Networking Technology for the Broadcast Engineer – The Next Level: Routing and Switching
Routing and Switching
Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8‐VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT Texas A&M University
Networking Technology for the Broadcast Engineer – The Next Level: Routing and Switching
Advertised Presentation Scope:
Advertised Presentation Scope:
The webinar will build upon the Webinars by SBE Networking for the Broadcast Engineer, parts 1 and 2 by focusing upon IP Routing
and Switching. The focus will incorporate an intensive and detailed explanation of routing and switching protocols with emphasis on applications in a IP based broadcast technical plant to include implementation specific topics. The goal of this webinar is to provide the Broadcast Engineer with a better understanding of IP routing and switching so that the technology may be implemented within his or her own network. Design examples will utilize typical industry network equipment with configuration implementation details. Detailed configuration and implementation notes will be provided for each design example.
Goals & Deliverables:
What Can You Expect in the Next Hour?
‐ Basic Understanding of Applying Fundamentals & Best Practices
‐ Where to Obtain Further Knowledge
Where to Obtain Further Knowledge
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 2
Agenda
•
•
•
TCPIP Fundamentals – 10 Minute Review
Wh R
Why Route –
Wh S i h?
Why Switch?
Routing
–
–
–
–
•
Switching
–
–
–
–
•
•
•
•
Overview of Routing Protocols
Detailed Overview of Interior Gateway Protocols
Which Routing Protocol Do I Use?
Routing Configuration Design Example
Overview of Switching Protocols
VLAN I l
VLAN Implementation Design Example
i D i E
l
Switching Security Concerns and Capability
Switching Configuration Design Example
Layer 3 Switching
I t
Integrating Routing and Switching
ti R ti
d S it hi
QoS Implementation
Q & A ‐ References
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 3
TCPIP Fundamentals – 10 Minute Review
T i Li
Topic List
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The OSI Model
OSI Model & Encapsulation
The Ethernet Frame
The IP Packet
The IP Packet
TCP vs UDP
IP Address Classes
IP Subnetting
S b
i
VLSM & CIDR
IP Address Formats
NAT / PAT
Ports & Sockets
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 4
TCP/IP Networking Basics Begins With the OSI M d l
Model
A Layer Only Interacts With the Layer Below It
A Layer Only Provides Capability for the Layer Above to Interact With It
“All People Seem To Need Data Processing”
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 5
OSI Model & Encapsulation
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 6
Ethernet Frame – Layer 2
IEEE 802.3
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 7
IP Packet – Layer 3
RFC 791
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 8
TCP / UDP
TCP / UDP
TCP
RFC 793
RFC 793
•
•
UDP
RFC 768
RFC 768
“Connection – Oriented” Protocol
Guaranteed Or Reliable Data Delivery
– Acknowledgment of Packet R i t
Receipt
– Retransmission Occurs if Packet Not Received or Error Occurs
•
High Overhead Slow
High Overhead = Slow
•
•
•
•
A “Simple” Protocol
“Best Effort” – Non‐Guaranteed Data Delivery
Low Overhead = Fast Why Use?
– Required for Real‐Time
– Latency More Detrimental Than Data Loss
Than Data Loss
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 9
IP Address Classes
“Classful” Public & Private
• Class A – 126 Networks / 16,777,214 Hosts
– 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
– PRIVATE ‐ 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
• Class B – 16,384 Networks / 65,534 Hosts
– 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0
128 0 0 0 to 191 255 0 0
– PRIVATE ‐ 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
• Class C
Class C – 2,097,152 Networks / 254 Hosts
2 097 152 Networks / 254 Hosts
– 192.0.0.0 to 192.255.255.0
– PRIVATE ‐ 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
10
The Next Level: Routing & Switching IP Address Classes
“32 Bit Doted Decimal Notation”
IPv4 Provides 232 or 4,294,967,296 IP Addresses
11
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Subnetting
• What is a Subnet?
– Logical Subdivision of a Larger Network
• Why
Why Do We Subnet?
Do We Subnet?
• Efficient Use of IP Address Space
• Enhance Routing Efficiency – Reduce Routing Table Size
• Network Management Policy and Segmentation
• Job Security for Network Engineers!
