Biology – National 4 – Cell Biology
Key Area 1 – Cell Division and its role in growth and repair
Cells are the basic units of …………
Some organisms are only made of one = ……………………………………. e.g. yeast, …………………………………………
Some are made of many = ………………………………….. e.g. human, tree,…………………………………………….
To survive you need something to control the cell (the ………………..………..), something to control what goes in and out
of the cell (the …………………….………………….) and somewhere for all the chemical reactions (…………………………………).
The basic structure of plant and animal cells
Inside the nucleus you have ……………………………………..
made of …………………………………………………….………
In a human you have ……………. pairs, making a total of …………….
Cell Wall…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Vacuole …………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Chloroplast …………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Describe what is happening at each stage
Duplicate =
Line Up =
Pull Apart =
Divide =
The cell that divides is called the ……………………………………….. You make 2 identical ……………………………………………………
The correct term for cell division is …………………………………………….
The genetic information must be the same in each cell so that it ………………………………………………………………………………
If a cell starts dividing when it should not it can cause ………………………………………………….
Check your key area statements. If not green you need to do more work!
Cell division is essential to allow organisms to grow and repair damaged parts, eg cuts, broken bones.
During cell division, the parent cell divides to produce two identical cells, which contain the same number of
chromosomes in their nuclei as the parent cell.
Cancer as uncontrolled cell division.
Use cue cards 1.1 and 1.2 or make some of your own, use the links on edmodo to get to revision sites.
Make your own mind-map, use quizlet to make some flash cards………
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Biology – National 4 – Cell Biology
Key Area 2 – DNA genes and chromosomes
DNA stands for ……………………………………………………………………………………
(during division – so you
can see the chromosomes)
Labels; cell, nucleus,
chromosome, DNA,
double stranded
double helix, base
pairs
Each section of DNA that codes for a particular protein is called a …………………………….
Chromosomes are inherited from the parents, in sexual reproduction this means that genes are mixed up
and so every individual is unique.
Check your key area statements. If not green you need to do more work!
Genes are located on chromosomes in the nucleus.
Genes are made of DNA which carries the instructions to make proteins.
Each individual’s DNA is unique.
Genes are passed on from parents to offspring.
Use cue card 2.1 or make some of your own, use the links on edmodo to get to revision sites.
Make your own mind-map, use quizlet to make some flash cards………
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Biology – National 4 – Cell Biology
Key Area 3 – Therapeutic use of cells
Genetic engineering means …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Add labels to explain the process (example given is production of human insulin in bacteria)
Stem cells are …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Embryonic stem cell come from ………………………………………….., the cells can turn into any type of cell (totipotent)
Adult stem cells come from …………………………………………………, the cells can turn into some types of cells (pleuripotent)
Stem cells have many potential uses including;……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Check your key area statements. If not green you need to do more work!
Insulin or other protein production via genetic engineering
Other examples may include products of genetic engineering, stem cell technology or using cells to grow artificial
organs.
Use cue card 3.1&3.2 or make some of your own, use the links on edmodo to get to revision sites.
Make your own mind-map, use quizlet to make some flash cards………
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Biology – National 4 – Cell Biology
Key Area 4 – properties of enzymes and use in industries
Enzymes are found in ………………………………………, they are made of …………………………………….
Lock and key model label the enzyme, substrate, enzyme substrate complex, product, active site
How does the model explain specificity
(each enzyme only works with one substrate
What does it mean by ‘the enzyme is unchanged by the reaction’?
Product
released,
enzyme ready
for more
Substrate
moves
towards
active site
Enzyme equations you should recognise
Big Molecules
C
H
Break Down =
D………………..
reactions
Build up =
S………………..
reactions
P
O
W
(D)
P
P
P
(D)
S
(S)
M
(D)
P
G-1-P
A
S
Small Molecules
(also used in photosynthesis / respiration / fermentation)
Biotechnological Industries; some examples..
Enzyme e.g.
Digestive
Enzymes
Fermentation
enzymes
Fermentation
enzymes
Isomerase
Esterases
Used In
Detergents
Made by
Bacteria
Brewing
Yeast
Baking
Yeast
Removing lactose from milk
products
Removing ‘stickness’ from pulp
(when making paper)
Bacteria
Reason they are useful
Fungi
One of the ways to get more use out of enzyme is to ………………………………… them in jelly beads so that they can be easily
separated from the product and reused.
Check your key area statements. If not green you need to do more work!
Enzymes are found in living cells.
They are specific, speed up reactions in cells and remain unchanged by the reaction.
Enzymes build-up and break-down molecules.
Enzymes can be used in a range of biotechnology industries.
Use cue card 3.1-3.3 or make some of your own, use the links on edmodo to get to revision sites.
Make your own mind-map, use quizlet to make some flash cards………
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Biology – National 4 – Cell Biology
Key Area 5 – properties of microorganisms and use in industries
Micro-organisms are single …………………………… Which means they reproduce using …………………………………
Some can split every 20 minutes.
Different micro-organisms can feed on just about anything.
e.g.
Yeast = a single celled ………………………………………
Fermentation equation
(ethanol)

