STUDIES IN PHILIPPINE
LINGUISTICS
Volume 5 Number 2 1984
The elaboration of a technical lexicon of
Pilipino 248 pp.
by Alfonso O. Santiago; Fe T. Otanes, series ed.
Summary, conclusions, recommendations 119
ISSN: 0119-6456
© LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES and SUMMER INSTITUTE OF L INGUISTICS
Sample Citation Format
Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. 1977. “The noun phrase in Tagalog—English code switching”. Studies in
Philippine Linguistics 1:1, 1–16. Online. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ [etc.] + access date.
SLWARY, COIYCLUSIONS, AND RECOMENDATIONS
The d i f f e r e n t l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s assumed i n
s t u d y , a s i d e from g e t t i n g t h e e x a c t o r n e a r e q u i v a l e n t of t h e E n g l i s h
from CP, a r e : ( 1 ) borrowing v i a Spanish, d i r e c t f r o a E n g l i s h , and
P h i l i p p i n e v e r n a c u l a r s , ( 2 ) c o i n i n g , and ( 3 ) r e t r i e v a l o r r e v i v a l of
a r c h a i c indigenous words, e s p e c i a l l y Tagalog.
this
term
from
old,
This s t u d y sought t o f i n d out how t h e intended u s e r s of P i l i p i n o
would r e a c t t o t h e s e d i f f e r e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n t h e development of a
s c i e n t i f i c l e x i c o n f o r t h e language.
I n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e t h i s aim, a survey of p r e f e r e n c e s f o r t h e
d i f f e r e n t l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s was conducted i n t h e f i e l d s of
medicine, biology, chemistry. physics, and mathematics, involving 100
c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s , 100 c o l l e g e p r o f e s s o r s , and 100 p r a c t i t i o n e r s , o r a t o t a l
of 300 respondents. These respondents were c l a s s i f i e d i n t o two l i n g u i s t i c
groups
Tagalogs and non-Tagalogs.
--
Two s e t s of q u e s t i o n n a i r e s (one i n English and t h e o t h e r i n
P i l i p i n o ) were used f o r each of t h e f i v e d i s c i p l i n e s o r f i e l d s surveyed.
Each set of q u e s t i o n n a i r e s contained 20 t e c h n i c a l terns i n each d i s c i p l i n e ,
t h u s making a t o t a l of 100 terns.
6.1 Findings and Conclusions
Analysis of t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e d a t a brought f o r t h
from which conclusions can be drawn a s given below.
certain
findings
The use of Current Tagalog words was t h e p r i m i p a l means favored
6.1.1
by t h e respondents. This s u g g e s t s t h a t i n t h e e l a b o r a t i o n of a P i l i p i n o
s c i e n t i f i c lexicon. t h e t e r n s needed may be drawn p r i m a r i l y from Current
Tagalog indigenous terms. The o t h e r s o u r c e s a r e t o be r e s o r t e d t o only i f
t h e r e a r e no a v a i l a b l e Current Tagalog terms. This c o n c l u s i o n may appear t o
be p l a t i t u d i n o u s and redundant because P i l i p i n o , being Tagalog-based,
should n a t u r a l l y draw words from i t s base, and t h e r e f o r e , Current Tagalog
should not be included a s one of t h e p o s s i b l e s o u r c e s f o r t h e e l a b o r a t i o n
procedure. I n t h e P h i l i p p i n e c o n t e x t , however, a statement of t h i s kind
holds s i g n i f i c a n c e , e s p e c i a l l y i f one c o n s i d e r s t h a t a l i m i t t o , s a y ,
borrowing English words and phrases cannot be d e f i n i t e l y f i x e d , and t h a t
borrowing can grow t o such p r o p o r t i o n s a s may t h r e a t e n t o overwhelm and
e v e n t u a l l y d e - s t a b i l i z e P i l i p i n o a s a d i s t i n c t language.
120
A T e c h n i c a l Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
A t t h i s p o i n t , one r e a l i z e s t h e wisdom b e h i n d t h e ' a u t h e n t i c a t i o n '
e f f o r t s of t h e F i l i p i n o s ' f o r e b e a r s a s m a n i f e s t e d i n t h e i r e a r l y g r a m a r
books and e d i c t s .
6.1.2 R e s p e l l e d S p a n i s h terns (S-2) came o u t t o b e t h e most p r e f e r r e d
forms i n borrowing. T h i s means t h a t t e r m s b e i n g borrowed d i r e c t from
E n g l i s h may be a s s i m i l a t e d i n t o P i l i p i n o v i a c o r r e s p o n d i n g S p a n i s h ( o r
Spanish-sounding)
words p e r h a p s b e c a u s e i t i s r e l a t i v e l y easier t o borrow
words from a l a n g u a g e t h a t u s e s a n eq'ually c o n s i s t e n t o r t h o g r a p h y t h a n from
one t h a t h a s a n i n c o n s i s t e n t s p e l l i n g system.
6.1.3
Eorrowing of E n g l i s h terms w i t h no change i n s p e l l i n g (E-1)
showed a sudden r i s e i n t h e r a n k s ( b e i n g a c l o s e second t o S-2) a s compared
t o i t s v e r y unpopular s t a t u s i n t h e PNC, Rivero-Labigan, and Sumayo
s t u d i e s . I t i s t o be p o i n t e d o u t , however, t h a t t h e t e r m s used i n t h i s
s t u d y were c o m p a r a t i v e l y more t e c h n i c a l t h a n t h o s e used i n t h e o t h e r
s u r v e y s . T h i s seems t o l e a d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t o n e ' s p r e f e r e n c e f o r E-1
t e r m s may tend t o be s t r o n g e r a s one g o e s i n t o more s o p h i s t i c a t e d o r h i g h l y
i n t e l l e c t u a l i z e d f i e l d s of knowledge.
I t h a s t o b e made clear, however, t h a t t h e d a t a i n t h e p r e s e n t
s t u d y show a rise i n p e r c e n t a g e of p o p u l a r i t y of E-1 t e r m s ONLY i n t h e
s p h e r e of t h e t e c h n i c a l l e x i c o n of P i l i p i n o . They do n o t show whether E-1
t e r m s w i l l rank a s h i g h i n t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f i t s n o n t e c h n i c a l l e x i c o n
s i n c e t h a t i s n o t w i t h i n t h e s c o p e of t h i s s t u d y . A t a n y r a t e , t h e
c o n c l u s i o n t h a t can be made a t t h i s p o i n t i s t h a t t h e r e i s a g r e a t e r
p r e f e r e n c e f o r borrowing E n g l i s h terms w i t h o u t r e s p e l l i n g t h a n
for
borrowing them i n t h e i r r e s p e l l e d forms; t h i s would make t h e e n t r y of
' f o r e i g n ' l e t t e r s i n t o t h e Abakada i n e v i t a b l e , such t h a t c o n s i s t e n c y i n t h e
s p e l l i n g s y s t e m of P i l i p i n o would no l o n g e r b e s t r i c t l y o b s e r v e d . T h i s
c o n f i r m s what G l e a s o n (1961:422)
s a y s , t h a t ' c o n f o r m i t y t o some o t h e r
w r i t i n g s y s t e m , even a t t h e e x p e n s e of one-to-one r e l a t i o n s h i p (between t h e
phoneme and t h e s y m b o l ) , may sometimes be d e s i r a b l e , e s p e c i a l l y i n a r e a s
where b i l i n g u a l i s m i s common'.
F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a p p a r e n t r i s e i n p o p u l a r i t y of E-1 t e r m s may a l s o
be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t E n g l i s h c o n t i n u e s t o occupy a p r e m i e r s t a t u s
i n P h i l i p p i n e l i f e w h i l e S p a n i s h i s s l o w l y on i t s way o u t . Continued v i s u a l
exposure t o English terms c o n d i t i o n s t h e schooled F i l i p i n o t o favor t h e
o r t h o g r a p h i c r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of words i n t h a t l a n g u a g e . And b e c a u s e t h e
E n g l i s h s p e l l i n g system i s i n c o n s i s t e n t , words from t h a t
language.
e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e h i g h l y i n c o n s i s t e n t o n e s , a r e u s u a l l y borowed i n t o
P i l i p i n o w i t h n o change i n s p e l l i n g . By v i r t u e of t h a t v i s u a l c o n d i t i o n i n g
t o E n g l i s h t e r m s , r e s p e l l i n g of borrowed E n g l i s h words t o conform t o t h e
Abakada u s u a l l y r e s u l t s i n u n u s u a l i f n o t g r o t e s q u e forms t h a t a r e not
f a v o r e d b e c a u s e t h e o r i g i n a l words a r e no l o n g e r t r a n s p a r e n t from t h e
r e s p e l l e d words; a p p a r e n t l y a e s t h e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s e x e r t a n i n f l u e n c e i n
t h e m a t t e r of c h o i c e .
T h i s e x p l a i n s why t h e r e s p e l l e d forms (S-2) a r e
p r e f e r r e d when t h e borrowing i s from S p a n i s h w h i l e t h e forms w i t h no change
i n s p e l l i n g (E-1) a r e p r e f e r r e d when t h e borrowing i s from E n g l i s h .
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
121
6.1.4
The l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h a t can be c a t e g o r i z e d
among t h e ' l e a s t p r e f e r r e d ' a r e : ( a ) borrowing from Spanish w i t h no
s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n , ( b ) borrowing from E n g l i s h w i t h s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n ,
( c ) c o i n i n g , ( d ) r e t r i e v a l of a r c h a i c indigenous words, and ( e ) b o r r w i n g
f r a n the Philippine vernaculars.
and
Borrowing from Spanish w i t h no s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n (S-1)
borrowing from English w i t h s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n (E-2) a s among t h e ' l e a s t
p r e f e r r e d ' p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e p r e d i c t a b l e s i n c e t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s , Spanish
with s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n (5-2)
and English w i t h no s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n
(
1 rank among t h e 'most p r e f e r r e d ' p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
I t should be made c l e a r a t t h i s p o i n t , however, that so f a r a s
pronunciation
is concerned, S-1 and E-2 were not r e j e c t e d by t h e
respondents. I n f a c t , had t h e survey been o r a l i n s t e a d of w r i t t e n , t h e r e
would have been no way of d i s t i n g u i s h i n g S-1 from S-2 and E-1 from E-2.
What was r e j e c t e d i n S-1 and E-2, t h e r e f o r e , was t h e s p e l l i n g and not t h e
pronunciation.