12
The Next Level: Routing & Switching VLSM & CIDR
VLSM & CIDR
VLSM
RFC 1009
RFC 1009
•
CIDR
RFC 1517 1518 1519 1520
RFC 1517, 1518, 1519, 1520
Variable Length Subnet Masking (VLSM)
– Host Addressing & Routing Inside a Routing Domain
Routing Domain
– Allowed “Classless” Subnetting
• Mask Information is Explicit
– Allows More Efficient Use of Address Space – Taylor Address Space to Fit Network Needs
– Allows You to Subnet a Subnet
Example:
Classful Addressing
VLSM Add
VLSM Addressing
i
CIDR Notation
•
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)
– Class System No Longer Applies
– Routing Between Routing Domains
Routing Between Routing Domains
– Allows “Supernets” To Be Created
• Combining a Group of Class C Addresses Into a Single Block
– CIDR Notation (slanted notation):
172.16.1.1 /16
165.95.240.136 Implied Mask 255.255.0.0
165 95 240 136 Explicit Mask 255.255.255.192
165.95.240.136
E li it M k 255 255 255 192
165.95.240.136/26
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 13
IP Subnetting Example
IP Subnetting Example
/24 = 254 hosts
/27 = 30 hosts
/28 = 14 h
hosts
t
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 14
IP Address Formats
IP Address Formats
Classful Addressing:
165.95.240.136
(Implied Mask 255.255.0.0)
(Implied Mask 255.255.0.0)
VLSM Addressing:
165 95 240 136 255.255.255.192
165.95.240.136
255 255 255 192
(Explicit Mask 255.255.255.192)
CIDR Notation :
165.95.240.136/26
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 15
Network Address Translation – NAT
RFC 1631
•
16
Allows Mapping Internal (private) Address Space to External (public) Address Space
– Allows Internal IP Addresses to be Hid (Security)
– Can Conserve IP Address Space
p
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Port‐Based Network Address Translation – PAT
or “NAT Overload”
•
Allows Mapping Internal (private) Address Space to a Single External (public) Address or Small Address Pool
– Allows Multiple Internal Addresses to Share a Single Public Address
– Translation In Place for Duration of Connection
– Outside Users CANNOT Establish A Connection to an Internal Host
17
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Ports & Sockets
Ports & Sockets
Ports
RFC 1700
RFC 1700
•
•
•
Sockets
Allows Datagram Multiplexing Between Applications
Port Numbers Can Be Between 0
Port Numbers Can Be Between 0 ‐
65535
– 0–1023 Are Considered Reserved
– 1024
1024–49151
49151 Can Be Registered
Can Be Registered
– 49152–65535 Are Considered Dynamic or Private
TCP and UDP Port Numbers Are
TCP and UDP Port Numbers Are Independent
•
•
•
A “Socket” Is a Combination of an IP Address & A Port Number
Used for Client Server Application
Used for Client‐Server Application Interaction
IP Address + Port Number = Socket
Socket: 10
10.10.10.10:80
10 10 10:80
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 18
Why Route – Why Switch?
Why Route Why Switch?
Broadcast Domain
Collision
Domain
Collision
Domain
Router
Collision
Domain
Collision
Domain
Broadcast Domain
19
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Routing Fundamentals
Routing Fundamentals
• Routing is Simply Moving Data From One Network to Another g
py
g
Network
All Routers Are Aware of All Networks
20
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols
•
•
•
•
Routing is Simply the Moving of Data Across Networks
OSI Model Layer 3 Process
Routing Involves Two Processes:
– Determining the Best Path
The Hard Part
– Actually Sending of the Data
The Easy Part
Static Routing
–
•
Dynamic Routing
–
•
Distance‐Vector
Link‐State
Exterior Gateway Protocols (BGP)
–
21
Path is Automatically Determined
Interior Gateway Protocols (RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF)
–
–
•
Stub Routing (used when only one path exists)
Hides Internal Topology of the Network
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Classful Routing
Classful Routing
Host 1
165.95.240.0/24
Router A
165.95.245.0/24
165.95.241.0/24
Router B
Router C
165.95.243.0/24
165.95.242.0/24
165.95.244.0/24
Host 2
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Host 3
