Lesson 2 | Invertebrate Phyla
Student Labs and Activities
Page
Appropriate For:
Launch Lab
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all students
Content Vocabulary ELL
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all students
Lesson Outline ELL
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MiniLab
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Content Practice A
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Content Practice B
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OL
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Math Skills
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all students
School to Home
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all students
Key Concept Builders
34
Enrichment
38
Challenge
39
Skill Practice
40
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all students
AL
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BL
all students
Assessment
Lesson Quiz A
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Lesson Quiz B
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Teacher Support
Answers (with Lesson Outlines)
OL On Level
BL Beyond Level
ELL English-Language Learner
Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level.
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Animal Diversity
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AL Approaching Level
T4
Name
Date
Launch Lab
Class
LESSON 2: 10 minutes
What does an invertebrate look like?
Some invertebrates have features that are similar to yours, such as eyes and legs. Others have
little in common with you. What do you see when you look at invertebrates close-up?
Procedure
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Examine a collection of
invertebrates, and record your
observations in your Science Journal.
4. Make a Venn diagram in your Science
Journal to compare similarities and
contrast differences among
invertebrates.
3. Use a magnifying lens to further
examine the invertebrates. Record any
additional observations.
Think About This
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
1. Which two invertebrates were the most dissimilar? Why?
2. Did you see any details using a magnifying lens that you missed by looking just with
your eyes?
3.
Key Concept What characteristics do you think all the invertebrates you looked
at have in common?
Animal Diversity
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Name
Date
Class
Content Vocabulary
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Directions: In this word search puzzle, find and circle the three terms below. On each line, write the term from
the word bank that correctly completes each sentence. NOTE: You may need to change a term to its plural form.
appendage
exoskeleton
internal
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1. One main characteristic of arthropods is that they have pairs of
jointed
.
2. Unlike vertebrates, invertebrates have no
support
structures.
3. Insects, spiders, shrimp, and other arthropods have outer coverings, also called
, that protect and support their bodies.
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Animal Diversity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
E
Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
A. Characteristics of Invertebrates
1. In most cases, invertebrates have no
structures to help
support their bodies.
2. Invertebrates also tend to be
and to move more
than vertebrates.
3. Each invertebrate phylum contains animals with
body
plans and physical characteristics.
B. Sponges and Cnidarians
1. The simplest of the invertebrates are the
to the phylum
, which belong
.
2. All sponges are
and have no tissues,
, or organ systems.
3. The phylum
includes jellyfish and corals.
a. Unlike sponges, cnidarians have
symmetry.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
b. Cnidarians have
that are used for capturing food.
C. Flatworms and Roundworms
1. All flatworms have
symmetry with nerve, muscle,
and digestive
and a simple
2. Roundworms, also called
phylum
.
, belong to the
.
a. A roundworm’s digestive system has two openings: a(n)
and a(n)
.
b. Unlike flatworms, the bodies of roundworms are
covered with a stiff outer covering called a(n)
and
.
D. Mollusks and Annelids
1. The phylum
includes snails, slugs, clams, and squid.
a. All mollusks have
symmetry.
b. Mollusk bodies are
, and some species have hard
that protect their bodies.
Animal Diversity
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Name
Date
Class
Lesson Outline continued
2. The phylum
includes earthworms, leeches, and marine
worms.
a. Annelid worms have
symmetry and
bodies.
b. Annelid bodies consist of repeating
thin
covered with a
.
E. Arthropods
1. The phylum
includes insects, spiders, shrimp, crabs,
and their relatives.
2. All arthropods have
, which are thick, hard outer
coverings that protect and support animals’ bodies.
3. Arthropods have several pairs of jointed
, which are
structures, such as a leg or an arm, that extend from the central part of the body.
4. All
species have three pairs of jointed legs, three body
segments, a pair of antennae, and a pair of compound eyes.
5. Spiders, ticks, and scorpions are
; they have
pairs of jointed legs and two body segments and
and
.
6. Crabs, shrimp, and lobsters are
two pairs of
; they have one or
and jointed
.
F. Echinoderms
1. The phylum
includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea
urchins.
2. Echinoderms are more closely related to
than to any
other phylum.
3. All echinoderms have
symmetry.
