Citing Your Sources
The Groton History Department’s Guide to Proper Documentation
People own their ideas and actions, for better or worse. Let’s say you scored the
winning goal at a soccer match, but the school newspaper credited a teammate with the
feat. Even if you were too shy to say anything, you would secretly want everyone to
know who really scored the goal. What if that teammate paraded around campus,
accepting the praise as if the goal was his all along? What if he had actually started the
rumor in the first place? You might think very little of this person’s integrity.
Plagiarism is much the same thing, but the danger here is that it is far easier to casually
plagiarize than you think. Yet, whether you are just lazy or are deliberately deceitful, it
amounts to much the same thing in the academic world. So be careful!
“Plagiarism occurs when one puts forward or uses as one’s own the ideas, words,
data, or work of another person or people without attributing those ideas, words,
data or work to their proper source.”1
A Harvard guide on the subject adds: “Plagiarus means kidnapper, in Latin, because in
antiquity plagiarii were pirates who sometimes stole children: when you plagiarize, as
several commentators have observed, you steal the brain child of another.2 But since
you also claim that it's your own brain child, and use it to get credit for work you
haven't really done, you also lie and cheat. You cheat your source of fair recognition for
his or her efforts, and you cheat the students who have completed the same assignment
without plagiarizing.”3
If plagiarism is the disease, here is a bit of preventative medicine: When in doubt, cite
your source—whether the source is a teacher, a fellow student, CNN, a website, or a
book. Why don’t we do this all the time? Your answers on tests use ideas from the
textbook, teacher, and fellow students—why don’t you need to cite your sources then?
A history class operates on this principle: any reading assigned, anything said by the
teacher, or any classmate’s idea stated in the classroom is part of our “common
knowledge” as a group. Because it would be unduly burdensome to cite this material
on your tests, you may use this knowledge as if it were your own. However, when
conducting outside research, you must give proper credit to all your sources, even any
that your teacher has helped you find. This guide will teach you how to do that.
1
Groton School, “Plagiarism,” in Academic Policies and Course Catalogue: 2006-2007 (Groton, Mass.: The Groton
School, 2006), 6.
2
John Ciardi, Good Words to You (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 225; and Lance Morrow, "Kidnapping the
Brainchildren," Time 3 December 1990: 126, cited in note 2 of section 3.1 of Gordon Harvey, Writing with Sources:
A Guide for Harvard Students (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1995),
<http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Eexpos/sources/> (3 March 2004).
3
Section 3.1 of Harvey, Writing with Sources.
1
Material that NEEDS to be cited:4
1. DATA OR FACTUAL INFORMATION
The thriving trade city of ancient Athens was able to support a
population of between 215,000-300,000 people, about 35,000-45,000
of them male citizens.5
Here the student must cite these population statistics because they are specific facts. The
only EXCEPTION to this rule is for information considered COMMON KNOWLEDGE:
COMMON KNOWLEDGE is information that is “familiar or easily available in many different
sources.”6 Typically this means that you have found (1) the same fact or statistic in three or more
sources, and (2) there is no disagreement over the information among these or other sources.
For example, the My Lai Massacre (of Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops) occurred on March
16, 1968. No one disputes this, and the date itself would not need to be cited. However, there is
great dispute on how many Vietnamese died in this incident (from under 100 to over 500), so any
statistic relating to the death toll would have to be cited (and probably several of them, too, to
show the large scope of disagreement).
Also: “Note that when you draw a great deal of information from a single source, you should cite
that source even if the information is common knowledge, since the source (and its particular way
of organizing the information) has made a significant contribution to your paper.”7
2. DIRECT QUOTATIONS
Any quote, even if it is just two or three words, or maybe even one word that is “distinctive
or striking,” needs to be put into quotation marks and cited properly.8 (Here, in fact, is your
example.)
If a word is a technical term or a proper name, then it does not need to be cited:
The Lord of the Rings: Return of the King won 11 Academy Awards,
taking each category in which it was nominated.
However, if a source’s particular choice of words is used, then it needs to be cited:
Peter Jackson’s movie proved to be a “perfect, golden Rings” by
winning all the categories in which it was nominated on Oscar
night.9
Note that the footnote should go at the end of the sentence in which it is used. If more than
one quote is written in a sentence, then add each note at the end of their respective clauses.
4
Gordon Harvey, Writing With Sources: A Guide for Harvard Students (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University,
1995), <http://www.fas.harvard.edu/%7Eexpos/sources/> (3 March 2004).
5
Sir Peter Hall, Cities in Civilization (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998), 38.
6
Section 2.2b of Harvey, Writing With Sources.
7
Section 2.2b of Harvey, Writing With Sources.