22
Classless Routing
Classless Routing
Host 1
165 95 240 64/27
165.95.240.64/27
Router A
165.95.245.0/30
165.95.241.0/30
Router B
Router C
165.95.243.0/30
165.95.240.32/27
165.95.240.96/27
Host 2
Host 3
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 23
Static vs Dynamic Routing
Static vs Dynamic Routing
STATIC ROUTING
DYNAMIC ROUTING
Complexity Increases With
Network Size
Network Complexity Independent
Human Intervention Required
Automatically Adapts to Topology
Simple Topology Suited
Complex Topology Suited
Secure
Less Secure
Routing Predictable
Topology
Routing Dependant Upon Current
Less Skill Required
Higher Skill Level Required
Reduced Hardware Requirements
Increased Hardware Requirements
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 24
Routing Metric Terminology
Routing Metric Terminology
•
•
•
•
•
•
Hop Count
Hop
Count
Bandwidth
Load
d
Delay
Reliability
Cost
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 25
Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 26
Distance‐Vector Routing Protocols
•
•
27
“Routing by Rumor” – The Overall Network is Unknown, Only Directly Connected Neighbors Are Known by Each Router
R ti D i i B d U
Routing Decision Based Upon a “Distance” or Metric and “Direction”
“Di t
” M ti
d “Di ti ” or Vector to Describe V t t D
ib
the “Next‐Hop”
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Link‐State
Link
State Routing Protocols
Routing Protocols
•
•
28
Network Topology Information is Flooded Throughout the Network
Each Router Determines its Own “Best Path”
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Routing Protocols
•
Interior Gateway Protocols
– Used Within the Same Autonomous System (AS)
RIP
RIP 2
RIPv2
IGRP
EIGRP
OSPF
VLSM Support
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Convergence
Slow
Slow
Medium
Fast
Fast
Configuration
Easy
Easy
Medium
Medium
Hard
Scalability
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Interoperability
p
y
•
29
Exterior Gateway Protocols
– Used Between Autonomous Systems
y
• BGP
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Routing Consideration Summary
Routing Consideration Summary
• Static Routing
Static Routing
–
–
–
–
Appropriate for Small Networks
Appropriate for Stable Networks
Use in “Stub” Networks
Minimal Hardware / Easy Administration
• Dynamic Routing
–
–
–
–
Appropriate for Changing Topology Environments
Desirable When Multiple Paths Exist
More Scalable
Less Configuration Error Prone
Less Configuration Error Prone
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 30
A Routing Example
A Routing Example
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 31
Switching Fundamentals
Switching Fundamentals
•
Legacy Ethernet Used Hubs
– An “Ethernet DA” of sorts – All Bits Go to All Ports
– High Collision Level Due to Shared Media
(40‐50% of Bandwidth Consumed by Collision Recovery)
– High Collision Level Yields High Latency
•
Switches Allow Segmentation of Network
–
–
–
–
•
32
Allows Dedicated Bandwidth and Point‐Point Communications
Increased Throughput Due to Zero or Minimal Collisions
Allows Full‐Duplex Operation
Increased Security Capability
Increased Security Capability
Switches Selectively Forward Individual “Frames” from a Receiving Port to a Destination Port
to a Destination Port
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Switching Fundamentals
Switching Fundamentals
•
Switches Allow Segmentation of Network
–
–
–
–
•
Allows Dedicated Bandwidth and Creates Point‐Point Communication
Increased Throughput Due to Zero or Minimal Collisions
Provides Full‐Duplex Operation
Increased Security Capability
SSwitches Selectively Forward Individual “Frames”
i h S l i l
d di id l “
” from a Receiving Port f
i i
to a Destination Port
– Builds Internal Table of Destination Address on each Port
– Forwards Ethernet Frame if in Table
Forwards Ethernet Frame if in Table
– Floods Ports if Broadcast Frame
33
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Ethernet Switch Functions
Ethernet Switch Functions
•
Learning MAC Addresses
•
Aging – How Long is a MAC Address Maintained?