4. Unlike any other phyla, echinoderms have hard
embedded in the skin that support the body and fluid-filled tubes called
that allow them to move.
5. Echinoderms have a complete digestive system with a(n)
and a(n)
28
.
Animal Diversity
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lack
Name
Date
MiniLab
Class
LESSON 2: 20 minutes
How does your arm move?
Both arthropods and mammals have jointed appendages. Try doing some simple tasks without
bending your appendages to understand how useful jointed appendages are.
Procedure
1. Using newspaper and masking
tape, wrap your partner’s arm at the
elbow so he or she cannot bend it.
observations and your partner’s
experiences in the table in the Data
and Observations section below.
2. Ask your partner to perform the tasks
in the data table below. Record your
Data and Observations
Task
Completed? (yes/no)
How was behavior changed?
Walk 5 m.
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Take a drink of water.
Lay down on the ground
and then stand up.
Analyze and Conclude
1. Summarize Rank the tasks in order from hardest to easiest to perform without jointed
appendages. What made the tasks harder to perform?
2. Infer What activities that you must perform in order to survive are impossible without
jointed appendages?
3.
Key Concept Explain how jointed appendages are necessary for arthropods to
survive.
Animal Diversity
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Name
Date
Content Practice A
Class
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Directions: On the line before each statement, write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Most invertebrates have no
A. body plans
B. internal structures
C. external characteristics
for support.
2. The simplest of all invertebrates are called
A. corals.
B. hydras.
C. sponges.
3. The specialized cells used by cnidarians to capture food are called
A. nematodes.
B. appendages.
C. nematocysts.
4. Echinoderms live only
A. in air.
B. on land.
C. in oceans.
6. The phylum with the most animal species is
A. Mollusca.
B. Arthropoda.
C. Echinodermata.
7. The phylum Platyhelminthes includes
A. clams.
B. beetles.
C. flatworms.
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Animal Diversity
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5. An arm or leg that extends from the central part of the body is called a(n)
A. appendage.
B. nematocyst.
C. exoskeleton.
Name
Date
Content Practice B
Class
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Directions: Use the diagram to identify characteristics of each invertebrate. Write your answers on the lines
provided.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Sea Anemone
Beetle
1. Phylum:
4. Phylum:
2. Symmetry:
5. Symmetry:
3. Unique characteristic:
6. Unique characteristic:
Sea Urchin
7. Phylum:
8. Symmetry:
9. Unique characteristic:
Animal Diversity
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Class
Math Skills
LESSON 2
Use Percentages
Percentages are used to compare a partial amount to a whole amount. A whole amount
is equal to 100%. To calculate percentage, multiply a ratio or decimal by 100 and add the
1 is equal to 0.25, which is 25%.
percent sign (%). For example, __
4
You write the number of the whole amount in the denominator of the fraction and the
number of the partial amount in the numerator.
Scientists have identified about 1,330,000 species of animals. Of those, around 1,270,000
are invertebrates. What percentage of animal species are invertebrates?
Step 1 Use the information in the problem to write a fraction.
The question asks for the percentage of animal species. Write
the number of animal species in the denominator.
1,270,000
_________
1,330,000
Step 2 Change the fraction to a decimal.
1,270,000
_________
≈ 0.9549
1,330,000
Step 3 Multiply by 100 and add a % sign. Round to the nearest tenth, if necessary.
0.9549 × 100 = 95.49% ≈ 95.5%
1. Out of every 10,000 described species
of nematodes, around 1,875 are parasitic
species. What percentage of nematode
species are parasitic?
2. Around 98,000 species of arachnids
have been described. About 2,000 of
those are scorpions. What percentage
of arachnid species are scorpions?
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3. Out of 1,270,000 species of
invertebrates, about 900,000 species
are arthropods. What percentage of
invertebrates are arthropods?
4. All animals are vertebrates or
invertebrates. About 60,000 species of
vertebrates and about 1,270,000 species
of invertebrates are known. What
percentage of animals are vertebrates?
Animal Diversity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Practice
Name
Date
Class
School to Home
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Directions: Use your textbook to complete the activity.
Complete the table of invertebrate phyla below. Some answers have been filled in for you.