8
Section 2.1b of Harvey, Writing With Sources.
9
Todd Leopold, “A Perfect, Golden Rings” CNN, 2 March 2004,
<http://www.cnn.com/2004/SHOWBIZ/Movies/02/29/sprj.aa04.oscar.night> (3 March 2004).
2
3. PARAPHRASING
One of the most common mistakes is to only cite quoted material, but THIS IS NOT
SUFFICIENT! You must also properly cite material “whenever you summarize, paraphrase, or
otherwise use ideas, opinions, interpretations, or conclusions arrived at by another person.”10 You
do NOT quote the material, because you have not used their exact words, but you STILL give a
footnote or endnote at the end of the passage.
Another CAUTION: If you are going to paraphrase someone else’s ideas, then you must
THOROUGHLY put the material in your own words, not just move phrases around or
change a word or two. In other words, it’s ALL OR NOTHING: you either quote the entire
section that you use word-for-word, or use your own language entirely. Compare this section of a
research paper to the original source:
What the paper said:
One example better than any shows the extremes of the Spartan
education: the boys were purposefully semi-starved so that they
would have to learn to steal in order to supplement their meals.
If caught they were beaten harshly—not for stealing, but for not
being very good at stealing. The humiliation caused by failure
was so severe that a story is told about a boy who stole a fox by
hiding it under his cloak, only to have it scratch his guts out
while he stood rigidly at attention, unwilling to risk getting
caught by flinching.11
How the original source read:
“Boys were also purposely underfed so that they would have to develop the skills
of stealth by pilfering food. Yet if they were caught, punishment and disgrace
followed immediately. One famous Spartan tale taught how seriously boys were
supposed to fear such failure: having successfully stolen a fox, which he was
hiding under his clothing, a Spartan youth died because he let the panicked
animal rip out his insides rather than be detected in the theft.”
4. STRUCTURE OF AN ARGUMENT
This very guide began with an acknowledgement of a source (Writing with Sources: A Guide for
Harvard Students) because in fact the structure of this list was taken point-by-point from this
publication. Go see for yourself—some of the titles and explanations are different, but the
ORGANIZATION itself is borrowed, and so MUST BE CITED.
10
Section 2.1c of Harvey, Writing with Sources.
Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University
Press, 1996), 79.
11
3
5. WHENEVER YOU MENTION THE WORK OF ANOTHER SCHOLAR
Even if you are not using the ideas of the writer, if you mention them or their work in any way,
you need to cite the exact book or article you mean. This way if the reader wants to follow up on
that idea, he or she will know where to look.
Scholar Thomas Martin’s praise of Spartan military training12 and
lifestyle may go too far, since one could read Peloponnesian
culture as in fact a pre-modern form of fascism.
6. QUOTING A QUOTE
If you are reading a secondary source and find a good quote that the author used, you may use it,
too—just be careful that when you cite the original source, you make sure to also include what
secondary book or article you found it in. That way if there are problems with the quote or its
translation, you are protected because the error lies where it belongs: with the source in which you
found the material.
Example:
Spartan males were taught well and became “fully convinced that
they were property not of themselves but of the state,” according
to the Greek essayist Plutarch.13 (Now go look at the footnote and see what it
says.)
7. PICTURES, IMAGES, OR GRAPHICS
All images and pictures, unless they are your own ORIGINAL artwork, need to be cited. Even if
you take a picture of a statue, building, or piece of artwork, you still need to give the title (or
name) of the work, the artist (or architect, if known), and the current ownership of the piece
(which museum or organization currently possesses it). Several examples of this format are
included in this guide.
12
Martin, Ancient Greece, 70-79.
Plutarch, Lykourgos xxiv, quoted in H. D. Amos and A. G. P. Lang, These Were the Greeks (Chester Springs,
Penn.: Dufour Editions, Ltd., 1982), 53.
13
4
Proper Citations: The Chicago Style
Now you know what to cite, but how do you cite it? The Groton history department
follows the Chicago Manual of Style’s humanities style of citations, using footnotes and a
bibliography for your paper. Here’s what you need to do:
IN THE TEXT OF YOUR PAPER:
Each time you need to cite your information you will use a FOOTNOTE to indicate the
source and (where relevant) the page number used. Microsoft Word has an easy
footnoting feature that will correctly place these footnotes and keep track of their
numbers for you, even if you move text around. Go to the “Insert” menu, choose
“reference” and then “footnote.” Alternatively, press CTRL-ALT-F. For examples of how
to write these footnotes in the guide below, follow the format labeled “N.” for
“note.”