The terms used t o r e p r e s e n t l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s ( c ) ,
( d l , and ( e ) a r e mainly M terms because, except f o r a v e r y few, they were
taken from t h e Maugnayin book.
coined and r e t r i e v e d
I n g e n e r a l , i t may be s a i d t h a t t h e -Is
a r c h a i c terms, a s w e l l a s o t h e r terms taken f
the
Philippine
v e r n a c u l a r s , show very l i t t l e promise of e v e r a t t a i n i n g currency i n
P i l i p i n o . Coining, r e v i v a l of 'dead' words, and t h e a r b i t r a r y manner of
g e t t i n g words from t h e v e r n a c u l a r s , w i t h d i s r e g a r d of a l r e a d y a s s i m i l a t e d
loan words, partake of t h e n a t u r e of language purism, i t s e l f an a t t i t u d e
which i s not u n n a t u r a l t o any s o c i e t y t h a t has long been dominated by a
f o r e i g n power. For, e s s e n t i a l l y , a p u r i s t i c a t t i t u d e i n language i s merely
one m a n i f e s t a t i o n of freedom-hungry minds t r y i n g t o ' a u t h e n t i c a t e ' a
language which they can c a l l t h e i r own. To be s u r e , coining and t h e o t h e r
'puristic'
techniques a r e l e g i t i m a t e modes of growth of any l i v i n g
language; n o n e t h e l e s s they should be a p p l i e d with utmost r e s t r a i n t i n
P h i l i p p i n e c o n t e x t . Massive o r i n d i s c r i m i n a t e a d o p t i o n of c o i n e d , a r c h a i c ,
and v e r n a c u l a r terms may y e t r e s u l t i n a waste of p r e c i o u s t i m e and e f f o r t
which otherwise could be channeled t o more enhancing phases of language
development.
The P h i l i p p i n e s can p o s s i b l y b e n e f i t from t h e experience of
Malaysia i n i t s e f f o r t s t o i n t e l l e c t u a l i z e Bahasa Malaysia. During t h e
f i f t i e s and s i x t i e s , when awareness f o r indigenous terms a s a g a i n s t terms
with s i g n s of f o r e i g n markedness o r 'unllalayness' was most prominently
p r o j e c t e d by t h e language planners and s c h o l a r s , t h e Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka, Malaysia's h i g h e s t a u t h o r i t y on language, adopted and published
coined t e c h n i c a l neologisms i n massive q u a n t i t i e s .
Despite a l l t h e s e
l a b o r s , only a small percentage of t h e terms e v e r e n t e r e d t h e t e c h n i c a l
language currency, notwithstanding t h e government's o f f i c i a l s a n c t i o n
(Asmah 1974:225-8).
122
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
6.1.5 Euphemism i s s t i l l an important mode of language behavior i n
F i l i p i n o c u l t u r e , e s p e c i a l l y on m a t t e r s p e r t a i n i n g t o sex. It w i l l perhaps
t a k e some time b e f o r e t h e taboo terms g e t i n t o t h e medical l e x i c o n a s t h i s
would mean a b r u p t , r a d i c a l changes i n t h e p r e s e n t kind of c u l t u r e t h a t
p r e v a i l s among t h e F i l i p i n o s . But i t i s v e r y l i k e l y t h a t t h e time w i l l
come, a s P i l i p i n o g e t s i n t e l l e c t u a l i z e d , when euphemisms w i l l be reduced t o
a b a r e minimum, c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t ' p r e c i s f o n ' o r e x p l i c i t n e s s of statement
i s one c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a n i n t e l l e c t u a l i z e d language.
011 t h e whole, t h e Maugnayin terms t h a t gained a c c e p t a b i l i t y were
6.1.6
t h o s e t h a t a r e c u r r e n t and recognizably indigenous t o Tagalog, such as
palamulaan
(rootword
&; p r e f e r r e d
over
E-1 genealogy o r S-2
henealohiya), b i n u t i l (rootword b u t i l ; p r e f e r r e d over E-1 g r a n u l e o r S-2
g r a n i l y o ) , pampamuo (rootword buo; p r e f e r r e d over E-1 coagulant o r S-2
k o a g u l a n t e ) , among o t h e r s .
-
Unusual o r u n f a m i l i a r Maugnayin terms can a l s o g a i n p o p u l a r i t y
under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s ; e.g.,
i f terms f i l l a need i n t h e language
because of a v e r s i o n t o taboo words i n s e x , and a l s o , i f terms taken from
o t h e r sources prove t o be less ' a t t r a c t i v e ' o r not a e s t h e t i c a l l y p l e a s i n g
f o r adoption.
I n f a c t , t h e d a t a s t r o n g l y show t h a t c o i n i n g , i f c r e a t i v e l y
and d i s c r e e t l y handled, can be v e r y u s e f u l i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r segment of
language development. Perhaps coining can come i n where euphemism f a i l s .
This is proven i n r e s p e c t t o t h e t e r n punlay coined by t h e Lupon.
Some M terms t h a t show promise of e v e n t u a l l y being a c c e p t e d , t o
mention a few, a r e kaluban ' v a g i n a ' , sihay ' c e l l ' ,
binhay 'germ',
and
kasanyuan 'isomorphism'.
Mast of t h e -'s
c o i n a g e s , however, w i l l most
l i k e l y be u l t i m a t e l y a s s o c i a t e d with t h e unpopular, not t o say r i d i c u l e d ,
terms salipawpaw and salumpuwit.
6.1.7
F i n a l l y , t h e p r e f e r e n c e of t h e d i f f e r e n t types of respondents i n
each
of
the
following
groupings
showed
identical
patterns:
p r o f e s s o r s , and p r a c t i t i o n e r s ; Group 2
medicine,
Group 1 - s t u d e n t s ,
biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics;
Group 3 - Tagalog
and
non-Tagalog.
The only seeming d e v i a t i o n observed was t h e s t u d e n t s ' and t h e
non-Tagalogs' tendency t o favor t h e E-1 terms s l i g h t l y more than t h e
p r o f e s s o r s and t h e p r a c t i t i o n e r s and t h e Tagalogs d i d ; but such tendency is
s t a t i s t i c a l l y nonsignificant.
-
rankings
of
the
The following c h a r t which sumnarizes t h e
respondents according t o t h e t h r e e t y p e s of grouping c l e a r l y shows t h i s
p a t t e r n (where t h e 'most p r e f e r r e d ' option-types were assigned a weight of
1 and t h e ' l e a s t p r e f e r r e d ' ones a weight of 5):
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
123
Option-Types
Groups
E-1
E-2
S-1
S-2
M
1. Stud,
Prof,
Prac
2
4
5
1
3
2.Bio,Che,
Phy, Mat
2
4
5
1
3
3. Tag, NTg
2
4
5
1
3
Weight
Total
6
12
15
3
9
Rank
2
4
5
1
3
The conclusion t h a t may be d e r i v e d from t h e above d a t a i s t h a t a
P i l i p i n o s c i e n t i f i c l e x i c o n may be developed and expanded by g e n e r a l l y
observing t h e f o l l o v i n g p o s s i b i l i t i e s , arranged i n t h e i r
order
of
acceptability:
S-2 ( r e s p e l l e d S p n i s h e q u i v a l e n t of t h e English term being
borrowed), E-1 (English term without s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n ) , M (Maugnayin way
c h a r a c t e r i z e d by borrowing from t h e v e r n a c u l a r s , coining o r d e r i v i n g , and
r e t r i e v a l of a r c h a i c Tagalog words), E-2 (English term r e s p e l l e d t o conform
t o t h e Abakada), and S-1 (Spanish term without s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n ) .
Over and above a l l t h e s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s , of c o u r s e , i s t h e most
l o g i c a l , a p p r o p r i a t e , and accepted p r a c t i c e of
using
the
Tagalog
e q u i v a l e n t , i f t h e r e i s any, f o r t h e term being borrowed.
Based on t h e d a t a , one g e n e r a l enrichment procedure can p o s s i b l y be
formulated such t h a t t h e t e c h n i c a l terms t h a t w i l l be adopted a s a r e s u l t
of i t s a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l most probably be a c c e p t a b l e t o a l l t h e d i f f e r e n t
s e c t o r s of intended u s e r s .
6.2 Recolnendations
Two k i n d s of reconmendations a r e presented i n t h i s s e c t i o n . The
f i r s t i s a proposed procedure i n t h e development of a P i l i p i n o s c i e n t i f i c
l e x i c o n . The second is a set of s u g g e s t i o n s f o r f u r t h e r study.
6.2.1 The following a r e t h e r e e m e n d e d l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n g u i d e l i n e s
f o r P i l i p i n o , e s p e c i a l l y a s r e g a r d s s c i e n t i f i c t e r m i n o l o g i e s , arranged i n
t h e i r o r d e r of p r i o r i t y :
6.2.1.1 Faced w i t h an E n g l i s h t e c h n i c a l t e r n , u s e t h e e q u i v a l e n t term.
i f a v a i l a b l e , from Current Tagalog. Examples: recrudescence -=;
apoplexy
himatar; osteopathy
s a k i t ( s a ) butb.
-
-
-
124 A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
6.2.1.2
I f no Taaalon
term i s a v a i l a b l e . determine t h e Snanish
r-e q u i v a l e n t of t h e ~ n g l i s gterm and respell i t ;o conform t o ;he Abakada.
karburo;
Examples: microbe --> microbio = mikrobyo; c a r b i d e --> c a r b u r o
v o l t a g e --> v o l t a j e = b o l t a h e .
-
6.2.1.3
I f n e i t h e r of s u b s e c t i o n s 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.2 i s f e a s i b l e ,
adopt t h e English term. Bere t h e borrower has two a l t e r n a t i v e s . F i r s t ,
borrow t h e English term a s is, without s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n . Examples:
f i n i t e -->
f i n i t e ; r a d i o i s o t o p e ->
r a d i o i s o t o p e . Second, borrow t h e
English term and r e s p e l l i t t o conform t o t h e Abakada. Examples: axiom
aksyom; mathematician = matematisyan.
-
The f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e i s r e s o r t e d t o i f t h e borrower b e l i e v e s t h a t
easy communication w i l l be achieved, thus promoting dynamism i n t h e
language. The borrower, however, should be cautioned t h a t t h i s may l e a d t o
t h e l o s s of c o n s i s t e n c y i n t h e s p e l l i n g system of P i l i p i n o , t h u s g i v i n g way
t o a ' c r e o l i z e d P i l i p i n o ' . S t i l l , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y i s not discounted t h a t
later
generations
w i l l c o n s i d e r ' c r e o l i z e d P i l i p i n o ' a s t h e i r own
indigenous language, hence, t o them i t w i l l be ' a u t h e n t i c ' .
