Globalization Competencies
Intercultural Management
Lecture by Melanie Hiller
Faculty of Mathematics and Economics University Ulm
polymundo - Consultancy for Globalization
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Content
1. Globalization and Culture?!
2. Culture – What is that?
3. Intercultural Management!
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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World Production
World Trade
World Market
Forms of Globalization
World Communication
Economy
World Information
World Standards
Technique
Environment
Environmental Consciousness
Ecology
Environmental Crisis
World Politics
Politics
World Society
World Culture
Intercultural Management
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Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Definition Globalization
"Globalization is the continuous interlinking
process of different worldwide happening
occurrences in the fields of economy,
technique, politics, culture and social
aspects of nations with interlinked interdependencies and consequences.“
Stehr, C. (2003), p. 47
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Melanie Hiller
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Multi-dimensional Process
Economy
Politics
Ecology
Technique
Social
Culture
Cp: Teusch, U. (2004)
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Melanie Hiller
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The cultural Process?
Cultural Homogenization? World Culture?
Cultural Heterogenization?
Clash of Civilizations?
Cp: Featherston, M. (1990); Varwick, J. (2004); Huntington, S. (1996)
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Melanie Hiller
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Cultural Glocalisation
Global Homogenization
Local Heterogenization
Glocalisation
„Think globally, act Locally“
Cp: Roland, R. (1998)
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Summary
Forms of Globalization!
Cultural Form of Globalization!
Global Heterogenization
Local Homogenization
(Cultural) Glocalisation!
Intercultural Management
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Melanie Hiller
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Content
1. Globalization and Culture?!
2. Culture – What is that?
3. Intercultural Management!
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
10
Culture - Definition (I)
„Culture is communication and
communication is culture.“
Hall, E. (1990), p. 186
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
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Culture – Definition (II)
“Culture is the collective
programming of the human mind
that distinguishes the members of
one human group from those of
another. Culture in this sense is a
system of collectively held values.”
Hofstede, G. (2004), p. 2
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
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Culture - Definition (III)
„Culture is a shared system of
meanings. It dictates what we pay
attention to, how we act and what
we value. Culture organizes such
values into what Geert Hofstede
calls „mental programs“.“
Trompenaars, F./Hampden-Turner C. (1997), p. 13
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
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Culture as a collective System
Enables individuals and groups to deal
with each other and the outside world
Shared Values, Beliefs, Norms,
Assumptions and Perception
Transmitted by Rituals, Behavior,
Symbols, Communication, Artifacts, Art
and Technology
Cultural Standards
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Culture – Values and Practices
www.managingchange.co
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
Hofstede, G. (2004)
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Individual and Culture
Specific to
Individual
Learned
and Inherited
Personality
Specific to group
or category
Learned
Culture
Universal
Human Nature
Inherited
Hofstede, G. (2004)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Culture Shock
Based on Oberg, K. (1960) and Gullahorn, J. T./Gullahorn, J. E. (1963)
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Melanie Hiller
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Summary
Values, Norms, Beliefs, Assumptions, Perception
Rituals, Symbols, Behavior and Communication
Artifacts, Art, Technology
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Content
1. Globalization and Culture?!
2. Culture - What is that?
3. Intercultural Management!
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Why Intercultural Management?
Globalization
Ecology
Culture
Technique
Social
Politics
Economy
Politics / Law
Economy
Social
Technique
Geography/
Nature
International Management
Culture
„Think globally, act Locally“
Intercultural Management
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Melanie Hiller
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External Factors
Mead, R. (1998)
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Melanie Hiller
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Worst Case Example
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Intercultural Management Skills
Understand:
Nature of Culture, its
Influence on Behavior (in the Workplace)
Knowledge: about specific Cultures
Recognizing: Differences Between
Cultures
Implementation of structures
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Intercultural Competencies
Cognitive
Affective
Conativ
Knowledge:
- Countries
- Culture
- Cultural
Systems
Social Skills:
- Sympathy
- Empathy
- Tolerance
- Open Minded
Implementing:
Communication
- Language
- Behavior
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How to measure Culture?
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Relative Frequency
How to compare Cultures?
1:00 pm
1:30 pm
2:00 pm
2:30 pm
3:00 pm
3:30 pm
Time/Accuracy
Based on Barmeyer, Ch. (2000)
Intercultural Management
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Melanie Hiller
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Cultural Dimensions
Cultural Standards
Cultural Dimensions
(Values and Behavior)
Extreme 1
Intercultural Management
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Extreme 2
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Three Concepts
4-D-Concept from Hall
5-D-Concept from Hofstede
7-D-Concept from Trompenaars
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4 Dimensions - Hall
Context-Orientation
Space-Orientation
Time-Orientation
Message
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Context-Orientation
Low-Context
Messages/Information are
explicit, direct and
unambiguous
Values: Individualism
Direct verbal interaction
less nonverbal
expressions
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
High-Context
message is part of the
context / indirect
Information
Values: Group Sense
Indirect verbal interaction
more nonverbal
expressions
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High-Context vs. Low-Context
www.genderwork.com
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High-/Low-Context Cultures
High-Context vs. Low Context
Austrian
www.genderwork.com
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5 Dimensions - Hofstede
Power
Distance
Individualism
vs. Collectivism
Masculinity
vs. Femininity
Uncertainty
Avoidance
Long
Term vs. Short Term Orientierung
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Power Distance
Power distance focuses on the degree of
equality or inequality between people in
the country or society.