Invertebrate
Phyla
sponge
Distinguishing Characteristics
asymmetrical; no tissues, organs, or organ systems; live
in water
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Porifera
Example
Organism
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Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Key Concept What are the characteristics of invertebrates?
Directions: Answer each question on the lines provided.
1. About what percentage of known species are invertebrates?
2. How does the movement of invertebrates compare to that of vertebrates?
3. How does the size of invertebrates compare to that of vertebrates?
5. Do all invertebrates look similar? Explain.
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Animal Diversity
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4. How does the internal structure of invertebrates compare to that of vertebrates?
Name
Date
Key Concept Builder
Class
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Key Concept What are the characteristics of invertebrates?
Directions: On each line, give an example of an organism in the phylum and provide a characteristic describing
your example.
1. Porifera
2. Cnidaria
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3. Platyhelminthes
4. Mollusca
5. Annelida
6. Arthropoda
7. Echinodermata
Animal Diversity
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Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Key Concept How do the invertebrate phyla differ?
Directions: For each set of terms, identify the term that does not belong and explain why it doesn’t.
1. cnidarians, jellyfish, sponges
2. platyhelminthes, radial symmetry, flatworms
3. hydras, nematocysts, roundworms
4. mollusks, octopi, leeches
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5. slugs, snails, clams
6. shrimp, exoskeleton, jellyfish
7. crustaceans, arachnids, antennae
8. echinoderms, tube feet, crabs
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Animal Diversity
Name
Date
Class
Key Concept Builder
LESSON 2
Invertebrate Phyla
Key Concept How do the invertebrate phyla differ?
Directions: Complete the chart with the correct terms in the space provided.
Invertebrate Phyla
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Characteristic
Phylum
hard plates embedded in the skin
1.
bodies made up of repeating segments
covered with thin cuticles
2.
nematocysts used to capture food
3.
soft, flattened bodies only a few cells thick
4.
jointed appendages
5.
have hard shells to protect soft bodies
6.
simplest of all invertebrates
7.
Directions: Discuss each question with a partner. Write your answers on the lines provided.
8. In what ways are invertebrate phyla similar? How are they different?
9.
How would you identify an unknown invertebrate?
Animal Diversity
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Name
Date
Enrichment
Class
LESSON 2
The Invertebrates of a Coral Reef
Coral reefs are the most diverse of all
marine habitats. They rival rain forests in
biodiversity. In addition to fish and many
other marine species, coral reefs are home
to hundreds of species of invertebrates.
surface and can shade out competitors.
There are soft corals that wave in the
currents, but hard corals are the ones that
actually build the reef by leaving behind
their stony skeletons when they die.
Diverse Residents of the Reefs
Where Reefs Grow
Fish are not the only life-forms that live
on the reef. There are varieties of sea stars,
including the black, long-legged brittle star,
and unusual and colorful sea cucumbers
and slugs as well as long-spined, black sea
urchins. Sponges are important in the life
of a coral reef. Some sponges have
skeletons of calcium and contribute to the
mass of a coral reef along with the corals.
Giant clams can contribute their shells to
the reef as well.
Swimming invertebrates of the coral reef
include squid, ctenophores, and sea jellies.
In the shallow waters, you can find a sea
anemone with its tentacles waving in the
current. Nearby a colony of tube worms
might be doing the same thing to catch
drifting food.
The coral reef is named for its most
famous resident, however. Coral can grow
upright like fire coral, or flat like brain
coral, or both like elkhorn coral. By
growing up and out, elkhorn coral can
place its symbiotic algae nearer the sunny
Coral reefs grow in clear, sunny, tropical
waters. The waters must be clear so the
corals’ symbiotic algae can use the energy
of the Sun to perform photosynthesis. The
waters must be warm so the chemical
processes can occur that help coral make
calcium carbonate from which the reef is
made. Only the thin exterior layer of the
reef is living coral. Every successive
generation grows on top of the skeletons of
the corals that lived before.
Threats to Reef Ecosystems
Applying Critical-Thinking Skills
Directions: Answer each question.
1. Describe How do sponges contribute to the building of a coral reef?
2. Predict Coral reefs occur mainly in warm tropical waters. Where might you look for
coral reefs in the far distant future, if the oceans continue to increase in temperature?