The second a l t e r n a t i v e i s r e s o r t e d t o i f t h e borrower v i s h e s t o
preserve t h e c o n s i s t e n c y of t h e s p e l l i n g system of P i l i p i n o , although
s t r i c t adherence t o t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e may l e a d t o t h e l o s s of dynamism i n
t h e language, e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e o r i g i n a l form of t h e E n g l i s h term is no
longer t r a n s p a r e n t from t h e r e s u l t i n g form.
6.2.1.4 I f none of t h e preceding procedures i s workable,
following, whichever i s a d a p t a b l e , may be r e s o r t e d t o :
6.2.1.4.1
ones ;
any
of
the
Borrow from any of t h e v e r n a c u l a r s , p r e f e r a b l y from t h e major
6.2.1.4.2
Coin; or
6.2.1.4.3
R e t r i e v e a r c h a i c Tagalog words.
Where coining i s r e s o r t e d t o , a c c e p t a b i l i t y of t h e coined term may
be
improved
by observing t h e following: ( 1 ) a t l e a s t one of t h e
c o n s t i t u e n t s must be a f u l l P i l i p i n o word base whose meaning matches t h a t
of the English term; t h e o t h e r c o n s t i t u e n t ( s ) must g i v e an immediate c l u e
t o t h e meaning t h a t i s sought t o be conveyed. Examples: g p n e c o l o a =
dalubsakit-babe;
t r i a n g l e = t a t s u l o k ; ( 2 ) euphony; i.e., i f number ( 1 ) is
not observed, t h e coined term should c a r r y a c m b i n a t i o n of p l e a s i n g sounds
o r be v i s u a l l y a e s t h e t i c , s u g g e s t i v e of t h e intended meaning. Example:
sperm = punlay; metamorphosis = banyuhay.
S u b j e c t i v i t y i s a d m i t t e d l y very e v i d e n t i n t h e above g u i d e l i n e s .
pamilya i s more popular
For example, who i s t o judge whether pagpaplano
than pagbabalak-angkan; whether a r e s p e l l e d borrowed term, reydyoaysotop,
f o r i n s t a n c e , i s unusual or not; whether a coined term, punlay, f o r
i n s t a n c e , i s euphonious o r n o t ? Only a survey can more o r less a c c u r a t e l y
t e l l which i s which.
But s u b j e c t i v i t y n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g , t h i s r e s e a r c h e r
h o n e s t l y b e l i e v e s that a s e t of l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n g u i d e l i n e s of t h i s s o r t
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
h a s t o be formulated o r derived out
following reasons:
of
the
questionnaire
data
for
125
the
( 1 ) The survey technique i s a t e d i o u s p r o c e s s , t o o i m p r a c t i c a l and
uneconomical t o be always r e s o r t e d t o merely t o a s c e r t a i n which a r e t h e
most p r e f e r r e d terms, which a r e not unusual, o r which a r e considered
euphonious;
( 2 ) A person who engages i n t h e t a s k of l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n is
expected t o have had enough exposure t o t h e language t o be a b l e t o make a
reasonable approximation a s t o which terms a r e c u r r e n t o r popular and which
a r e n o t , whether a c e r t a i n form i s v i s u a l l y a e s t h e t i c o r unusual, o r
whether a coined term i s euphonious o r n o t .
Regarding 'euphony' which is a d m i t t e d l y an e l u s i v e term, i t is
l i k e l y t h a t a c e r t a i n coinage may sound euphonious t o a person who h a s t h e
' f e e l ' of t h e nuances of P i l i p i n o and i t s base, Tagalog, but t h e same term
may not be euphonious t o a n o t h e r person who i s a n o n n a t i v e speaker of
Tagalog and kncm v e r y l i t t l e of t h e language because euphony t o him is
conditioned by h i s own v e r n a c u l a r ;
(3) A peraon who u s e s t h e above g u i d e l i n e r may e r r i n h i s judgment
a s t o which of t h e a v a i l a b l e terms i s more popular, but h e w i l l not t a k e o r
adopt t h e c u r r e n t unpopular s t e p of d e l i b e r a t e l y coining o r r e v i v i n g 'dead'
words and d i s r e g a r d i n g t h e more a c c e p t a b l e Tagalog o r borrowed Spanish o r
English terms. This is so because h e i s m d e e v e r aware of t h e o r d e r of
p r i o r i t y of t h e sources of l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n p o s s i b i l i t i e s which can
f u r t h e r be s i m p l i f i e d i n t o a kind of formula a s f o l l o w s :
1
Source Eng ->
Tech
Term
Current
Tag
>
Source 2
>
Source 3
Spa ( + r e s p e l l e d )
Eng (*respelled)
A s mentioned i n Chapter 1, t h e term 'Current Tagalog' i n t h e
p r e s e n t s t u d y c a r r i e s a r a t h e r r e s t r i c t e d meaning as it r e f e r s only t o
words which a r e i n h e r e n t l y indigenous. Spanish and E n g l i s h words, whether
o r not they a r e a l r e a d y part of t h e Tagalog language currency, have been
g i v e n s e p a r a t e l a b e l s f o r t h e purposes of t h i s study. The term medisina,
f o r example, is a c t u a l l y p a r t of t h e Current Tagalog l e x i c o n but i t
n e v e r t h e l e s s had t o be c l a s s i f i e d a s Spanish r e s p e l l e d (S-2) t o d i s t i n g u i s h
i t from t h e indigenous Tagalog term panggagamat.
Current Tagalog i s assigned a s t h e f i r s t source f o r l e x i c a l
e l a b o r a t i o n not simply because i t i s f i r s t i n t h e o v e r a l l p r e f e r e n c e
ranking, but a l s o because Tagalog, a s t h e b a s i s of P i l i p i n o , should
l o g i c a l l y and l e g i t i m a t e l y be t h e p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e of needed t e c h n i c a l
vocabulary.
126
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
I n 'Source 2 ' , Spanish i s w r i t t e n above E n g l i s h t o i n d i c a t e t h a t
where i t is e q u a l l y f e a s i b l e t o borrow from Spanish and from English, t h e
Spanish term may be g i v e n p r i o r i t y . I f a choice p r e s e n t s i t s e l f , f o r
example, between chemist and kimiko, t h e l a t t e r word m y be given
preference.
The ' + r e s p e l l e d v enclosed i n p a r e n t h e s e s i m e d i a t e l y a f t e r 'Spa'
means that a l l borrowed Spanish terms s h a l l be r e s p e l l e d t o conform t o t h e
Abakada. On t h e o t h e r hand, t h e '*respelled1 w r i t t e n a f t e r 'Eng' means t h a t
English terms may be borrowed w i t h o r without s p e l l i n g a l t e r a t i o n s . The
borrower may r e s p e l l t h e borrowed t e c h n i c a l term t o conform t o t h e Abakada,
e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e o r i g i n a l form w i l l s t i l l be t r a n s p a r e n t i n t h e r e s u l t i n g
form.
The b r a c k e t s i n 'Source 3' i n d i c a t e t h a t any of t h e t h r e e enclosed
sources may be chosen, depending on which i s camparatively more a d a p t a b l e .
The
arrowhead
sign (
>
) may be read ' I f not f e a s i b l e , go t o next
Source'.
F i n a l l y , t h e P h i l i p p i n e v e r n a c u l a r s a s p o s s i b l e sources of terms
have had t o be shunted t o 'Source 3' i n s p i t e of t h e p r o v i s i o n i n C. A. 184
t o 'use a s a s o u r c e p r i n c i p a l l y t h e P h i l i p p i n e tongues' and t h e p r o v i s i o n
i n the 1973 C o n s t i t u t i o n regarding t h e 'development and formal adoption of
a common n a t i o n a l language t o be known a s F i l i p i n o ' because t h a t p o s i t i o n
i s what t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e d a t a i n d i c a t e , notwithstanding t h e f a c t t h a t h a l f
of t h e respondents were non-Tagalogs. Perhaps t h e above-mentioned s t a t u t o r y
and C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o v i s i o n s may be a p p l i c a b l e i n a s i t u a t i o n where a
f o r e i g n language, e s p e c i a l l y t h a t of a former c o l o n i a l master, does not
occupy a premier s t a t u s i n t h e country. Furthermore, i t i s perhaps i n t h e
enrichment of t h e nontechnical vocabulary of P i l i p i n o t h a t words from the
P h i l i p p i n e v e r n a c u l a r s can n a t u r a l l y come i n . For a look a t t h e language of
advanced c o u n t r i e s shows t h a t t h e l e x i c o n f o r o r d i n a r y d i s c o u r s e of
communication, whether o r a l o r w r i t t e n , i s v a s t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e
l e x i c o n f o r t e c h n i c a l o r s c i e n t i f i c information
denigratingly called
jargon
which
is
d i c t a t e d by new d i s c o v e r i e s , new p r o c e s s e s , new
creations.
-
-
6.2.2
made :
The following are some s u g g e s t i o n s f o r
further
studies
to
be
Fishman (1974:23) p o i n t s o u t t h a t t h e a r e a of c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e
p r e s e n t popular awareness on language planning i s now i n conjunction with
l e x i c a l e l a b o r a t i o n a s evidenced by s t u d i e s conducted o r being conducted by
language academies o r o t h e r o f f i c i a l and s e m i - o f f i c i a l a g e n c i e s .
Language
planning bodies have a l r e a d y gone p a s t t h e s t a g e s of c r e a t i o n , s e l e c t i o n ,
and/or r e v i s i o n of w r i t i n g systems and t h e ' c o d i f i c a t i o n of langue models'.
However, a s i s t r u e i n o t h e r a s p e c t s of language planning r e s e a r c h ,
Fishman observes t h a t process o r i e n t e d and t h e o r e t i c a l l y guided r e s e a r c h ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y a s r e l a t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l s u c c e s s of planned neologisms
among v a r i o u s t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n s , i s almost e n t i r e l y l a c k i n g . The p r e s e n t
s t u d y i s a d m i t t e d l y a v e r y modest beginning of t h e kind t h a t Fishman
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
suggests. However, i t may s e r v e a s a springboard f o r f u t u r e
a s t h e following:
studies,
127
such
6.2.2.1
A study t h a t w i l l probe i n t o t h e reasons why t h e v a r i o u s
t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n s a c c e p t o r reject c e r t a i n neologisms. Note t h a t t h e
p r e s e n t s t u d y merely a s c e r t a i n e d which l e x i c a l forms a r e p r e f e r r e d and
which a r e not. The reasons f o r ' l i k i n g '
o r 'nqt l i k i n g ' were m r e l y
inferred f r a p t h e questionnaire data.
