The War of Liberation
The War of Liberation, began on 26 March 1971 and ended with the liberation of Bangladesh on 16
December 1971. The armed struggle was the culmination of a series of events, situations and issues
contributing to the progressively deteriorating relations between East and West Pakistan.
•
The Pakistan Army was ordered to launch operation on Bengali people at midnight of 25 March.
According to the plan for operation Search Light two headquarters were established. Major General Rao
Farman Ali with 57 Brigade under Brigedier Arbab was responsible for operation in Dhaka city and its
suburbs while Major General Khadim Raja was given the responsibility of the rest of the province.
Lieutenant General Tikka Khan assumed the overall charge of the operation.
•
The students and the nationalist political activists put up resistance outside the cantonment. Road
blocks were raised to obstruct the march of the Pakistani column to the city areas. The wireless set fitted
jeeps and trucks loaded with troops groaned on the streets of Dhaka City at midnight of 25 March.
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Several hundred people chanted the slogan Joi Bangla which lasted for about 15 minutes. But soon
guns silenced them. The army moved into the city before scheduled time and started the genocide.
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On 26 March Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was taken prisoner by the Pakistan army. At about the same time,
Major ziaur rahman announced Bangladesh's independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujib from Kalurghat
radio station at Chittagong.
•
On 4 April, the senior officers of the liberation army assembled at the headquarters of 2nd East Bengal
at Teliapara, a semi hilly area covered by tea gardens where Colonel MAG Osmany, Lieutenant Colonel
Abdur Rob, Lieutenant Colonel Salahuddin Mohammad Reja, Major Kazi Nuruzzaman, Major khaled
mosharraf, Major Nurul Islam, Major Shafat Jamil, Major Mainul Hossain Chowdhury and others were
present. In this meeting four senior commanders were entrusted with the responsibility of operational
areas. Sylhet-Brahmanbaria area was placed under the command of Major Shafiullah. Comilla-Noakhali
area was given to Major Khaled Mosharraf while Chittagong-Chittagong Hill Tracts was given to Major
Ziaur Rahman. Kushtia-Jessore area was placed under command of Major Abu Osman Chowdhury. In
the meeting the organisational concept of the freedom fighter forces and the command structure were
chalked out. Colonel MAG Osmany was to command the liberation forces, later named as mukti bahini.
•
10 April 1971, the leaders of Awami League (AL) formed the government-in-exile headed by
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the President. syed nazrul islam and tajuddin ahmed took the
charge of Vice-President and Prime Minister respectively. In the absence of the President (who was in
jail in Pakistan), the Vice-President took up the responsibilities of the state. On 17 April 1971 the
government-in-exile (also known as Mujibnagar Sarkar) took oath at Baidyanathtala under Meherpur
district. With the surrender of the Pakistani army at the Dhaka Racecourse Maidan on 16 December
1971 ended the war of liberation.
Operation Searchlight
A planned military pacification carried out by the Pakistan Army — codenamed Operation Searchlight —
started on 25 March to curb the Bengali nationalist movement[32] by taking control of the major cities on
26 March, and then eliminating all opposition, political or military,[33] within one month.
The main phase of Operation Searchlight ended with the fall of the last major town in Bengali hands in
mid-May. The operation also began the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. These systematic killings served
only to enrage the Bengalis, which ultimately resulted in the secession of East Pakistan later in the same
year.
The international media and reference books in English have published casualty figures which vary
greatly, from 5,000–35,000 in Dhaka, and 200,000–3,000,000 for Bangladesh as a whole.
According to the Asia Times,[36]
At a meeting of the military top brass, Yahya Khan declared: "Kill 3 million of them and the rest will eat
out of our hands." Accordingly, on the night of 25 March, the Pakistani Army launched Operation
Searchlight to "crush" Bengali resistance in which Bengali members of military services were disarmed
and killed, students and the intelligentsia systematically liquidated and able-bodied Bengali males just
picked up and gunned down.
Although the violence focused on the provincial capital, Dhaka, it also affected all parts of East Pakistan.
Residential halls of the University of Dhaka were particularly targeted. The only Hindu residential hall —
the Jagannath Hall — was destroyed by the Pakistani armed forces, and an estimated 600 to 700 of its
residents were murdered.
•
Declaration of independence
The violence unleashed by the Pakistani forces on 25 March 1971, proved the last straw to the efforts to
negotiate a settlement. Following these outrages, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman signed an official declaration
that read:
•
Today Bangladesh is a sovereign and independent country. On Thursday night, West Pakistani armed
forces suddenly attacked the police barracks at Razarbagh and the EPR headquarters at Pilkhana in
Dhaka. Many innocent and unarmed have been killed in Dhaka city and other places of Bangladesh.
Violent clashes between E.P.R. and Police on the one hand and the armed forces of Pakistan on the
other, are going on. The Bengalis are fighting the enemy with great courage for an independent
Bangladesh. May Allah aid us in our fight for freedom. Joy Bangla.[39][40]
•
Sheikh Mujib also called upon the people to resist the occupation forces through a radio message.[41]
Mujib was arrested on the night of 25–26 March 1971 at about 1:30 a.m. (as per Radio Pakistan’s news
on 29 March 1971).
•
A telegram containing the text of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's declaration reached some students in
Chittagong. The message was translated to Bangla by Dr. Manjula Anwar. The students failed to secure
permission from higher authorities to broadcast the message from the nearby Agrabad Station of Radio
Pakistan. They crossed Kalurghat Bridge into an area controlled by an East Bengal Regiment under
Major Ziaur Rahman. Bengali soldiers guarded the station as engineers prepared for transmission. At
19:45 hrs on 27 March 1971, Major Ziaur Rahman broadcast announcement of the declaration of
independence on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur. On 28 March Major Ziaur Rahman made another
announcement,which is as follows:
•
This is Shadhin Bangla Betar Kendro. I, Major Ziaur Rahman, at the direction of Bangobondhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman, hereby declare that the independent People's Republic of Bangladesh has been
established. At his direction, I have taken command as the temporary Head of the Republic. In the name
of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, I call upon all Bengalis to rise against the attack by the West Pakistani Army.
We shall fight to the last to free our Motherland. By the grace of Allah, victory is ours. Joy Bangla. Audio
of Zia's announcement (interview – Belal Mohammed)
•
The Kalurghat Radio Station's transmission capability was limited. The message was picked up by a
Japanese ship in Bay of Bengal. It was then re-transmitted by Radio Australia and later by the British
Broadcasting Corporation.
•
M A Hannan, an Awami League leader from Chittagong, is said to have made the first announcement of
the declaration of independence over the radio on 26 March 1971[42]. There is controversy now as to
when Major Zia gave his speech. BNP sources maintain that it was 26 March, and there was no
message regarding declaration of independence from Mujibur Rahman. Pakistani sources, like Siddiq
Salik in Witness to Surrender had written that he heard about Mujibor Rahman's message on the Radio
while Operation Searchlight was going on, and Maj. Gen. Hakeem A. Qureshi in his book The 1971
Indo-Pak War: A Soldier's Narrative, gives the date of Zia's speech as 27 March 1971[43].