Intercultural Management
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Melanie Hiller
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High/Low Power Distance
Value
Inequality
Key Element
Low PDI
People’s Equally
Minimized
Decentralization
rights
Equal
powerful people
older people
Try to look less
powerful
Not respected
High PD
Respect for Status
Needed
Centralization
Power holders entitled
to Privileges
Try to look as
powerful as possible
Respected
Hofstede, G. (2004)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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PD - Index
http://businesscoaching.typepad.com - Based on Hofstede, G. (2004)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Uncertainty Avoidance
Uncertainty Avoidance focuses on the
level of Avoidance or Tolerance for
Uncertainty and Ambiguity within the
Society
?
?
?
? ??
?
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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High vs. Low UA
High UA
Low UA
Value
Certainty
Exploration
Distinction
True or False
Urgent or Not
Key Element What is different What is
is dangerous
different causes
curiosity
Hofstede, G. (2004)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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UA - Index
http://businesscoaching.typepad.com - Based on Hofstede, G. (2004)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Long vs. Short Term Orientation
Time-Orientation focuses on the
degree the Society embraces long- or
short-term devotion to traditional or
forward thinking Values.
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Long/Short Term Orientation
Long Term
Value
Long Term
Benefits
Distinction
Serve Goals
Key Element Tradition and
History
Short Term
Saving Face
Proper or Not
Quick Results
are expected
Hofstede, G. (2004)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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LTO - Index
http://businesscoaching.typepad.com - Based on Hofstede, G. (2004)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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7 Dimensions - Trompenaars
Universalism vs. Particularism
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Neutral vs. Emotional
Defuse vs. Specific
Achievement vs. Ascription
Human-Time Relationship
Human-Nature Relationship
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Individualism vs. Collectivism
This Dimension focuses on the Degree the
Society reinforces Individual or collective
Achievement and interpersonal Relationships.
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Individualism and Collectivism
Individualism
Collectivism
Value
Individual
Freedom
Group Harmony
Distinction
Me/Others
In/Out Group
Key Element The Task is
important
Relationships is
important
Trompenaars, F./Hampden-Turner, C. (1997)
Intercultural Management
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06.07.2010
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No Index by Trompenaars
IDV – Index ?
USA
Individualism
Canada
Individualism
Individualism
Great Britain Individualism
Germany
Individualism
Mexico
Brazil
Indonesia
Collectivism
Collectivism
Collectivism
Collectivism
Trompenaars, F./Hampden-Turner, C. (1997)
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Cultural Dimensions – Critique?
Qualitative
insights rather than
Quantitative Data
Useful
in Understanding of different
Cultures, Situations and Relationships
Orientation
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
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Summary
Intercultural Competencies
Intercultural Management
Cultural Dimension
(Hall, Hofstede, Trompenaars)
Orientation
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
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Summary
1. Globalization and Culture?!
2. Culture – What is it?
3. Intercultural Management!
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
49
Thank you very much
for your attention
Intercultural Management
ISP
Melanie Hiller
06.07.2010
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Intercultural Management
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Melanie Hiller
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Sources (I)
Barmeyer, Ch. (2000): Interkulturelles Management und Lernen
– Studierende und Führungskräfte in Frankreich, Deutschland
und Quebec, Frankfurt/ Main, 2000.
Gullahorn, J. T./Gullahorn, J. E. (1963): Gullahorn, J. T., and
Gullahorn, J. E. (1963) An extension of the U-curve hypothesis.
Journal of Social Issues 19 (1), 33-47.
Featherston, M. (1990), Global Culture: Nationalism,
Globalization, and Modernity, London et al., 1990.
Hall, T. (1990): Hall, Edward T., The Silent Language, New
York, 1990.
Huntington S. (1996): Huntington, Samuel P., Clash of
Civilizations and the remaking of world order, New York, 1996.
Hofstede, G. (2004): Hofstede, Geert, Cultures and
Organizations: Software of the Mind, London et al., 2004.
Mead, R. (1998): Mead, Richard. International Management:
Cross cultural dimensions, Blackwell, 1998.
Intercultural Management
ISP
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Sources (I)
Robertson, R. (1998): Robertson, Roland, Globalization – Social
Theory and Global Culture, London et al., 1998.
Stehr, C. (2003): Stehr, Christopher, Globalisierung und
Destabilisierungstendenzen innerhalb des Internationalen Systems:
eine Indikatorenanalyse für ausgewählte Nationalstaaten, Berlin,
2003.
Teusch, U. (2004): Teusch, Ulrich, Was ist Globalisierung? – Ein
Überblick, Darmstadt, 2004.
Trompenaars, F./Hampden-Turner, C. (1997): Trompenaars, Fons/
Hampden-Turner, Charles, Riding the Waves of Culture:
Understanding Cultural Diversity in Global Business, New York et
al., 1997.
Oberg, K. (1960): Oberg, Kalervo, Culture shock: Adjustments to
new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology. 4, 177-182
Varwick, J. (2004): Varwick, Johannes, Globalisierung, in: Woyke,
Wichard (Hrsg.), Handwörterbuch Internationale Politik, Bonn,
2004.
.
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