One p o s s i b l e r e a c t i o n t h a t may perhaps be a n t i c i p a t e d i s ' f o r e i g n
markedness' of t h e ' r e j e c t e d ' terms and 'indigenousness' of t h e 'accepted'
ones, o r t h e r e v e r s e .
The r e s u l t of such a s t u d y would undoubtedly be of i a e n s e value t o
language planners and s c h o l a r s who a r e engaged p a r t i c u l a r l y i n l e x i c a l
elaboration.
6.2.2.2
A s t u d y t h a t w i l l a c c e p t o r r e j e c t t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t some
English terms accepted o r a l l y are r e j e c t e d i n w r i t t e n form; t h a t t h e r e i s
p r e s e n t l y evolving a brand of Oral P i l i p i n o which i s l e x i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t
from i t s w r i t t e n form. It h a s always been g e n e r a l l y accepted t h a t t h e
w r i t t e n form of a language i s but a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of i t s o r a l form.
However, i n t h e ease of P i l i p i n o , i t seem t h a t t h e r e w i l l be some ' l e x i c a l
replacements' by the speaker himself t h e mment h i s o r a l speech i s shown t o
him i n w r i t t e n form.
Such a s t u d y would make some language s c h o l a r s r e a l i z e t h a t what
they have been d e s c r i b i n g a l l along and claiming t o be ZBE P i l i p i n o
language i s only t h e o r a l a s p e c t of it.
6.2.2.3
A s t u d y t h a t w i l l focus on t h e formatives ( a f f i x e s and
combining forms) of English t e c h n i c a l t e r n s t o f i n d out i f t h e r e i s a
t r e n d , o r p o s s i b l y a p a t t e r n , i n t h e process of a s s i m i l a t i n g them i n t o
P i l i p i n o . This a s p e c t of borrowing h a s a l r e a d y been i n f o r m a l l y i n i t i a t e d i n
t h i s s t u d y , focusing o n l y on same t e d n a l formatives. There appears t o be
a need t o f o r m a l l y conduct a s t u d y on t h i s a s p e c t of language development
t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l i z a t i o n of P i l i p i n o .
It i s canmon knowledge t h a t t h e English s c i e n t i f i c l e x i c o n is
h e a v i l y i n t e r l a r d e d with borrowings from Greek and L a t i n . Reyes (1977:6),
i n f a c t , p o s i t s t h a t about ' t h r e e - f o u r t h s ' of i t s s c i e n t i f i c terminology i s
of Greek and L a t i n d e r i v a t i o n . This phenomenon i s understandable because of
t h e g e n e t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p of American E n g l i s h w i t h Indo-European
languages.
t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e more p r o g r e s s i v e c o u n t r i e s of Europe upon America
during t h e e a r l y times, and t h e emphasis, u n t i l l a t e l y , on c l a s s i c a l
s t u d i e s i n Greek and L a t i n i n American s c h o o l s .
s i n c e s c i e n c e and technology i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s have t h e i r
moorings on s c i e n c e and technology from t h e United S t a t e s , i t seems
l i k e w i s e n a t u r a l f o r t h e F i l i p i n o 8 t o r e s o r t t o massive borrovings from
English i n t h e development of a P i l i p i n o s c i e n t i f i c l e x i c o n . I n t h i s
process of borrowing, t h e t e r m i n o l o g i e s t h a t were borrowed by E n g l i s h from
And
128
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
Greek and L a t i n f o r u s e a s s c i e n t i f i c terms a r e i n
Pilipino.
turn
being
loaned
to
I f t h e Greek and L a t i n f o r m a t i v e s underwent phonological changes,
a s any E n g l i s h d i c t i o n a r y w i l l show, t o conform t o t h e E n g l i s h phonological
system, it is a l s o reasonable t o assume t h a t t h i s phenomenon w i l l occur
when t h e same formatives a r e i n t u r n loaned t o P i l i p i n o .
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e t r e n d o r p a t t e r n t h a t occurs i n t h e borrowing
a result
of English formatives may y e t l e a d t o their s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n
which may prove t o be a p r o l i f i c s o u r c e i n t h e hands of t h e l i n g u i s t i c a l l y
creative Filipinos.
-
A.
BOOKS
BLOOMFIELD, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry B o l t and Company.
CONSTANTINO, E r n e s t o , Rogelio S i k a t and Pamela Cruz (eds.).
o r P i l i p i n o ? Mga bagong babasahin s a pambansang wika
Manila: Rex Book S t o r e .
1974. F i l i p i n o
a t literatura.
FERGUSON, George A. 1966. S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s i n psychology and e d u c a t i o n .
Second e d i t i o n . New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
FISHMAN, Joshua, Charles A. Ferguson, and J y o t i r i n d a Das
1968. Language problems of developing n a t i o n s . U.S.A.:
Sons. Inc.
Gupta (ads.).
John Wiley and
FISHMAN, Joshua A. ( 4 . ) . 1972. Readings l a t h e s o c i o l o g y of language.
Hague: Mouton and Campany.
.
1974.
Advances
in
language
planning.
The
The Rague: Mouton and
Company.
FORBES, Cameron W. 1928. The P h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s .
Houghton M i f f l i n Company.
Vols. I 6 11.
New
York:
FREI, E r n e s t J. 1959. The h i s t o r i c a l development of t h e P h i l i p p i n e n a t i o n a l
language. Manila : Bureau of P r i n t i n g .
GELB, I. J. 1963. A s t u d y of w r i t i n g . Chicago: The
Press.
University
of
Chicago
STUDIES IN PHILIPPINE
LINGUISTICS
Volume 5 Number 2 1984
The elaboration of a technical lexicon of
Pilipino 248 pp.
by Alfonso O. Santiago; Fe T. Otanes, series ed.
References 128
ISSN: 0119-6456
© LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES and SUMMER INSTITUTE OF L INGUISTICS
Sample Citation Format
Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. 1977. “The noun phrase in Tagalog—English code switching”. Studies in
Philippine Linguistics 1:1, 1–16. Online. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ [etc.] + access date.
128
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
Greek and L a t i n f o r use a s s c i e n t i f i c terms a r e i n
Pilipino.
turn
being
loaned
to
I f t h e Greek and L a t i n formatives underwent phonological changes,
a s any English d i c t i o n a r y w i l l show, t o conform t o t h e E n g l i s h phonological
system, i t is a l s o reasonable t o assume t h a t t h i s phenomenon w i l l occur
when t h e same formatives a r e i n t u r n loaned t o P i l i p i n o .
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t h e t r e n d o r p a t t e r n t h a t occurs i n t h e borrowing
of English formatives may y e t l e a d t o t h e i r s t a n d a r d i z a t i o n
a result
which may prove t o be a p r o l i f i c s o u r c e i n t h e hands of t h e l i n g u i s t i c a l l y
creative Filipinos.
-
REFERENCES
A.
BOOKS
BLOOMFIELD, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Bolt and Cmpany.
CONSTANTINO, E r n e s t o , Rogelio S i k a t and Pamela Cruz (eds.).
o r P i l i p i n o ? Mga bagong babasahin s a pambansang vika
Manila : R e x Book Store.
1974. F i l i p i n o
a t literatura.
F!3RGUSON, George A. 1966. S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s i n psychology and education.
Second e d i t i o n . New York: M c G r a w - H i l l Book Cmpany.
FISHMAN, Joshua, Charles A. Ferguson, and J y o t i r i n d a Das
1968. Language problems of developing n a t i o n s . U.S.A.:
Sons, Inc.
Gupta (eds.).
John Wiley and
FISHMAN, Joshua A. (ed.).
1972. Readings i n t h e s o c i o l o g y of language.
Hague : Mouton and C m p n y .
.
1974.
Advances
in
language
planning.
The
The Eague: Mouton and
Company.
FORBES. Cameron W. 1928. The P h i l i p p i n e i s l a n d s .
Houghton M i f f l i n Cmpany.
0 1 s I 6 1 1 New
York:
FREI, E r n e s t J. 1959. The h i s t o r i c a l development of t h e P h i l i p p i n e n a t i o n a l
language. Manila : Bureau of P r i n t i n g .
GELB, I. J. 1963. A s t u d y of w r i t i n g . Chicago: The
Press.
University
of
Chicago
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STUDIES IN PHILIPPINE
LINGUISTICS
Volume 5 Number 2 1984
The elaboration of a technical lexicon of
Pilipino 248 pp.
by Alfonso O. Santiago; Fe T. Otanes, series ed.
Appendix A Questionnaires 136
ISSN: 0119-6456
© LINGUISTIC SOCIETY OF THE PHILIPPINES and SUMMER INSTITUTE OF L INGUISTICS
Sample Citation Format
Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista. 1977. “The noun phrase in Tagalog—English code switching”. Studies in
Philippine Linguistics 1:1, 1–16. Online. URL: http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ [etc.] + access date.
136
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
APPENDIX A
-
QUESTIONNAIRES
Name
Date
(Opti onal )
Permanent Address
Degree(s) Obtained
Present P o s i t i o n
P l a c e of Work
Predominant Language Used I n t h e Home
F i r s t Language Learned
Other Languages Spoken Other than Your F i r s t Language and
English (Local 6 Foreign)
Language(8) Understood (Reading A b i l i t y Only)
Age (Check Appropriate Blank) :
-; 30-39 -; 40-49-,
Below 30
50-59
-; 6 0 o r
above
..............................
-
Dear SirIUadam:
W e know you a r e a very busy person, you being a profess i o n a l . Our very urgent need. however, has forced us t o s e e k
your help.
We a r e conducting a s t u d y on how w e can e n r i c h t h e
t e c h n i c a l l e x i c o n of P i l i p i n o f o r purposes of i t s i n t e l l e c t u a l i z a t i o n . Below a r e some r e p r e s e n t a t i v e terms which w e picked
out from t h e many terminology i n your a r e a of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n .
Kindly e n c i r c l e t h e l e t t e r of t h e term which you t h i n k
should be t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e form t o be used. P l e a s e choose
only one. I n c a s e you p r e f e r a n o t h e r form which is not included
i n t h e o p t i o n s , k i n d l y w r i t e i t down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
We a s s u r e you t h a t your r e a c t i o n t o t h i s q u e s t i o n n a i r e
w i l l h e l p u s a g r e a t d e a l i n our research.