•
Flooding
•
Selective Forwardingg
•
Filtering
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 34
A Simple MAC Table Example
A Simple MAC Table Example
35
The Next Level: Routing & Switching MAC Addresses
MAC Addresses
•
•
Media Access Control “MAC” Address
Unique Hardware Encoded Address
– Burned In Address
– Physical Address
– “Spoofing”
“
f ”
•
Hexadecimal Format: 12:3A:4D:66:3A:1C or FF‐FF‐FF‐FF‐FF‐FF
•
Switches “Learn”
Switches
Learn a Table of MAC Addresses
a Table of MAC Addresses
– MAC Table – Maps Destination MAC Addresses to a Port
36
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Switching Types
“Forwarding Method”
•
Store – and – Forward
– Receives the Entire Frame Then Makes Decision
– Drops Any Errored Frame Based Upon CRC
– SLOW! (but insures no frame errors)
SLOW! (but insures no frame errors)
•
Cut – Through
– Look Only @ Destination Address in Header of the Frame
Look Only @ Destination Address in Header of the Frame
– FAST! (but no error checking)
•
FFragment Free (modified Cut‐Through)
F
( difi d C Th
h)
– Known as “Runt Free” Switching
37
The Next Level: Routing & Switching VLANS
IEEE 802.1Q •
Virtual Local Area Network – VLAN
– Logical Network of a Physical Network
•
Allows Separation of Networks Across a Common Physical Media
–
–
–
–
•
Creates Subset of Larger Network
Control Broadcast Domains
Architecture Flexibility
Security
S i
Static Port Based VLAN(s)
d
()
– Most Popular
– Manual Configuration
•
D
Dynamic Port Based
i P tB d
– MAC‐Based VLAN(s)
•
Assignment Based Upon MAC Address
– Protocol‐Based VLAN(s)
()
•
38
Assignment Based Upon Protocol
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Switch Port Security
“P L kd
“Port Lockdown”
”
• An
An Important Feature of Implementing Switch Important Feature of Implementing Switch
Infrastructure
• Port Security Aspects:
y p
– One MAC Address Per Port
• Dynamic
• Static
St ti
– n MAC Addresses Per Port
– Unused Ports Disabled
– MAC Violation Action
– VLAN Specified Per Port
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 39
VLAN Trunking
VLAN Trunking
Public
Internet
Sub-Interfaces:
eth0/1.1 VLAN 1
eth0/1.2 VLAN 2
eth0/1.3 VLAN 3
Router
Switch 2
Switch 1
VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN
1
2
3
4
40
Switch 3
VLAN VLAN
2
3
The Next Level: Routing & Switching VLAN VLAN VLAN VLAN
1
2
3
4
VLAN Example
Physical Representation of Previous Diagram
Switch Port Type Configuration:
y
Access Link – Member of One VLAN Only Connects to a Host
Trunk Link – Carries Traffic From Multiple VLANS Between Switches
41
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Spanning Tree Protocol “STP”
Spanning Tree Protocol STP
Switch A
Switch A
Switch C
Switch B
Switch B
Switch C
Switch D
Switch D
STP Operation:
1 - Determine Root Bridge
2 - Select Root Port
3 - Select Designated Ports
4 - Block Ports with Loops
Switch E
Switched Topology Example
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Switch E
Active Topology After
Spanning Tree Example
42
Why Route – Why Switch?
Why Route Why Switch?
Broadcast Domain
WHY ROUTE?
“Breaks the Broadcast Domain”
Collision
Domain
Collision
Domain
Router
Collision
Domain
Collision
Domain
WHY SWITCH?
“Breaks the Collision Domain”
Broadcast Domain
43
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Routing & Switching Summary
Routing & Switching Summary
Si
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 44
What Is A “Layer
What Is A Layer 3
3” Switch?
Switch?
•
“Marketing Terminology” Applied to a One Box Solution:
– Layer 2 Bridging
• Traditionally Performed in Hardware
– Layer 3 Routing
• Traditionally Performed in Software
•
Layer 3 Switch Performs Layer 3 Routing in Hardware
•
Eliminates Use of VLAN(s) – Each Port Can Be Assigned to a Subnet
•
Not for All Environments
Not for All Environments
–
–
–
45
Typically Found in Workgroup Environment
Limited to Ethernet
Limited to OSPF and RIP Protocols
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Layer “XX”
Layer XX Switch Summary
Switch Summary
•
•
•
•
Layer 1 Switch = A Simple Hub
Layer 2 Switch = Traditional Data‐Link Layer Switching
L
Layer 3 Switch = Performs Layer 3 Forwarding Decisions
3 S it h P f
L
3F
di D i i
Layer 4 Switch = Implements Transport‐Layer Flow Decisions
– QoS
• Layer 7 Switch = Provides Applications Level Functionality
– Load Balancing
– Content Management
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 46
Quality of Service – “QoS”
Quality of Service QoS
•
Why QoS?
– Allows Network Traffic to Be Prioritized Based Upon Application
•
•
•
•
Streaming Media
IP Telephony
Real‐Time Control (automation)
Mission Critical Applications
– Network Factors Impacting Quality:
• Throughput
• Dropped Packets
• Errors
• Latency
• Jitter
• Packet Delivery Out‐of‐Order
Packet Delivery Out of Order
47
The Next Level: Routing & Switching QoS continued…..