The table below of examples shows you the format for the FIRST time you cite the
source in a footnote in your paper. After the first citation, each subsequent citation of
the EXACT SAME source can just be cited merely with the author’s name, a shortened
form of the title, and the relevant page number. For example:
1. O’Brien, If I Die, 77.
2. O’Brien, Carried, 515.
Examples of this shortened format are included in the list below, labeled “S.” for
“subsequent” citation.
If you found information in two sources and want to cite them both, you can do so in
the same footnote; just separate the two citations by a semi-colon. In the bibliography, of
course, the sources should be listed separately.
AT THE END OF YOUR PAPER:
You will create an entire BIBLIOGRAPHY of all sources used to research your paper,
including both the ones you have cited and others you may have consulted while
researching. Each source is listed once and they are arranged in alphabetical order by
the author’s last name (or title where there is no author or editor). No numbers are
used to order the bibliography. For examples of how to write these entries, follow the
format labeled “B.” for “bibliography” below. Moreover, a sample bibliography with
correct formatting is provided at the end of this document.
ONE MORE IMPORTANT CAUTION: It is never acceptable merely to list a web page
address as the citation. Please follow the examples for electronic sources in this guide.
5
Index to Citation Examples
Page
Legal Sources
11
Court Opinions
12
Dissenting Opinions
12
Legal Briefs
12
U.S. Constitution
Audiovisuals
12
Video or DVD
12
Broadcast Interview
12
Work of Art
13
Work of Art Reproduced in
a Book
Personal Communication
13
Published Interview
14
Unpublished Interview
14
Lecture or Paper Read
Electronic Sources
14
Personal Website
14
Professional Website
14
Newspaper Article on the
Web
15
Article in an Electronic
Journal
15
Entry from an Online
Encyclopedia or
Dictionary
15
Online Book or Part of a
Book
Article in a Journal Accessed 15
from a Database
15
Article in a Newspaper
Accessed from a
Database
16
A Periodical Article
Accessed from
EBSCOhost
A Book Accessed on Questia 16
16
A Journal Article Accessed
on Questia
Page
Books
7
Book with One Author
7
Book with Two or Three
Authors
7
Book with Four or More
Authors
7
Book with Unknown
Author
7
Book with an Institution or
Association as Author
7
Edited Book without an
Author
7
Edited Book with an Author
8
Book with a Translator
8
Book in an Edition Other
Than the First
8
Recent Reprint of a Book
8
Reprint of a Very Old Book
8
Old Reprint with New
Material Added
9
Source Quoted in Another
Source
9
Volume in a Multivolume
Work
9
Work in an Anthology
9
Work in a Series
Work in a Series with Editor 10
Forward or Introduction to a 10
Book
10
Letter in a Published
Collection
10
Encyclopedia or Dictionary
10
Sacred Texts
10
Classical Texts
Periodicals
11
Article in a Journal
11
Article in a Magazine
11
Article in a Newspaper
11
Unsigned Article in a
Newspaper, Journal, or
Magazine
11
Book Review
Sample Bibliography
6
17
Books
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
Book with One Author
1. William H. Rehnquist, The Supreme Court: A History (New York: Knopf, 2001),
204.
2. Rehnquist, Supreme Court, 187.
Rehnquist, William H. The Supreme Court: A History. New York: Knopf, 2001.
Book with Two or Three Authors
3. Michael D. Coe and Mark Van Stone, Reading the Maya Glyphs (London:
Thames and Hudson, 2002), 129-30.
4. Coe and Stone, Maya Glyphs, 127.
Coe, Michael D., and Mark Van Stone. Reading the Maya Glyphs. London: Thames and
Hudson, 2002.
Book with Four or More Authors
5. Lynn Hunt and others, The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures (Boston:
Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001), 541.
6. Hunt and others, Making of the West, 305.
Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, R. Po-chia Hsia, and Bonnie G.
Smith. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St.
Martin's, 2001.
Book with Unknown Author
7. The Men's League Handbook on Women's Suffrage (London, 1912), 23.
8. Men’s League Handbook, 16.
The Men's League Handbook on Women's Suffrage. London, 1912.
Book with an Institution or Association as Author
9. American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division, Services
Statement Development Committee, Directions for Library Service to Young
Adults (Chicago: American Library Association, 1978), 25.
10. American Library Association, Library Service, 16.
American Library Association, Young Adult Services Division, Services Statement
Development Committee. Directions for Library Service to Young Adults. Chicago:
American Library Association, 1978.
Edited Book without an Author
11. Jack Beatty, ed., Colossus: How the Corporation Changed America (New York:
Broadway Books, 2001), 127.
12. Beatty, ed., Colossus, 176.
Beatty, Jack, ed. Colossus: How the Corporation Changed America. New York:
Broadway Books, 2001.