JMEDICINE
-BIOLOGY
-CRMISTRY
PHYSICS
-MATHEMATICS
-
Alfonso 0 . Santiago
Graduate School
P h i l i p p i n e Normal College
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
Name (Optional)
Date
Permanent Address
Course o r Degree Being Pursued
Year ( F i r s t , Second, Third, Fourth, e t c . )
School
Predominant Language Used I n t h e Erne
Other Languages Spoken Other Than Your F i r s t Language and
English (Local 6 Foreign)
Language(s) Understood (Reading A b i l i t y Only)
F i r s t Language Learned
Age (Check Appropriate Blank):
. . Below
. . . 20
.. . .;.20. -. .29-'. . . .30. .- .39-,. . . .40. .- .above
. . ...
Dear Student:
We know you a r e a v e r y busy person, you being a s t u d e n t .
Our very urgent need, however, h a s forced u s t o s e e k your help.
W
e are conducting a s t u d y on how w e can e n r i c h t h e techn i c a l l e x i c o n of P i l i p i n o f o r purposes of i t s i n t e l l e c t u a l i z a t i o n . Below a r e some r e p r e s e n t a t i v e terms which w e picked out
from t h e many terminology i n your a r e a of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n .
Kindly choose t h e term which you t h i n k should be t h e most
a p p r o p r i a t e form t o be used. P l e a s e choose o n l y one f o r each
number. I n c a s e you p r e f e r a n o t h e r form which i s not included
i n t h e o p t i o n s , k i n d l y w r i t e i t down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
We a s s u r e you t h a t your r e a c t i o n t o t h i s q u e s t i o n n a i r e
w i l l h e l p u s a g r e a t d e a l i n our r e s e a r c h .
JMEDICINE
-B1OU)GY
-CKEMISTRY
PaYSICS
-MATHEMATICS
-
N f o n s o 0. S a n t i a g o
Graduate School
P h i l i p p i n e Normal College
137
138
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
QUESTIONNAIRE # l-A (MEDICINE)
D i r e c t i o n s : P l e a s e e n c i r c l e t h e l e t t e r of t h e word you p r e f e r . I n case you
p r e f e r a n o t h e r form which i s not included among t h e o p t i o n s ,
k i n d l y w r i t e i t down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1.
a,
b.
c.
2.
c
.
medicine
medisin
medicina
d.
e.
-a
- a medical
d.
e.
f.
dalubsakit-bahae
gynecologist
s p e c i a l i s t performing surgery.
c i r u jano
siruhano
surgeon
hysterectomy
medisina
panggagamot
s p e c i a l i s t i n female d i s e a s e s .
gaynekolodyist
ginecologo
hinekologo
surgeon
a.
b.
c.
4.
s c i e n c e and a r t of diagnosing, t r e a t i n g .
c u r i n g , and preventing d i s e a s e s .
&ynecologist
a.
b.
3.
- the
medicine
d.
e.
f.
- surgical
manlnistis
sardyon
removal of whole o r p a r t of
t h e womb.
a.
b.
c.
5.
appendicitis
a.
b.
c.
6.
b.
c.
-
-
histerektomi
histerectomia
d.
e.
f.
apemdisaytis
apendicitis
s t u d y of t h e causes of d i s e a s e s .
d.
e.
etiology
etyolodyi
etiologia
recrudescence
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
inflammation of t h e vermiform appendix.
maga-apendiks
apendisitis
appendicitis
etiology
a.
7.
isterektomya
hysterectomy
alis-bahay-bata
- reappearance of
rekrudesens
recrudescencia
binat
d.
e.
f.
mula-sakit
etyolohiya
symptoms of a d i s e a s e .
rekrudesensya
recrudescence
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
apoplexy
a.
b.
c.
- sudden
l o s s of consciousness due t o hemorrhage
i n t o b r a i n o r s p i n a l cord.
apoplexy
apopleksi
apoplejia
d.
e.
c e r e b r a l hemorrhage
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
c.
- anything
- similar
b.
c.
kardyograpo
cardiograph
t h a t reduces f e v e r .
antipiretico
antipiretiko
t o typhoid.
d.
e.
f.
paratipoydiya
paratyphoid
d.
e.
f.
sepalaldya
s a k i t (ng) u l o
- headache.
- any bone d i s e a s e .
osteyopatiya
osteopathy
sakit-but6
family p l a n n i n g
a.
hemorragia c e r e b r a l
pagdugo-utak
f o r making a graph of h e a r t c y c l e .
d.
e.
f.
cefalalgia
sepalalhiya
cephalalgia
osteopathy
d.
e.
f.
d.
e.
f.
parataypoyd
mala-tipus
paratifoidea
cephalalgia
a.
b.
c.
- apparatue
antipyretic
antipayretik
laban-lagnat
paratyphoid
a.
b.
c.
bleeding i n t h e b r a i n due t o
a vein rupture.
larawan-pintig
kardyograp
cardiografo
antipyretic
a.
b.
c.
- heavy
emorahiya s e r e b r a l
c e r e b r a l hemorrhage
s e r e b r a l hemoreds
cardiograph
apoplehiya
himatap
d.
e.
f.
-
oeteyopati
oeteopatia
t h e r e g u l a t i o n , by b i r t h c o n t r o l methods,
of t h e number of c h i l d r e n t h a t a woman
w i l l have.
pagbabalak-angkan
family planning
pamili planing
d.
e.
f.
p l a n i f i c a c i o n de f a a i l i a
planipikasyon de pamilya
139
140 A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
16.
contraceptive
a.
b.
c.
contraceptive
kontraseptib
contraceptivo
-
17.
a.
b.
c.
18.
c.
19.
a.
b.
c.
20.
kontraseptibo
pangontra a a pagbubuntis
titi
kabahagi
t h e male g e n e r a t i v e f l u i d ; semen.
- the
d.
e.
-
sperm
is~erm
c a n a l l e a d i n g from t h e vulva t o t h e u t e r u s .
vagina
kaluban
badyayna
vasectomy
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
esperma
punlay
tamod
vagina
d.
e.
f.
t h e male organ of s e x u a l i n t e r c o u r s e .
penis
pene
tunod
sperm a.
b.
- at h de ehuman
v i s e used t o prevent f e r t i l i z a t i o n of
ovum.
d.
e.
f.
g.
bahina
butas
kiki
t h e s u r g i c a l removal of a l l o r part of t h e
vas d e f e r e n s .
pagpapatali
vasectomy
basektomi
d.
e.
f.
vasectomia
basektomya
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
141
QUESTIONNAIRE # 1-B (MEDICINE)
Directions:
P l e a s e u n d e r l i n e your p r e f e r e n c e . I n c a s e you p r e f e r a n o t h e r
form which is n o t included among t h e o p t i o n s , k i n d l y v r i t e i t
down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1.
(MEDICINE.
MEDISIN,
MEDICINA,
MZDISINA,
PANGGAGAMOT,
) ay i s a n g sangay ng karunungan h i n g g i l s a p a g s u s u r i ,
pagbibigay-lunas, pagpapagaling o p a g p i g i l sa maaaring dumating na
s a k i t o karamdaman upang mapangalagaan ang kalusugan ng t a o .
2.
Ang p a n l a h a t na tavag s a i s a n g taong l i s e n s y a d o upang manggamt a y
doktor o manggagamot. Ang i s a n g doktor na nagpakadalubhasa s a s a k i t ng
mga babae ay tinatawag n s (GA~KOLODYIST, GINECOLOGO, EIINEKOLOCO,
DALUBSAKIT-BABAE, GYKECOLOGIST,
)-
Ang
3.
ay
Ang mga doktor naman na nagpakadalubhasa s a pag-opera o p a g r i s t i s
t i n a t a v a g na (CIRUJANO, SIROBANO. SURGEON, MANINISTIS, SARDYON,
4.
Ang i s a n g halimbava ng operasyon o p a g t i s t i s a y ang
bahay-bata
ng i s a n g babae. Ang operasyong i t o ay
( ISTEREKTOMYA,
EYSTWECTOWY ,
&IS-BAHAY-BATA,
HISTERECTOMIA,
).
5.
Ang i s a pang halimbawa ng operasyon ay ang pag-aalis ng namamagang
'appendix.' Ang pamamaga ng 'appendix' ay t i n a t a v a g n a (MAGA-APENDIKS,
APENDISITIS ,
APPENDICITIS,
APENDISAYTIS ,
APENDICITIS,
6.
Maingat ang doktor sa p a g s u s u r i s a maysakit.
Inaalam n i y a ,
halimbava, kung ano ang sanhi/pinagmulan o (ETIOLOGY, ETYOLODYI,
ETIOLOGIA, MULA-SAKIT , ETYOLOEIYA,
) ng karamdaman ng
maysakit bago n i y a i t o simulang gamutin.
7.
Ang muling p a g l i t a v ng s i n t o a a s ng i s a n g s a k i t na tinatawag na
(REKRUDESENS, RIICRUDESCENCIA, BINAT, REKRUDESENSYA,
RECRUDESCENCE,
) ay nakatutulong d i n sa pag-alam ng d o k t o r s a s a k i t
ng i s a n g t a o .
8.
S a r i - s a r i ang nagiging s a k i t ng t a o . May taong b i g l a na lamang
mavavalan ng malay a t mangingisay. Marani ang d a h i l a n ng pagkavala ng
malay ng i s a n g t a o . Kung minsan, i t o ay d a h i l s a may bara o
nahaharangan ang i s a n g ugat s a kanyang u t a k , k a y a ' t h i n d i makadaloy
nang maayos ang dugo. Ang ganitong pagkavala ng malay ay tinatawag na
(APOPLEJIA,
APOPLERIYA,
APOPLEXY,
APOPLEKSI,
HIMATAY.
9.
Kung minsan naman a y hind1 lamang nahaharangan kundi n a l a l a g o t o
sumasabog ang ugat na siyang nagiging s a n h i ng pagkalat ng dugo s a
utak. Ang pangyayaring i t o ' y tinatawag na (EMORAHIYA SEREBRAL, CEREBRAL
peg-aalis
ng
t i n a t a v a g na
HISTEREKMUI ,
142
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
HEMORRHAGE,
SEREBRAL
KEMOREDS,
HEMORRAGIA
CEREBRAL,
PAGDUGO-WAR,
10.
Kung rainsan pa r i n ay karamdaman naman sa puso ang nagiging
d a h i l a n ng pagkawala ng malay ng i s a n g t a o . Kapag ang puso ng i s a n g t a o
ay may d i p r e n s y a , ang p i n t i g n i t o a y h i n d i nagiging maayos, k a y a ' t
h i n d i r i n nagiging maayos ang pagdaloy ng dugo s a kanyang rnga ugat. Ang
i s a n g a p a r a t o o instrumentong ginagamit ng rnga d o k t o r na dalubhasa s a
puso ay ang tinatawag na (LARAWAN-PINTIG,
KARDYOGRAP, CARDIOGRAFO,
KARDYOGRAPO, CARDIOGRAPH,
1
11.