QoS continued…..
•
Implementing QoS
– VLAN Implementation
– Bandwidth Over Provisioning
– Traffic Shaping
Traffic Shaping
– DiffServ Implementation
• Mark Packets According to Type of Service
• Assigned to Multiple Queues
Assigned to Multiple Queues
– Queue Scheduling Algorithms:
• Techniques Raise or Lower Queue Priority
– WFQ ‐ Weighted Fair Queuing
– Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing
l
d
h d
– WRR – Weighted Round Robin
– HFSC – Hierarchical Fair Service Curve
48
The Next Level: Routing & Switching QoS continued…..
QoS continued…..
•
QoS Implementation Architecture
– Packet Identification & Marking
– Network Element Provisioning
– End‐End Policy Management
BEST EFFORT
General IP Traffic
DIFFERENTIATED
Prioritized Traffic
Guaranteed
Applications
GUARANTEED
The Network
49
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Controlling Network Traffic
Controlling Network Traffic
•
•
•
•
50
Traffic Shaping (packet shaping) is Generally Achieved by Delaying Packets
Used to Optimize or Guarantee Performance
Control Volume of Traffic Placed on A Network Segment (ingress)
Traffic Classification:
Traffic Classification:
– Sensitive
– Best‐Effort
– Undesired Traffic
d i d ffi
– File Sharing (P2P Traffic)
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Layered Network Design
Layered Network Design
• Separate Network in “Layers” or Zones
– External or Public Network
External or Public Network
– “DMZ” or Demilitarized Zone or Perimeter Network
– Internal or Private Network(s)
Non‐Secure
Secure
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 51
Assembling the Pieces
Egress Filter ?
The “SBE”
SBE
Network
Public
P
bli
Internet
Broadcast Domain
DMZ
or
Perimeter
Network
BLUE VLAN =
Network: 165.95.240.176/29
IP Range: 165.95.240.177182
Netmask: 255.255.255.248
Default GW: 165.95.240.177
Broadcast: 255.255.255.183
Email
Server
Web & DNS
Server
HTTP
VPN
Tunnel
To Respective
Network
Public
WAP
TRUNK:
BLUE VLAN
Collision
C
lli i
Domain
“Flash”
Streaming
Server
Enable
Port Security
1 MAC / port
Disable Unused
Internal
Firewall / VPN Server /
DHCP Server
Mobile User
Engineering
TRUNK:
BLUE VLAN
TRUNK:
RED VLAN
GREEN VLAN
BLUE VLAN
GREY VLAN
Enable
Port Security
1 MAC / port
Disable Unused
Layer 1 - Ethernet
HTTPS
Si
News
Automation
FTP
HTTP
FTP
HTTP
NLE
TRUNK:
RED VLAN
GREEN VLAN
FTP
Video Content
S
Server
100-Base-T Copper
RED VLAN =
165.95.240.160/28
IP Range: 165.95.240.161-174
Netmask: 255.255.255.240
Default GW: 165.95.240.161
Broadcast: 255.255.255.175
Transmitter
Plant
Mobile User
News
TRUNK:
RED VLAN
GREEN VLAN
Si
1000-Base-SX Fiber
Internal
DHCP
News Ops Network
GRAY VLAN =
165.95.240.184/29
IP Range: 165.95.240.185
165.95.240.185-190
190
Netmask: 255.255.255.248
Default GW: 165.95.240.185
Broadcast: 255.255.255.191
Traffic
System
Internal
Firewall / VPN Server /
DHCP Server
Mobile User
Sales
Enable
Port Security
Administrative Network
((Sales,, Programming,
g
g, Traffic))
Si
VPN
Tunnel
To Red Network
165.95.240.182
Ingress
Filter ?
1 MAC / port
Layer 3
Switch
DSL
Provider
Ingress & Egress Filter ?
Border
Router
Switch
DNS
HTTP
HTTPS
Border
Firewall
Ingress
Filter ?