Edited Book with an Author
13. Ted Poston, A First Draft of History, ed. Kathleen A. Hauke (Athens: University
of Georgia Press, 2000), 46.
14. Poston, First Draft, 17.
Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Edited by Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University
of Georgia Press, 2000.
7
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
Book with a Translator
15. Tonino Guerra, Abandoned Places, trans. Adria Bernardi (Barcelona: Guernica,
1999), 71.
16. Tonino, Abandoned Places, 73.
Guerra, Tonino. Abandoned Places. Translated by Adria Bernardi. Barcelona: Guernica,
1999.
Book in an Edition Other Than the First
A new printing of a book is used to keep books that sell well in print, and it does not necessarily
signal a new edition. In such a case, you would use the regular book format with the most recent
publication date. However, a book that is a new edition—which includes a revision of the text, a
change in pagination, or the addition of new material—will specifically state its edition number
and this information must be included in the citation. If the book has been reprinted by another
publisher altogether, though, use one of the formats for a reprint, listed next.
17. Andrew F. Rolle, California: A History, 5th ed. (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson,
1998), 243.
18. Rolle, California, 183.
Rolle, Andrew F. California: A History. 5th ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1998.
Recent Reprint of a Book
In the case of recently reprinted works, give the full set of original publication data as well as the
reprint data.
19. Neil Harris, The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790-1860
(New York: George Braziller, 1966; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1982), 57 (page citations are to the reprint edition).
20. Harris, Artist in American Society, 23.
Harris, Neil. The Artist in American Society: The Formative Years, 1790-1860. New
York: George Braziller, 1966; reprint, Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1982.
Reprint of a Very Old Book
When the original book is quite old and/or some original publication information is unavailable,
then use the following format.
21. Albert Schweitzer, J.S. Bach, trans. Ernest Newman (1911; reprint, New York:
Dover Publications, 1966), 86.
22. Schweitzer, J.S. Bach, 183.
Schweitzer, Albert. J.S. Bach. Translated by Ernest Newman. 1911. Reprint, New
York: Dover Publications, 1966.
Old Reprint with New Material Added
23. Robert Small, An Account of the Astronomical Discoveries of Kepler (1804;
reprint, with a foreword by William D. Stahlman, Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1963), 25.
24. Small, Discoveries of Kepler, 13.
Small, Robert. An Account of the Astronomical Discoveries of Kepler. 1804. Reprint,
with a foreword by William D. Stahlman, Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press, 1963.
8
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
Source Quoted in Another Source
25. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Random House, 1965), 11,
quoted in Mark Skousen, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and the
Ideas of the Great Thinkers (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), 15.
26. Smith, Wealth of Nations, 11.
Smith, Adam. The Wealth of Nations, 11. New York: Random House, 1965. Quoted in
Mark Skousen, The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and the Ideas of the
Great Thinkers (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001), 15.
Volume in a Multivolume Work
27. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, vol. 2, The Civil War (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1993), 205.
28. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 203.
Note: If you later use a different volume of the same work, it should be cited as a totally new source.
B.
N.
29. James M. McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, vol. 2, The Coming of War (New York:
McGraw-Hill, 1993), 165.
McPherson, James M. Ordeal by Fire. Vol. 2, The Civil War. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1993.
_________. Ordeal by Fire. Vol. 1, The Coming of War. New York: McGraw-Hill,
1993.
Work in an Anthology
30. Zora Neale Hurston, "From Dust Tracks on a Road," in The Norton Book of
American Autobiography, ed. Jay Parini (New York: Norton, 1999), 336.
Note: If the component part in the anthology is a short poem, article, or story, then it should be set off in
quotes. However, if the component is a longer work, such as an entire novel, then it should written in
italics like the anthology’s title.
S.
31. Hurston, “From Dust Tracks,” 336.
Note: if you later use another work from the same anthology, you may list the new author and component
title and then use the shortened form of the anthology for the rest of the footnote, as shown below. For the
bibliography, though, you need to include all the publication information again.
B.
N.
S.
B.
32. Malcolm X, “From The Autobiography of Malcolm X,” in The Norton Book of
American Autobiography, 245.
Hurston, Zora Neale. "From Dust Tracks on a Road." In The Norton Book of American
Autobiography, edited by Jay Parini, 333-43. New York: Norton, 1999.
X, Malcolm. “From The Autobiography of Malcolm X.” In The Norton Book of
American Autobiography, edited by Jay Parini, 229-256. New York: Norton,
1999.
Work in a Series
33. R. Keith Schoppa, The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History, Columbia
Guides to Asian History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 256-58.