Ang i s a pang s a k i t na karaniwang-karaniwan s a t a o ay ang l a g n a t .
May rnga gamot na pampababa ng l a g n a t ng i s a n g t a o . Ang rnga gamot na i t o
na
maaaring
tableta
o
likido
ay tinatawag na (ANTIPYBETIC,
ANTIPAYRETIK,
LABAN-UGNAT ,
ANTIPIRETICO ,
ANTIPIRETXKO ,
12.
May mga s a k i t na ang mga sintomas a y maipagkakamali s e ' t y p h o i d ' ,
' t i f o i d e o ' , o t i p u s . Ang ganitong s a k i t ay tinatawag na (PARATAYPOYD,
MALA-TIPUS ,
PARATIFIOIDEA,
PARATIPOYDIYA,
PhRATYPEOID ,
13.
Ang i s a pang karamdaman na i t i n u t u r i n g na karaniwang-karaniwan ay
(CEPALALGIA, SEPALALHIYA, CEPHALALGIA, SEPALALDYA. SAKIT NG ULO.
Ngunit kapag nagiging malimit ang p a g s a k i t ng u l o
ng isang t a o , kailangang kumonsulta na s a doktor sapagkat baka i t o a y
sintomas na ng ibang malubhang s a k i t .
ang
.
14.
Ang anumang s a k i t na nauukol s a but6 ng t a o ay tinatawag na
(OSTEYOPATIYA,
OSTEOPATHY,
sAKIT- BUT^, OSTEYOPATI, OSTEOPATIA,
). May mga doktor na s a ganitong u r i ng s a k i t
nagpakadalubhasa.
15.
Parami nang parami ang t a o s a P i l i p i n a s , k a y a ' t k a i l a n g a n ang
(PAGBABALAK-ANGKAN, FAMILY PLANNING, PAMILI PLANING, PWUJIFICACION DE
FAMILIA, PLANIPIKASYON DE PAMILYA,
1.
16.
Maraming magagawang paraan ang mag-asawa upang h i n d i lubhang
dumami ang kanilang rnga anak. Balimbawa
ay
ang
paggamit
ng
(CONTRACEPTIVE, KONTRASEPTIB, alNTRACEPTIV0, KONTRASEPTIBO, PANGONTRA
SA PAGBUBUNTIS,
)
-
17.
Ang i s a n g halimbawa n i t o ay ang 'condom'. I t o ' y i s a n g manipis na
supot na y a r i s a goma. I s i n u s u o t i t o ng l a l a k i s a kanyang (PENIS, PENE,
TUNOD, TITI, KABAHAGI,
) bago makipagtalik.
18.
SR s a n d a l i ng p a g t a t a l i k , ang (ESPERMA, PUNLAY,
ISPERM,
) na lumalabas s a l a l a k i
' condom '
.
TAMOD, SPERM,
ay n a i i p o n s a
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
143
19.
Kaya't hindi nakakatuloy aa ( V A G I U , KALUEiAN,
) ~ l gbabae.
BUTAS, KIKI ,
20.
Ang
lalaki
ay
maari
ring
(MAGPATALI,
LfhGPAVASECTOMY,
~ P ~ B ~ S B K T O MAGPAVASECTOBIU,
MI,
~AGPABASEFIDUYA.
Maaari r i n namang ang babae ang (HAGPALIGATE, MAGPALAYGEYT. M6PAL1GARLB.
HAGPATALI,
).
BADYAWA.
BAEIU.
).
144
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
QUESTIONNAIRE # 2-A (BIOLOGY)
D i r e c t i o n s : P l e a s e e n c i r c l e t h e l e t t e r of t h e word you p r e f e r . I n e a s e you
p r e f e r a n o t h e r form which i s not included among t h e o p t i o n s ,
k i n d l y write i t down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1.
biology
a.
b.
c.
2.
a.
b.
c.
7.
a.
b.
c.
-
d.
e.
biologist
haynayanon
anatomy
anatomi
of o r connected w i t h biology.
- science o r
palamulaan
genealogy
dyenealodyi
d.
e.
f.
bayolodyikal
biologico
s t u d y of f a m i l y descent.
.
d
e.
genealogia
henealohiya
small c a v i t y ; mass of protoplasm c o n t a i n i n g a nucleus.
cell
sel
celula
nucleus
d.
e.
s t r u c t u r e o r s t u d y of s t r u c t u r e of organism.
biyolohiko
haynayinlhaynayanin
biological
cell -
biyolohiya
haynayan
person who i s e x p e r t i n biology.
anatomia
anatomya
katwanen
genealogy
a.
b.
c.
6.
-
biological
a.
b.
c.
5.
-a
l i f e and l i v i n g t h i n g s .
d.
e.
bayolodyist
biologo
biyologo
anatomy
a.
b.
c.
4.
biology
bayolodyi
biologia
biologist
a.
b.
c.
3.
- t h e s c i e n c e of
-
d.
e.
selula
sihay
t h e c e n t r a l mass of protoplasm i n p l a n t and animal
c e l l s necessary f o r growth, reproduction, e t c .
nukleus
nucleo
nukleo
d.
e.
butod
~lcleus
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
- microscopic,
chromosome
a.
b.
c.
rod-shaped body t h a t c o n t a i n 6
t h e genes o r h e r e d i t a r y determiners.
cromosoma
kruuosoma
kulaylawas
tissue
d.
e.
- group of
chromosome
kromosom
s i m i l a r cells t h a t perform a p a r t i c u l a r
function.
a.
b.
c.
microscopic
a.
b.
c.
d.
tehido
tejido
sihayan
c.
- v i s i b l e only
miksipatin
microscopic
maykroskopik
by u s i n g t h e microscope.
d.
e.
f.
- an instrument
microscope
tissue
tisvu
microscopico
mikroskopiko
f o r making v e r y small o b j e c t s
look l a r g e r .
a.
b.
c
.
mikroskopyo
miksipat
microscope
microorganism
a.
b.
c.
-
c
.
d.
e.
f.
d.
e.
microorganism
mikroorganism
form of l i f e .
mikrobyo
mikhay
microorganism t h a t u s u a l l y causes d i s e a s e .
dyerm
germen
hermen
inorganic
a.
b.
maykroskop
microscopio
organism.
animate one-celled
microbe
maykrob
microbio
germ a.
b.
c.
- microscopic
miktataghay
microorganism
aaykroorganism
microbe
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
d.
e.
- not
inorganico
inorganiko
d i taghayin
Mnhay
germ
pertaining t o living organism.
d.
e.
inorganic
inorganik
145
146
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
16.
metamorphize
a.
b.
c.
17.
18.
19.
-
a.
b.
c.
g r a i n - l i k e mass i n a c e l l .
d.
e.
bilig
embryo
embreyo
-
granilyo
binutil
d.
e.
embrion
embrvon
d.
e
f.
karniboro
laman-kainin
flesh eating.
carnivorous
karniborus
carnivora
aquarium
metamorpays
metamorfosear
t h e young of any organism i n an e a r l y s t a g e of
development.
carnivorous
a.
b.
c.
20.
- minute,
d.
e.
f.
granule
granyul
granillo
embryo
a.
b.
c.
change form o r s t r u c t u r e (ex.: i n s e c t s )
metamorposyar
magbanyuhay
metamorphize
granule
a.
b.
c.
- to
.
-a
glass-sided tank f o r keeping l i v e water
animals and p l a n t s .
akwaryum
acuario
akwaryo
d.
e.
isdaan
aquarium
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
147
QUESTIONNAIRE # 2-B (BIOLOGY)
D i r e c t i o n s : P l e a s e u n d e r l i n e your p r e f e r e n c e . I n c a s e you p r e f e r a n o t h e r
form which is not included among t h e o p t i o n s , k i n d l y write i t
down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1.
Ang (BIOLOGY, BAYOLODYI, BIOLOGIA, BIYOLOBIYA. EAYNAYAN [ b u h h +
) ay i s a n g sangay ng karunungan h i n g a sa
ha-]
pinagmulan,
kasaysayan,
.
.
. katangiang
- v
- i s i k a l , p r o s e s o ng- buhay, a t b . sg
t a o , hayop, a t halaman o armsang bagay na may buhay.
2.
Ang i s a n g taong nagpakadalubhasa s a larangang i t o a y tinatawag na
(BAYOLODYIST, BIOLOGO, BIYOLOGO, BIOLOGIST, HAYNAYANON [-on
is a
Visayan s u f f i x denoting e x p e r t ] ,
).
3.
Siya ay e k s p e r t o o dalubhasa sa p a g s u s u r i ng (ANATOMIA, ANATOWPA,
KATWANAN [katawan + -an], MATOUY, MATOMI,
O
W
panloob a t panlabas-na
kaanyuan a t pagkakabuo ng mga bagay na may
buhay.
4.
Maingat d i n niyang pinag-aaralan ang l a h a t ng s a l i k
(BIYOLOBIKO ,
HAYNAYIN,
BIOLOGICAL,
BAYOUIDYTBLAZ.,
) ng anurrmng bagay na may buhay.
5.
Ang (PALAMULAAN, GENEALOGY, DYENEALODYI, G E N E U I A . BENEAUIBIYA,
)
ay
i s a n g agham na nauukol s a pag-aaral
sa
pinagmulan ng mga mag-anak o mga angkan.
6.
Lahat ng halaman a t hayop a y binubuo ng m g a
SELULA, SIRAY [ s i l i d + maybu*]
,
na masa ng p r o t G l a s m a .
7.
Sa ubod ng bawat ' c e l l ' a y naroon ang (NUKLEUS, NUCLEO, NUKLEO,
BIJTOD, NUCL!ZUS,
) na k a i l a n g a n s a reproduksyon a t
pagtubo o p a g l a k i .
8.
Sa 'nucleus'
ay naroon naman ang tinatawag na
(CROHOSOMA,
KROMOSOMA,
KULAYLAWAS
[lawas is a Visayan term meaning body],
CHROHOSOME , KROMOSOM ,
) na n a g t a t a g l a y ng 'genes'
na
ang gampanin ay i l i p a t s a magiging s u p l i n g ang mga k a t a n g i a n ng
pinagmulang halaman o hayop.
9.
