
Causes of Independence Movements in Latin America
• Absolute Monarch rule of Spain & Portugal
• Enlightenment Ideas- Democracy & Social Reforms
• American & French Revolution
• Growth of Nationalism-pride or love in your country
• Mercantilism
• Resentment of colonial rule & social class structure
• Revolutionary leaders emerge
• Encomienda System- forced labor of Indians
People who led Independence Movements in Latin America:
1. Toussaint L’Ouverture- slave, led the 1st successful revolt for independence in Haiti
2. Miguel Hidalgo- priest, led an unsuccessful revolt in Mexico
3. Simon Bolivar- son of criollo, led struggle for independence in N. South America, supported
the French & American Revolutions
4. Jose de San Martin- son of criollo, led struggle for independence in S. South America
Unification of Germany & Italy
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Lack political unity in Germany and Italy
Unifying Germany with Otto von Bismarck
1. Took Schleswig & Holstein from Denmark1864
2. Defeated Austria-1866
3. Franco-Prussian War- 1870
4. Otto von Bismarck-“Blood & Iron”- war
Results of German Unification
1. Economic- iron & coal resources, banking
system
2. Education- science, highly skilled workers
3. Industrial- chemical, electrical
4. Political- anti-Catholic church, anti-Socialist
5. Military- munitions
Leaders of Unification in Italy
1. Garibaldi- led “Red Shirts” to gain
independence, “the sword”
Italy: Effects of Unification
1. Rich North, Poor South
2. Competition between Church & State
3. Lack of Democracy
4. Labor problems-Socialists & Anarchists
5. Emigration- large population
2. Mazzini- rebel, founded “Young Italy”, “the
soul”
3. Cavour- led war of independence in Northern
Italy, “the brain” using diplomatic strategy
Industrial Revolution
Why the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain:
1. Natural Resources- coal, iron ore, good harbors
2. Adequate food supply
3. Markets-colonies created a heavy demand for products
4. Population- skilled workers, entrepreneurs, farmers to cities
5. Agricultural Changes- “Green Revolution”
6. Stable Government
Effects of Industrial Revolution
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Exploitation of workers- women and children
Middle class increased
Urbanization- growth of cities because workers move to cities
Increased production à increased demand
Labor reforms/unions
New technologies- textiles, steam, electricity, locomotives, railroads
Interdependence
Capitalism
Nationalism
Economic Systems
Capitalism-economic system in which the means of production & distribution are PRIVATELY
OWNED AND OPERATED for PRIVATE PROFIT
A. Capital- $$$- needed to: 1. Start industrialization, 2. Build factories, 3. Buy raw materials,
4. Pay workers
B. Laissez-faire- “Hands Off”- no government regulation on business- Adam Smith
C. Basic Principles:
a. Private ownership
b. Free enterprise or free market- free to enter any business
c. Profit
d. Competition
e. Market economy- supply and demand determine prices of goods
f. Entrepreneurs invest their $
Communism- inspired by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels during Industrial Revolution in England
A. History is a constant struggle between the poor working class (proletariat) and rich owners
B. Workers unite to overthrow capitalists
C. Government controls planning and then dissolves
D. Communist Manifesto by Marx is anti-capitalist
IMPERIALISM
Causes
1. Industrial Revolution
a. need for raw materials (cont.
industrializing)
b. need for foreign markets ($$)
Effects in Africa
1. New boundary lines
a. tribes divided/combined
b. traditions lost, culture disregarded
2. Taxes- Africans forced to pay
2. Nationalism
a. build pride in “Mother Country”
3. Exploitation of colonies and people
3. Military/Strategic
a. ports
b. Suez Canal- fast travel
c. soldiers
4. Best land taken by Europeans
4. Humanitarian
a. “White Man’s Burden”-duty
b. Missionaries- spread Christianity
c. Social Darwinism-“survival of the
fittest”
6. Nationalism- against foreign (Western) nations
5. Improved education, transportation,
communication systems
7. Population growth
5. Exploratory
a. Discover new lands and medicines
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Berlin Conference- divide up Africa to multiple European countries à “Scramble for Africa”
Successful due to advanced technology & weapons
India:
1. Trade/goods- cotton tea, silk, indigo
2. British East India Company
3. India was easy to take:
a. Country fragmented
b. Diversity- many languages & culture
c. Lack of unity
4. Sepoy Rebellion-wanted to drive out foreigners; went against Hindu & Muslim tradition with
bullet cartridges
a. Troops revolt
b. Indian nationalism grows
5. Effects of British Imperialism
a. Parliamentary Government
b. Modernization- railroads, schools
China:
1. Isolation- mountains, deserts, rainforest
2. Causes:
a. Industrial Revolution-need for markets
b. Trade issues- unequal balance of trade
c. European military & technology superiority
3. Opium War- open ports for trade & create spheres of influence
4. Unequal Treaties- Treaty of Nanjing
a. Unfair to China
5. Spheres of Influence- commercial advantages for Western powers
6. Taiping Rebellion/Boxer Rebellion- peasant revolts to drive out foreigners
Japan:
1. Meiji Restoration
a. M: Modernize- change Constitution and open to the West (US- Commodore Perry)
i. shift from feudal system under Shogun to Emperor and Parliament (Diet)
b. I: Industrialize- factories, machines, and increase in industries
c. I: Imperialize- expand into Korea & Manchuria for natural resources
i. defeat China & Russia
Terms & Vocabulary
1. Age of Reason- name given to the period in Europe and America during the 1700s when mankind
was emerging from centuries of ignorance in to a new age enlightened by reason, science, and respect for
humanity
2. Balance of Power- equal amounts of military & economic power among countries so that no one nation
becomes too strong or powerful
3. Bourgeoisie- middle class (in France during the French Revolution)
4. Clergy- priests, bishops, and cardinals
5. Communism- system where the government owns and operates all of the means of production and
distribution
6. Democracy- government in which the people hold the ruling power
7. Divine Right of Kings- a theory where certain kings ruled because they were chosen by God to do so.
These kings were accountable only to God
8. Factory System- the idea that factories may have been more efficient than working in the home by mass
producing goods at a cheaper cost.
9. Guillotine- machine used during the French Revolution to kill people by cutting off their head
10. Industrialization- To develop industry in a country or society (growth of machinery and cities
11. Interdependence- mutual dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other
parts of the world
12. Laissez Faire- the doctrine that government should not interfere in business, “hands off”
13. Nationalism- strong feelings of pride and devotion to one’s country
14. Oral Traditions- traditions and culture passed down through generations by speaking or telling, not
writing
15. Proletariat- working class
16. Social Darwinism- A philosophical application of Darwin’s theory of natural selection/survival of the
fittest- people are more fit for survival than other and are designed by nature to take over inferior races
17. Socialism- system where the government as a representative of the people, owns and operates the
major means (industries) of production and distribution of goods and services
18. Sphere of Influence- area in which an outside power (colonial nation) claims exclusive investment
and/or trading privileges (China)
19. Unalienable Rights- “rights that are inherent in a human being.” They are not separate or outside of
the person’s being, and are as critical to life as breath and movement. These rights cannot be taken away
because the individual owns them.
20. Urbanization- movement of people to cities