34. Schoppa, Modern Chinese History, 257.
Schoppa, R. Keith. The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History. Columbia Guides to
Asian History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2000.
9
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
Work in a Series with Editor
35. Charles Issawi, The Economic History of Turkey, 1800-1914, Publication of the
Center for Middle Eastern Studies, ed. Richard L. Chambers, no. 13 (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1980), 48.
36. Issawi, Economic History of Turkey, 57.
Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of Turkey, 1800-1914. Publication of the Center
for Middle Eastern Studies, ed. Richard L. Chambers, no. 13. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1980.
Forward or Introduction to a Book
37. W. H. Auden, foreword to Markings, by Dag Hammarskjold (New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1964), ix.
38. Auden, forward to Markings, xii.
Auden, W. H. Foreword to Markings, by Dag Hammarskjold. New York: Alfred A.
Knopf, 1964.
Letter in a Published Collection
39. Thomas Gainsborough to Elizabeth Rasse, 1753, in The Letters of Thomas
Gainsborough, ed. John Hayes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), 5.
40. Gainsborough to Rasse, 7.
Gainsborough, Thomas. Letter to Elizabeth Rasse, 1753. In The Letters of Thomas
Gainsborough, edited by John Hayes, 5. New Haven: Yale University Press,
2001.
Encyclopedia or Dictionary
41. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., s.v. "Monroe Doctrine."
Note: The abbreviation "s.v." is for the Latin sub verbo ("under the word").
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
42. Britannica, s.v. “Monroe Doctrine.”
Reference works are not usually included in the bibliography.
Sacred Texts
43. Matt. 20:4-9 (Revised Standard Version).
44. Qur'an 18:1-3.
45. Luke 15:1.
The Bible and other sacred texts are not usually included in the bibliography.
Classical Texts
Classical works, especially Greek and Roman ones, are extensively abbreviated and do not necessarily
require publication data (though if you are using page numbers from the text you must specify the edition
you use, as shown in the second example). The different levels of division of a work (book, part, section,
chapter, lines, etc.) are given in Arabic numerals.
46. Homer, Odyssey 9.266-71.
47. Horace, Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica, Loeb Classical Library, p. 12.
48. Homer Odyssey 9.272.
Homer, Odyssey.
10
Periodicals
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
Article in a Journal
49. Jonathan Zimmerman, "Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s," Journal of
American History 87, no. 1 (2000): 101.
50. Zimmerman, “Ethnicity,” 107.
Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s." Journal of
American History 87, no. 1 (2000): 92-111.
Article in a Magazine
51. Joy Williams, "One Acre," Harper's, February 2001, 62.
52. Williams, “One Acre,” 62.
Williams, Joy. "One Acre." Harper's, February 2001, 58-65.
Article in a Newspaper
53. Dan Barry, "A Mill Closes, and a Hamlet Fades to Black," New York Times,
February 16, 2001, sec. A.
Note: A page number is not necessary. A section letter or number, if available, is sufficient.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
54. Barry, “A Mill Closes.”
Barry, Dan. "A Mill Closes, and a Hamlet Fades to Black." New York Times, February
16, 2001, sec. A.
Unsigned Article in a Newspaper,
Newspa per, Journal, or Magazine
55. Boston Globe, "Renewable Energy Rules," August 11, 2003, sec. A.
56. Boston Globe, “Renewable Energy Rules.”
Boston Globe. "Renewable Energy Rules." August 11, 2003, sec. A.
Book Review
57. Nancy Gabin, review of The Other Feminists: Activists in the Liberal
Establishment, by Susan M. Hartman, Journal of Women's History 12, no. 3
(2000): 230.
58. Gabin, review of Other Feminists, 231.
Gabin, Nancy. Review of The Other Feminists: Activists in the Liberal Establishment, by
Susan M. Hartman. Journal of Women's History 12, no. 3 (2000): 227-34.
Legal Sources
Court Opinions
N.
S.
B.
The U.S. Government publishes U.S. Reports, which contains the official version of all of the
opinions of the U.S. Supreme Court. Some appellate courts (e.g., the U.S. Supreme Court) refer to
the party bringing the case to the Court as the Appellant or Petitioner. The other party in the case is
known as the Appellee or Respondent. The number following the appellant and appellee is the
volume of the U.S. Reports publication, followed by a second number, which refers to the page
where the case begins.
59. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
60. Roe, 113.
Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, at 125(1973).
11
Dissenting Opinions
N.
S.
B.
N.
For dissenting (and concurring) opinions, the format is slightly different. If one quotes from a
dissenting opinion, one must indicate in the citation that the source is only a dissenting opinion,
which is not law. One puts the name of the justice who wrote the dissenting opinion plus the
word "dissenting" in parenthesis at the end of the citation.
61. Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 (1983)(Brennan, J., dissenting).
62. Connick, (Brennan, J., dissenting), 138.
Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138, at 156 (1983)(Brennan, J., dissenting).
Legal Briefs
Briefs
Briefs submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court include the identity of the party submitting the brief,
the litigants involved in the case, and the docket number.
S.
B.
63. Brief for the Petitioners, Harris v. McRae, No 79-1268 (filing date).
64. Petitioners, Harris, 187.
Brief for the Petitioners, Harris v. McRae, No. 79-1268, 52-58 (filing date).
U.S. Constitution
N.
The U.S. Constitution is cited by article or amendment, section, and if relevant, clause.
S.
B.
65. U.S. Constitution, art. 1, sec. 4.
66. U.S. Constitution, amend. 14, sec. 2
There is no need to further shorten subsequent citations, so use the same format as above.
The U.S. Constitution is not usually included in the bibliography.
Audiovisuals
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
Video or DVD
67. The Secret of Roan Inish, DVD, directed by John Sayles (1993; Culver City,
Calif.: Columbia TriStar Home Video, 2000).
68. The Secret of Roan Inish.
The Secret of Roan Inish. DVD. Directed by John Sayles. 1993; Culver City, Calif.:
Columbia TriStar Home Video, 2000.
Broadcast Interview
69. Ron Haviv, interview by Charlie Rose, The Charlie Rose Show, Public
Broadcasting System, February 12, 2001.
70. Haviv, Charlie Rose Show.
Haviv, Ron. Interview by Charlie Rose. The Charlie Rose Show, Public Broadcasting
System, February 12, 2001.
Work of Art
71. Jackson Pollock, Reflection of the Big Dipper, oil on canvas, 1946, Stedelijk
Museum, Amsterdam.
72. Pollock, Reflection of the Big Dipper.
Pollock, Jackson. Reflection of the Big Dipper. Oil on canvas. 1946. Stedelijk
Museum, Amsterdam.
12
N.
S.
B.
Work of Art Reproduced in a Book
73. Thomas Nast, “The Tammany Tiger Loose: ‘What Are You Going to Do about
It,’” cartoon, Harper’s Weekly, 11 November 1871, as reproduced in J. Chal
Vinson, Thomas Nast: Political Cartoonist (Athens.: University of Georgia Press,
1967), plate 52.
74. Nast, “The Tammany Tiger Loose.”
Nast, Thomas. “The Tammany Tiger Loose: ‘What Are You Going to Do about It.’”
Cartoon. Harper’s Weekly, 11 November 1871. As reproduced in J. Chal
Vinson, Thomas Nast: Political Cartoonist. Athens: University of Georgia Press,
1967. Plate 52.
Personal Communication
Published Interview
N.
S.
B.
An interview must always include the name of the person interviewed as well as that of the
interviewer. The rest of the citation is really dependent on the format of the interview and how it
was found (see four different examples above for four different media).
75. Raymond Bellour, “Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with
Raymond Bellour,” interview by Janet Bergstrom, Camera Obscura, nos. 3/4
(summer 1979): 93.
76. Isaac Bashevis Singer, interview by Harold Flender, in Writers at Work: The
“Paris Review” Interviews, ed. George Plimpton, 5th ser. (New York: Viking
Press, 1981), 85.
77. McGeorge Bundy, interview by Robert MacNeil, MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour,
Public Broadcasting System, 7 February 1990.
78. Hamid al-Hamad, Alexandrian Archeology, interview by Barker Comstock,
videocassette, dir. Nathan Goodhugh, Warberg Films, 1989.
79. Bellour, “Alternation,” 92.
80. Singer, Writers at Work, 84.
81. Bundy, MacNeil/Lehrer.
82. al-Hamad, Alexandrian Archeology.
Bellour, Raymond. “Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with Raymond
Bellour.” Interview by Janet Bergstrom. Camera Obscura, nos. 3/4 (summer
1979): 89-94.
Singer, Isaac Bashevis. Interview by Harold Flender. In Writers at Work: The “Paris
Review” Interviews, edited by George Plimpton. 5th ser., 81-92. New York:
Viking Press, 1981.
Bundy, McGeorge. Interview by Robert MacNeil. MacNeil/Lehrer News Hour. Public
Broadcasting System, 7 February 1990.
al-Hamad, Hamid. Alexandrian Archeology. Interview by Barker Comstock.
Videocassette, directed by Nathan Goodhugh. Warberg Films, 1989.
13
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
Unpublished Interview
83. Merle A. Roemer, interview by author, tape recording, Millington, Md., 26 July
1973.