Ang grupo o pangkat ng magkakatulad n a 'cells' na may magkakatulad
na gampanin ay tinatawag na (TEEIDO, TEJIDO, SIHAYAN [ s i h a y + -an],
TISSUE, TISYU,
).
10.
May m-a benay
- - na d a h i l s a k a l i i t a n ay n a k i k i t a lamang s a
pamamagitan ng mikroskopyo. Dahil sa k a l i i t a n , ang mga i t o a y tinatawag
na (MIKSIPATIN, MICROSCOPIC, MAYKROSKOPIK, MICROSCOPICO, MIKROSKOPIKO,
,
-
--
.
( f a c t o r ) na
BIOLOGIC0
( a L L , SEL, CELULA,
) o ng n a p a k a l i l i i t
-
148
11.
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
Ang i s a n g o r g a n i s m na d a h i l s a k a l i i t a n ay makikita lamang s a
pamamagitan
ng
paggamit
ng (MIKROSKOPYO, MIKSIPAT, MICROSCOPE,
MAYKROSKOP , MICROSCOPIO ,
)
12. ay
tinatawag
na
(MIKTATAGEAY,
MICROORGANISMO, MIKROORGANISMO,
13.
Ang
(MICROBE,
MAYKROB,
MICROORGANISM,
HBPKIbWBGAUISM,
)-
MICROBIO,
MIKROBYO, UIKEAY, MICROBE,
anyo ng buhay.
Sa
katunayan ay binubuo lamang i t o ng i i s a n g 'cell'.
) ay halimbawa ng n a p a k a l i i t na
14.
~ n g (DYERM, ~ R M E N , HERMEN, BINEAY, GERU,
i s a pang halimbawa ng 'microorganism'.
I t o ' y karaniwan
pinagmumulan ng s a k i t .
nang
) ay
siyang
15.
Ang i s a n g bagay ay (INORGANICO. INORGANIKO, DITAGHAYIN, INORGANIC,
INORGANIK ,
) kapag i t o ' y
walang
buhay
o
di
n a g t a t a g l a y ng mga sangkap na matatagpuan lamang s a mga bagay na may
buhay.
16.
Ang
isang
hayop
ay
(NAGHEMETAWORPOSYAR,
NAGBAMNYUUY,
MGM3METAUORPHIZE,
NAGM3METAUORPAYS.
NA~METAHORFOSEAR,
) kapag i t o ay nag-iiba ng anyo. Ealimbawa n i t 0 ay
ang uod na nagiging i s a n g paruparo.
17.
Sa loob
tinatawag na
na mabuhay.
18.
ng bawat 'cell' ay may matatagpuang m a l a b u t i l na masa na
(GRANULE,
GRANYUL,
GRANILLO,
GRANILYO.
BINUTIL,
I t o ' y pagkaing kailangan ng ' c e l l ' upang p a t u l o y
.
Ang panimulang pagtubo ng but6 ng i s a n g halamaa o kaya'y ang
panimulang pagkabuo ng isang buhay s a sinapupunan ng i s a n g i n a ay
tinatawag
na
(BILIG,
EMBRYO,
EMBREYO,
EMBRION,
EMBRYON,
).
19.
Ang mga hayop na kumakain ng kanilang kapwa hayop ay tinatawag na
(CARNNOROUS , KARNIBORUS , CARl?IVOBO,
KARNIBOBO ,
LAWLN-KAININ,
20.
(AKWARYUH,
ACUARIO ,
-YO,
ISDAAN,
AQUARIUM,
) ay isang tangkeng riay t u b i g na karaniwang ang mga
g i l i d ay salamin. I t o ay pinaglalagyan ng mga hayop a t halamang
nabubuhay s a t u b i g .
Ang
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
149
QUESTIONNAIRE # 3-A (oIwISTRY)
Directions: Please e n c i r c l e t h e letter of t h e word you prefer. In care you
p r e f e r another Iarr which is not included a n o q the options.
kindly w r i t e it d o m on the appropriate blank.
1.
2.
chemistry
- science t h a t
treats of t h e v r l e e u l a r and atomic
camposition, dscompoeition, and t r a ~ f o r u t i o n
of m t t e r .
a.
chemistry
b.
histri
c.
quinica
substance
- matter of
a p a r t i c u l a r kid o r c h c l i c a l cmpo-
sition.
3.
cheaiet
a.
b.
c.
4.
b.
e.
a person who i s expert i n aheraistry.
quimico
lrimiko
kapnayanon
d.
e.
s t r e n g t h of an e l e c t r i c c u r r e n t , measured
in w r e s .
mpirahe
kaampiran
amperage
carbide
chemist
M a t
- the
amperage
a.
5.
-
d.
e.
- compound
ampireyds
amperajs
of an element, usually a metal, with
carbon.
a.
b.
c.
6.
d.
e.
carburo
lrarbuto
d.
e.
f.
kaaprrvurto kimiko
sangkapang kemikal
chemical coapound
a.
b.
c.
7.
karbad
aarbide
karbayd
abemical campound
ksmikal kompauud
campuesto quimico
chlorate
a.
b.
c.
-a
kloreyt
clorato
klorato
s a l t of c h l o r i c acid.
d.
e.
klorat
chlorate
150 A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
8.
chlorine-containing compound
-- with
a base t o form a salt.
chloric acid
a.
b.
c.
9.
b.
c.
12.
c.
13.
c.
14.
c.
koagyulant
coagulante
s o l i d , l i q u i d , o r gaseous substance made up
of very s m a l l , i n s o l u b l e , n o n d i f f u s a b l e p a r t i c l e a .
-
-
d.
e.
koloyd
coloide
having t h e c h a r a c t e r o r s t r u c t u r e of a
crystal.
d.
e.
cristalino
kristalino
f.
compound having two oxygen atoms t o one of
a n o t h e r element.
dioxide
dayoksayd
bioxido
-
d.
e.
bioksido
daluksad
an oxide with one atom of oxygen i n each
molecule
monoxide
monoksayd
monoxido
ebullition
a.
b.
.
bubugin
crystalline
kristalin
monoxide
a.
b.
chloric acid
klorik asid
f.
d
e.
koloyde
maladigkit
colloid
dioxide
a.
b.
e.
-a
crystalline
a.
d.
s u b s t a n c e t h a t b r i n g s about coagulation.
koagulante
pampamuo
cbagulant
colloid
a.
b.
c.
11.
-a
coagulant
a.
b.
c.
10.
acido c l o r i c o
asido kloriko
asido klorat
t h a t can r e a c t
-a
ebyulisyon
ebullition
ebulisyon
d.
e.
sanuksad
monoksido
b o i l i n g o r bubbling up.
.
d
e.
pagkukumulo
ebullition
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
15.
a.
b.
c.
16.
being powdery o r d r y due t o
loss of wter of c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n .
ef f l o r e s c e n c i a
eploresensya
halintubig
-
metallura
a.
b.
c
.
17.
- state of
efflorescence
d.
e.
f.
efflorescence
eploresens
s t u d y and methods of using metals.
balahakan
metallurgy
metalurdyi
isomorphism
- sa6e
two o r more chemical cmpounds having t h e
c o n r t i t u e n t elements i n t h e
propor~(111
t i o n by weight but d i f f e r i n g i n p h y s i c a l o r
chemical p r o p e r t i e s .
18.
radioisotope
a.
b.
c
.
19.
20.
radioisotope
d.
e.
radyoisotopo
f.
-
dagilapkahasik
radioisotope
s t a t e of being s t i c k y o r gunny.
viscosidad
biskosidad
lapuyot
precipitate
a.
b.
c.
form of chemical such as
radioactive cobalt.
radyoaysotop
viscosity
a.
b.
c.
- radioactive
d.
e.
f.
viscosity
biskositi
- saodl ue tpioosni t bys epp raer actiepdi t afrom
a suspension o r
tion.
presipitado
himub
precipitate
d.
e.
f.
presipiteyt
precipitado
151
152
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
QUESTIONNAIRE # 3-B (CHEMISTRY)
D i r e c t i o n s : P l e a s e u n d e r l i n e your p r e f e r e n c e . I n c a s e you p r e f e r a n o t h e r
form which i s not included among t h e o p t i o n s , k i n d l y w r i t e i t
down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1.
+
Ang (CHPIISTRY, KEMISTRI, QUIMICA, KIMIKA, KAPNAYAN [sang*
h a m ],
) ay ang sangay ng karunungan h i n g g i l s a
pag-aaral s a mga kakanyahan a t kayariang kemikal, reaksyon a t gamit ng
i sang
2.
(SABSTANS,
. SUBSTANCIA,
BAGAY ,
SUBSTANSYA.
SUBSTANCE,
3.
Ang i s a n g taong nagpakadalubhasa s a 'chemistry'
ay t i n a t a v a g na
(QUIMICO. KIMMO, KAPNAYANON 1-non i s a Visayan s u f f i x denoting
e x p e r t ] , CHEMIST, KEMIST,
).
4.
KAAMPIRAN ,
AMPERAGE,
AHPIREYDS ,
AMPERAJE,
ang tawag s a l a k a s ng d a l o y ng koryente. Bagama't
ang katawagang i t o ' y h i g i t na karaniwan s a larangan ng e l e k t r i a i d a d ,
i t o ' y katawagang masasabing k a i l a n g a n ding maunawaan ng sinumang
nagpapakadalubhasa s a ' c h e m i s t r y ' .
-
(AMPIRARE,
)
5.
(KARBAD , CARBIDE, KARBAW , CARBUW , FXtBURO,
ang tawag s a
6.
(CHEMICAL
OOMPOUND ,
KEMIKIIL
KOMPAWND
KOMPUWESTO KIMIKO ,
SA?CKAPANG KEMIKAL,
karaniwa'y metal na may halong karbon.
7.
(KLOREYT, CLORATO, KLGRATO, KLORAT, CHLORATE,
ang katawagang ginagamit upang tumukoy s a solusyon na binubua ng
8.
,
)
COMPUESTO
(ACID0 CLORICO, ASIDO RLDRIKO, ASIDO KLORAT, CHLORIC ACID,
ASID,
QUIMICO,
)
na
1
KLORIK
).
9.
Ang anumang panimpla na ginagarnit upang lumapot o mamuo ang l i k i d o
ay t inatawag na
(KOAGUMTE , PAMPAMUO , COAGULANT,
KOAGWLANT ,
COAGULANTE ,
1.
10.
(KOLOYDE ,
MALADIGKIT,
COLLOID,
KOLOYD ,
COLOIDE ,
) ay maaaring s o l i d o , l i k i d o , o gas na binubuo ng
n a p a k a l i l i i t , di-natutunaw,
a t di-kumakalat na bagay n a n a n a n a t i l i n g
d i - n a t i t i n a g s a midyum na katatagpuan n i t o .