3. Infer What does it mean that elkhorn coral can shade out competitors?
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Animal Diversity
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When coral is stressed, it will evict its
algae symbionts. Increasing temperatures
are stressing some reefs, and the algae are
dying. This causes the coral to have a
colorless, bleached-out appearance, and the
coral dies, too. This is a process called coral
bleaching. Studies have shown that
hurricanes have the beneficial effect of
cooling the waters around reefs so some of
the reefs can recover, at least temporarily.
Name
Date
Class
Challenge
LESSON 2
Night Crawlers!
There are more than a thousand different kinds of earthworms. About thirty species of
earthworms live in the United States. One of the most familiar kinds is the common
fishing-bait worm called a night crawler, Lumbricus terrestris. These large earthworms are
used as bait to catch freshwater fishes and in gardens to produce humus.
Write and Illustrate a Brochure about Earthworms
Write and illustrate a brochure about how to cultivate earthworms for fun and profit.
Begin by doing some research about earthworms. Find the taxonomic classification of the
common night crawler. You also should research the structures of this animal. In addition,
you should determine what it eats, how it breathes, why it will die if it dries out, how it
reproduces, the stages in its life cycle, and how earthworms benefit the environment. Finally,
research how to build an earthworm habitat.
You can make a brochure by punching holes along the left side of plain, unlined copy
paper. Use at least four pages and more if you need them. Weave twine through the holes
starting at the top left, turn the twine around at the bottom and weave it back in the other
direction to the top. Be sure to weave over and under and reverse to under and over going
back. Then tie the twine at the top. Below is an example of how to organize the pages in
your brochure.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
• Put your brochure title on the front page. Then decorate the page and add your name.
• On the first inside page of your brochure, provide the taxonomic classification of the
common night crawler. Next, diagram an adult worm and label its parts.
• On the following pages, briefly describe the information you have discovered about
earthworms. For example, include what it eats, how it breathes, why it will die if it
dries out, how it reproduces, the stages in its life cycle, how it benefits the environment,
and other interesting information you learned in your research.
• Next, provide a materials list and instructions for building an earthworm habitat.
• Finally, explain how your habitat provides everything the earthworms need.
Take research notes and plan your brochure in the space below.
Research Notes and Plan:
Animal Diversity
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Name
Date
Skill Practice
Classify
Class
Lesson 2: 30 minutes
How do you build a dichotomous key?
A dichotomous key helps you classify animals based on their characteristics. Dichotomous
means “divided in two parts.” Each step of the key has two choices. You choose the one that
applies to the animal you are studying, and it directs you to the next set of choices. By picking
the best choices for an animal’s characteristics, you can classify animals in a list of possibilities.
Materials
invertebrates
magnifying lens
Safety
Learn It
Sorting objects into groups based on common features is called classifying. When classifying,
first observe the objects being classified. Then select one feature that is shared by some, but
not all, of the objects. Place all the members that share a feature into a subgroup. You can
classify members into smaller and smaller subgroups based on characteristics.
Try It
1. Read and complete a lab safety form.
2. Study your invertebrate collection. You may want to use a magnifying lens. Step 1 of
3. Now think about the subgroup of animals that have the characteristic in step 1. Divide
these animals into two smaller subgroups based on another characteristic. Enter this
choice in step 2 of your dichotomous key.
4. Suppose only one animal in your collection falls into a subgroup. Place the identity of
the animal in the right column of the table.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the animals are each in their own subgroup and the
dichotomous key leads you to the identity of each animal.
40
Animal Diversity
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
your dichotomous key is to divide your collection into two groups based on a
characteristic. Use the table below.
Name
Date
Class
Skill Practice continued
Step
Characteristic
1
2
“Go to” / Identity
legs present
step 2
legs absent
step 3
wings present
step 4
wings absent
pavement ant (Tetramorium caespitum)
3
4
Apply It
6. Identify Remove the labels from your animal collection. Trade your collection and
your dichotomous key with a classmate. Identify all the animals in your classmate’s
collection using his or her key. Check your answers.
7.
Key Concept What characteristics did all the animals you identified have
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
in common?
Animal Diversity
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