84. Tim G. Peterson, interview by author, Long Beach, Calif., 1 August 1989.
85. Roemer, interview by author.
86. Peterson, interview by author.
Roemer, Merle A. Interview by author. Tape recording. Millington, Md., 26 July 1973.
Peterson, Tim. Interview by author. Long Beach, Calif., 1 August 1989.
Lecture or Paper Read
87. Stacy D’Erasmo, “The Craft and Career of Writing” (lecture, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Ill., April 26, 2000).
88. D’Erasmo, “The Craft and Career of Writing.”
D’Erasmo, Stacy. “The Craft and Career of Writing.” Lecture, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Ill., April 26, 2000.
Electronic Sources
N.
S.
B.
N.
Personal Website
89. Joseph Pellegrino, "Homepage," 12 May 1999,
<http://www.english.eku.edu/pellegrino/default.htm> (12 June 1999).
90. Pellegrino, “Homepage.”
Pellegrino, Joseph. "Homepage." 12 May 1999.
<http://www.english.eku.edu/pellegrino/default.htm> (12 June 1999).
Professional Website
You will not be able to cite page numbers for an internet source, but if possible use any internal
divisions on the site itself to specifically state where you found the information. Divisions such
as introductions or separate sub-pages work well and can be used as titles in your reference.
91. Hugh Elton, “Byzantine Warfare,” Warfare in the Ancient World, 4 April 1999,
<http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~helton/army.html> (23 April 1999).
Note: The first date is the day the web site was created or last updated, and the date in parentheses is the
day you used the Web site.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
92. Elton, “Byzantine Warfare.”
Elton, Hugh. "Byzantine Warfare." Warfare in the Ancient World. 4 April 1999.
<http://shakti.trincoll.edu/~helton/army.html> (23 April 1999).
Newspaper Article on the Web
93. Christopher Wren, "A Body on Mt. Everest, a Mystery Half-Solved," New York
Times on the Web, 5 May 1999,
<http://search.nytimes.com/search/daily/bin/fastweb?getdoc+site+
site+87604+0+wAAA+%22a%7Ebody%7Eon%7Emt.%7Eeverest%22> (13 May
1999).
94. Wren, “Body on Mt. Everest.”
Wren, Christopher. "A Body on Mt. Everest, a Mystery Half-Solved," New York Times
on the Web, 5 May 1999,
<http://search.nytimes.com/search/daily/bin/fastweb?getdoc+site+
site+87604+0+wAAA+%22a%7Ebody%7Eon%7Emt.%7Eeverest%22
14
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
Article in an Electronic Journal
95. Tonya Browning, "Embedded Visuals: Student Design in Web Spaces," Kairos: A
Journal for Teachers of Writing in Webbed Environments 3, no. 1 (1997),
<http://english.ttu.edu/kairos /2.1/features/browning/index.html> (21 October
1999).
96. Browning, “Embedded Visuals.”
Browning, Tonya. "Embedded Visuals: Student Design in Web Spaces." Kairos: A
Journal for Teachers of Writing in Webbed Environments 3, no. 1 (1997).
<http://english.ttu.edu/kairos /2.1/features/browning/index.html> (21 October
1999).
Entry from an Online Encyclopedia or Dictionary
97. "Salish," Britannica Online, <http://www.eb.com:180/cgibin/g?DocF=micro/520/47.html> (15 February 1999).
98. “Salish,” Britannica Online.
"Salish." Britannica Online. <http://www.eb.com:180/cgibin/g?DocF=micro/520/47.html> (15 February 1999).
Online Book or Part of a Book
99. Peter J. Bryant, "The Age of Mammals," in Biodiversity and Conservation April
1999, <http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/index.html> (11 May 1999).
100. Bryant, “The Age of Mammals.”
Bryant, Peter J. "The Age of Mammals.” In Biodiversity and Conservation April 1999.
<http://darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/index.html> (11 May 1999).
Article in a Journal Accessed from a Database
101. Sandra Yin, "Color Bind," American Demographics, 25, no. 7 (2003). Academic
Search Premier, via Galileo, http://www.galileo.usg.edu.
102. Yin, “Color Blind.”
Yin, Sandra. "Color Bind." American Demographics 25, no. 7 (2003): 22-26. Academic
Search Premier, via Galileo, http://www.galileo.usg.edu.
Article in a Newspaper Accessed from a Database
103. Arthur Krock, "In the Nation: The Effects of the Sputnik Thus Far," New York
Times, October 10, 1957, ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York
Times (1851-2003), http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=84771136&sid=
2&Fmt=2&clientId=10268&RQT=309&VName=HNP.