Bacteria
1. Yoghurt production

+
lactic acid
(the sugar in milk)
Used for
The lactic acid lowers the pH and slightly sours the milk
making it thicken.
2. Biofuels
Waste/Organic material 
(same gas you get in gas
cookers)
Can also be used
as a …………………..
Cheese production (missing words; upgraded, salted, matured, whey, pH, rennet, bacteria)
Enzyme
Pig food
(
)
Biscuits….
MILK
Lactic acid
produced,
lowers the
packed
curds
Check your key area statements. If not green you need to do more work!
Properties of microorganisms include rapid growth, diverse use of food source and wide range of products.
Examples of how some cells work and are used in industrial processes.
I.
Yeast in baking and brewing.
II.
Bacteria for yoghurt and biofuels production.
III.
Production of cheese.
Use cue card 5.1-5.3 or make some of your own, use the links on edmodo to get to revision sites.
Make your own mind-map, use quizlet to make some flash cards………
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Biology – National 4 – Cell Biology
Key Area 6 – photosynthesis – limiting factors
Summary Equation for Photosynthesis
A limiting factor is
In Photosynthesis they are

A normal limiting factor graph.



If the line is going up, it is the factor on the x-axis
that is limiting. Once the line is going straight it is
something else.
(temp. graph looks different c.f. key area 7!)
Overcoming the limiting factors i.e. making plants grow ……………………………………….
Ways to improve…
Water
CO2
temperature
light
Check your key area statements. If not green you need to do more work!
If any of the requirements (light, water, carbon dioxide or a suitable temperature) are low or missing, the
photosynthesis rate is limited.
By overcoming these limitations, faster growth rates can be achieved
Use cue card 6.1 + 6.2 or make some of your own, use the links on edmodo to get to revision sites.
Make your own mind-map, use quizlet to make some flash cards………
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Biology – National 4 – Cell Biology
Key Area 7 – Factors affecting respiration
All cells need food for ………………………………..
The chemical reaction that releases the energy is called …………………………………..
With Oxygen = …………………………………………………..
Glucose +

No Oxygen = ……………………………………………..
Animal Cells
Yeast Cells (plants)
Glucose 
Glucose  A
+
Which causes
Produces more ………………………….. than anaerobic
m…………………………..
f…………………………….
Waste products are …………………………………………
cells build up an
oxygen……….
This
reaction
r……………………
+
This
reaction
i……………………
is
If this continues the
………………… will build up
is and
…………………………………………
Since these reactions happen in cells they need ……………………………………… to work as catalysts.
Enzyme activity
Enzymes and temperature
Temperature (oC)
Check your key area statements. If not green you need to do more work!
Respiration is used to release energy for use in cells.
Oxygen may or may not be used in both yeast and animal cells.
With oxygen, both yeast, plant and animal cells use glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water.
Without oxygen, yeast and plant cells use glucose to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide.
Without oxygen, animal cells use glucose to produce lactic acid
More energy is released per molecule of glucose when oxygen is present.
The process is enzyme controlled in all cases and so is affected by temperature.
Use cue card 7.1 or make some of your own, use the links on edmodo to get to revision sites.
Make your own mind-map, use quizlet to make some flash cards………
©PJS@JOAT2014
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