POP3
SMTP
DHCP
from
Provider
From ISP: 165.95.240.129/26
Which Provides:
IP Range: 165.95.240.130-190
Netmask: 255.255.255.192
Default GW: 165.95.240.129
Broadcast: 255.255.255.191
Automation
Filter Ports:
DNS: 53 (TCP & UDP)
FTP: 20 & 21
HTTP: 80
HTTPS: 443
NTP: 123
POP3: 110
SMTP: 25
Collision
Domain
HTTP
Broadcast Ops Network
(Engineering & Operations)
GREEN VLAN =
165.95.240.128/27
IP Range: 165.95.240.129-158
Netmask: 255.255.255.224
Default GW: 165.95.240.129
Broadcast: 255.255.255.159
For Illustrative Purpose ONLY
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Wayne M. Pecena
TAMU-EDBS
March 2011
52
Takeaways
•
•
Switching is a Layer 2 Process
Why Switch?
–
•
•
•
•
•
•
MAC Addresses
Switch Port Security Capabilities
VLAN Basics & Applications
VLAN Trunking Use
Routing is a Layer 3 Process
Why Route?
–
•
•
•
53
Breaks the Collision Domain
Breaks the Broadcast Domain
Recognize Different Routing Protocols
R
i Diff
t R ti P t l
Interior Gateway vs Exterior Gateway Routing Protocols
Layer 3 Switching Provides A One‐Box‐Solution
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Reference Sources:
•
•
•
•
54
My Favorite Reference Texts:
– Ethernet: The Definitive Guide – Charles Spurgeon – Cisco CCNA Simplified – 3rd Edition – Paul Browning
– Cisco IOS in a Nutshell –
Ci
IOS i N t h ll 2nd edition –
diti
J
James Boney
B
– Network Maintenance & Troubleshooting – 2nd Edition – Neal Allen
– Network Warrior – Gary Donahue
– The Illustrated Network – Walter Goralski
– Wireshark Network Analysis – Laura Chappell
Subnet Calculation Tools:
– www.subnet‐calculator.com
– www.bitcricket.com/ip‐subnet‐calculator.html (Ipv4 and IPv6 capable)
– www.solarwinds.com/products/freetools/free_subnet_calculator.aspx
– IpHONE Aps (iTunes Store):
• IP Calc
• IP Calculator
RFC Documents:
– www.rfc‐editor.org
IP Subnetting References:
– http://www.semsim.com/ccna/tutorial/subnetting/subnetting.html
– http://www.scribd.com/doc/7833118/CCNA‐Prep‐IP‐Subnetting‐from‐Networkers
The Next Level: Routing & Switching IP Addressing
CIDR Conversion
CIDR Conversion
Reference
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 55
Common Port Numbers
Common Port Numbers
• RESERVED PORTS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• REGISTERED PORTS
Port 20 / 21 – FTP “File Transfer Protocol”
Port 23 – TELNET
Port 53 – DNS “Domain Name Service”
Port 80 – HTTP
Port 110 – POP3 “Post Office Protocol”
Port 123 – NTP “Network Time Protocol”
Port 161 SNMP “Simple Network Port 161 –
SNMP “Simple Network
Management Protocol” (UDP)
Port 443 ‐ HTTPS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Port 1720 – H.323 Video Call Setup
Port 1812 – RADIUS Authentication
Port 2000 – CISCO “Skinny”
Port 3074 – “X‐Box” Live
Port 4664 – Google Desktop
Port 5004 – RTP “Real Time Transport Protocol”
Protocol
Port 5060 – SIP “Session Initiation Protocol
Port 5631 – PC Anywhere
Port 8080 – Alternate HTTP
http://www.iana.org/assignments/port‐numbers
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 56
Real – World OSI Model
RFC 2321
Important to Recognize During Troubleshooting
ID10T Errors Occur Here 57
The Next Level: Routing & Switching Routing Trivia
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First “Router” as We Know is Was the “Interface Message Processor – IMP”
Developed in the Late‐60’s for ARPANET
First Message “lo”
First Message lo Was Sent on October 29, 1969 from
Was Sent on October 29, 1969 from
UCLA to the Stanford Research Institute
After Recovery From a System Crash, the Word
Was Successfully Transmitted
Lif H N
Life Has Never Been the Same Since!
B
th S
Si !
The Next Level: Routing & Switching “login” ? Questions ?
Thank You for Attending!
Wayne M. Pecena, CPBE, 8‐VSB, AMD, DRB, CBNT Texas A&M University
w‐pecena@tamu.edu
N1WP@tamu edu
N1WP@tamu.edu
979.845.5662
The Next Level: Routing & Switching 59