104. Krock, “Effects of the Sputnik.”
Krock, Arthur. " In the Nation: The Effects of the Sputnik Thus Far." New York Times,
October 10, 1957. ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (18512003), http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=84771136&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId
=10268&RQT=309&VName=HNP.
15
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
N.
S.
B.
A Periodical Article Accessed from EBSCOhost
105. Robin M. Kowalski, "Whining, Griping, and Complaining: Positivity in the
Negativity," Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58, no. 9 (2002): 1023. Academic
Search Premier Database, EBSCOhost (19 December 2002).
106. Kowalski, “Whining, Griping, and Complaining.”
Kowalski, Robin M. "Whining, Griping, and Complaining: Positivity in the Negativity.”
Journal of Clinical Psychology. 58, no. 9 (2002): 1023. Academic Search
Premier Database. EBSCOhost (19 December 2002).
A Book Accessed on Questia
107. Michael E. Bonine, ed., Population, Poverty, and Politics in Middle East Cities
(Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 1997), iii,
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22823630.
108. Bonine, ed., Population, Poverty, and Politics, iii.
Bonine, Michael E., ed. Population, Poverty, and Politics in Middle East Cities.
Gainesville, Fla.: University Press of Florida, 1997.
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22823630.
A Journal Article Accessed
Accessed on Questia:
109. Paul F. Power, "Middle East Nuclear Issues in Global Perspective," Middle East
Policy 4, no. 1 & 2 (1995): 188,
http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95248187.
110. Power, “Middle East Nuclear Issues,” 188.
Power, Paul F. "Middle East Nuclear Issues in Global Perspective." Middle East Policy 4,
no. 1 & 2 (1995): 188-209. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95248187.
Note: Questia will create your reference list for you. When it gives you the option, choose “Chicago
Manual of Style, One.”
If you have a source that does not fit any of the categories on this list, you should turn
to chapter 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style, which is located in the reference room of
Groton’s library (call number: REF 808.027 Chi).
The above style sheet uses examples from the following sources:
Bedford/St. Martin’s. “Using Chicago Style to Cite and Document Sources.” Online! A
Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources. 2003.
<http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite7.html> (5 May 2006).
Chicago Editorial Staff. Chicago Manual of Style. 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1993.
Hacker, Diana. “Documenting Sources: Model Notes and Bibliography Entries.” Research and
Documentation Online: History.
<http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c10_s2.html> (5 May 2006).
Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 5th ed.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.
16
top margin = 2 inches
BIBLIOGRAPHY
All entries must be alphabetized by the first
letter of the author’s last name or, when
there is no author, the first letter of the title
(not including a definite or indefinite
article, preposition, or conjunction).
Browning, Tonya. "Embedded Visuals: Student Design in Web Spaces." Kairos: A
Journal for Teachers of Writing in Webbed Environments 3, no. 1 (1997).
Hanging <http://english.ttu.edu/kairos /2.1/features/browning/index.html> (21 October
indent of 0.5” 1999).
left margin =
1 ½ inches
Coe, Michael D., and Mark Van Stone. Reading the Maya Glyphs. London:
Thames and Hudson, 2002.
right margin =
1 inch
Kowalski, Robin M. "Whining, Griping, and Complaining: Positivity in the Negativity.”
Journal of Clinical Psychology. 58, no. 9 (2002): 1023. Academic Search
Premier Database. EBSCOhost (19 December 2002).
The Men's League Handbook on Women's Suffrage. London, 1912.
A source without an author is
alphabetized by title.
Several works
O’Brien, Tim. If I Die in a Combat Zone: Box Me Up and Ship Me Home. New York:
by the same
Delacorte Press, 1975; reprint, New York: Broadway Books, Random House,
author are
1999.
arranged by
___________. Going After Cacciato. New York: Delacorte Press, 1978; reprint, New
date of
York: Broadway Books, Random House, 1999.
publication.
Power, Paul F. "Middle East Nuclear Issues in Global Perspective." Middle East Policy 4,
no. 1 & 2 (1995): 188-209. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=95248187.
Rehnquist, William H. The Supreme Court: A History. New York: Knopf,
2001.
Single space Singer, Isaac Bashevis. Interview by Harold Flender. In Writers at Work: The “Paris
Review” Interviews, edited by George Plimpton. 5th ser., 81-92. New York:
within items
Viking Press, 1981.
and double
space between Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s."
Journal of American History 87, no. 1 (2000): 92-111.
items.
This is a sample to illustrate the proper
formatting and structure of your
bibliography. It belongs at the end of your
paper and should include all sources cited,
plus any others you may have consulted
while researching.
bottom margin = 1 inch
17