Ang
11.
Ang
bubog
--
(BUBUGIN,
CRYSTALLINE, KRISTALIN, CRISTALINO, KRISTALINO,
ay may katangian o kabuuang t u l a d ng k r i s t a l o
malinaw a t nasasaiamin ( t r a n s p a r e n t ) .
)
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
153
12.
(DIOXIDE, DAYOK.%YD, BIOXIDO, BIOKSIDO, DALUKSAD [dalawa + & s a d ] ,
) ang tawag sa i s a n g ' c ~ p o u n d ' M n a g t a t a g l a y ng
dalawang atomo ng oksiheno ss bavat mokekulo.
13
Sa kabilang dako, ang (MONOXIDE, HONOKSAYD, MONOXIDO, SANOKW
[ i s a n g + oksad], MONOKSIDO,
) ay n a g t a t a g l a y lamang
ng i s a n g atomo ng oksiheno s a bawat molekulo.
14.
Ang malakas na pagkulo o pagsubo ng l i k i d o d a h i l halimbawa s a i n i t
ay
tinatawag na (EBYIILISYOIP, EBULLICION, EBULISYON, PAGKUKUMUL.0,
EBULLITION.
)
15.
Hay s a n d a l i s a proseso ng k r i s t a l i s a s y o n na ang bagay ay natutuyo
o nagiging malapulbos d a h i l s a pagkawala ng l i k i d o . I t o ay tinatawag na
(EFFLORESCENCIA. EPLORESENSYA, MLIN'ITJBIG [ h a l i n is a Visayan term
synonymous t o a l i s ] , EFFLORESCENCE, EPUIBESENS,
)a
-
-
16.
17.
Ang agham o karunungan h i n g g i l
nagagawa a t n a g a g a d t ay tinatawag
METALURDYI HETALURGIA, HETALUREIYA,
.
s a kung papaanong ang metal ay
(B)ILABAKW,
MICTALLURGY,
na
)-
--
Ang (ISOHORPISMO, MSANYUMl [ k a i s a + a+
ISOMORPHISM,
AYSOMORPISM, ISOMRFISMO.
) ay tumutukoy s a dalawa o
h i g i t pang 'chemical canpounds' na may megkatulad na proporsyon s a
timbang ngunit nagkalceiba s a mga kakanyahan o katangiang p i s i k a l a t
kemikal
-an],
.
18.
Aag (RADYOAYSOTUP,
RADIOISOTOPE,
'radioactive '
.
19.
RADIOISOrOPO,
)
ay
RADYOISOTOPO, MGILMKAMSIK ,
isang
anyong
kemikal
na
BISKOSIDAD ,
W O T,
VISCOSITY,
BISKOSITI ,
ang tawag s a s a n d a l i n g
ang
isang
likidong
t i n i t i m p l a , halimbawa, ay nagiging malapot o malagkit.
(VISCOSIDAD ,
)
20.
Aag i s a n g bagay na naihiwalay s a i s a n g solusyon s a pamamagitan ng
' p r e c i p i t a t i o n ' ay tinatawag na (PRESIPITADO, HIWUO. PRECIPITATE.
PRESIPITgPT. PRECIPITADO,
).
154
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
QUESTIONNAIRE # 4-A (PHYSICS)
D i r e c t i o n s : Please e n c i r c l e t h e l e t t e r of t h e word you p r e f e r . I n c a s e you
p r e f e r another form which i s not included among t h e o p t i o n s ,
k i n d l y w r i t e i t dovn on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1. p h y s i c s
a.
b.
c.
2.
4.
5.
a.
c.
6.
-
-
-
d.
e.
.
liknayanon
physicist
branch of physics d e a l i n g w i t h sound.
d.
e.
acoustics
akustiks
branch of physics t h a t d e a l s w i t h t h e motion of
m a t e r i a l bodies and t h e phenomena of t h e a c t i o n
of f o r c e s on bodies.
d.
e.
f.
daynamiks
dinamica
branch of physics d e a l i n g w i t h t h e n a t u r e and
p r o p e r t i e s of l i g h t and v i s i o n .
dalubsugaan
optics
optiks
thermodynamics
a.
b.
c
pisika
liknayan
person who i s a s p e c i a l i s t i n physics.
dinamika
isigan
dynamics
optics
b.
-a
acustica
akustika
tunugan
dynamics
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
pisisist
fisico
pisiko
acoustics
a.
b.
c.
s c i e n c e d e a l i n g with p r o p e r t i e s , changes, i n t e r a c t i o n s , e t c . of m a t t e r and energy.
physics
pisiks
fisica
physicist
a.
b.
c.
3.
-
d.
e.
-
optica
optika
branch of physics d e a l i n g with t h e
r e v e r s i b l e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of h e a t i n t o
o t h e r forms of energy.
thermodynamics
termodaynamiks
termodinamica
d.
e.
f.
termodinamika
initsigan
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
7.
atmosphere
a.
b.
c.
8.
d.
e.
f.
atmospheric p r e e s u r e
a t m s p e r i k presyur
-
c.
s e n t r i p b g a l pors
fuerza centrifuga
electrolito
e l e k t r o l it o
- capability
of being h a m e r e d , pounded, o r
pressed i n t o v a r i o u s shapes without
breaking (ex. : m e t a l s )
d.
e.
f.
malyabilidad
pagkapukpukin
s r m l l e s t p a r t i c l e of a n element o r compound
t h a t c o n s i s t s of two o r more d i f f e r e n t atoms.
molecule
molekyul
molecula
phosphorescence
b.
d.
e.
malleability
malyabiliti
maleabilldad
-
d.
e.
f.
any s u b s t a n c e which i n s o l u t i o n o r i n a
l i q u i d form i s capable of conducting an
e l e c t r i c current.
dagilusaw
electrolyte
elektrolayt
molecule
a.
force tending t o p u l l a thing
outward when it i s r o t a t i n g r a p i d l y
around a c e n t e r .
puarersa s e n t r i p u g a
basisig
centrifugal force
malleability
a.
b.
c.
13.
t h e p r e s s u r e due tq t h e weight of
the e a r t h ' s atmosphere.
presion a t m o s f e r i c a
presyon atmosperika
kahanginang d i i n
electrolyte
a.
b.
c.
12.
-
Lahanginan
atmosphere
-- t h e
a.
b.
c.
11.
d.
e.
centrifugal force
a.
b.
c.
10.
p r e s s u r e equal t o 14.69 l b s . per
ataospir
atmosfera
atmoepera
atmospheric p r e s s u r e
a.
b.
c.
9.
- asq.u niint . of
d.
e.
-
molekula
mlatil
property of a substance of g i v i n g o f f
a l i n g e r i n g emission of l i g h t a f t e r
exposure t o r a d i a n t energy.
pospowanag
phosphorescence
posporesens
d.
e.
f.
fosforescencia
posporesensya
155
156
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
14.
refraction
a.
b.
c
.
15.
c.
c.
18.
20.
-
d.
e.
f.
-
e l e c t r i c i t y produced by h e a t i n g t h e
junction between two d i s s i m i l a r
conductors.
d.
e.
f.
termoelektrisidad
initdagitban
d.
e.
beyporisesyon
vaporizacion
f.
quickness o r r a p i d i t y of motion o r a c t i o n ;
r a t e of motion i n a p a r t i c u l a r d i r e c t i o n i n
r e l a t i o n t o time.
tulin
velocity
belositi
-
bateria electrica
baterya e l e k t r i k a
the process of changing l i q u i d i n t o vapor.
baporisasyon
sasingaw
vaporization
voltage
a.
b.
c.
-
sensyent h i t
calor latente
a b a t t e r y of electro-chemical c e l l s
f o r generating e l e c t r i c current.
thermoelectricity
termoelektrisiti
tennoelectricidad
velocity
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
tinggalitab
storage battery
istoreyds b a t e r i
vaporization
a.
b.
c.
19.
-
repraksybn (Spa. a c c e n t )
saliko
t h a t can be perceived by t h e s e n s e s .
kalor l a t e n t e
i n i t na l a n t a d
s e n t i e n t heat
thermoelectricity
a.
b.
d.
accent)e.
f.
- heat
storage battery
a.
b.
17.
t h e bending of a ray o r wave of l i g h t , h e a t ,
o r sound a s it passes o b l i q u e l y from one
medium t o another.
refraction
repr&syon(Eng.
ref racci on
sentient
a.
b.
c.
16.
-
d.
e.
velocidad
belosidad
electromotive force, or difference i n e l e c t r i c a l
p o t e n t i a l , expressed i n v o l t s .
voltage
bolteyds
voltaje
d.
e.
boltahe
kabolthan
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
QUESTIONNAIRE # 4-B
157
(PHPSICS)
D i r e c t i o n s : P l e a s e u n d e r l i n e your p r e f e r e n c e . I n case you p r e f e r a n o t h e r
form which i s not included among t h e o p t i o n s , l d n d l y w r i t e i t
down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
+
1.
Ang (PHYSICS, PISIKS, PISICA, PISIKA, LIKUYM [ l i k a s
hanayan],
) a y i s a n g sangay ng lrarunungan h i n g g i l sa mga
kakanyahan, pagbabago, i n t e r a k s y o n , a t b . ng bagay a t ng l a b s .
2.
Ang i s a n g taong nagpakadalusbhasa s a ' p h y s i c s '
(PISISIST, FISICO, PISIKO, LIllRAYANON [-on
is
)denoting e x p e r t ] , PIIYSICIST,
-
Haraming saagay aag ' p h y s i c s ' .
a
a y tinatawag na
Visayan s u f f i x
Ang i l a n ay ang mga suausunod:
1
3. (ACUSTICA, AKUSTIXA, TONUGAN, ACOUSTICS, AKUSTIKS,
--
nauukol s a tunog.
4. (DINAMMA,
ISIGAN [-is
a n o l d Tagalog term], DYNAMICS, DAYNAMMS,
DINAMICA,
)
nauukol s a galaw ng mga bagay a t ang
nagiging e p e k t o ng p w e r s a s a mga i t o .
-
5. (DALUBSUGAAN [dalubhasa + suga (Visayan term f o r ligh2) + -an], OPTICS,
OPTIKS, O P T I C A ~ I K A ,
)
nauukol s a
katangian
a t kakanyahan ng liwanag a t paningin.
-
6. ('IRERMODYNAMICS,
mz
TERMODAYNAMIKS.
TERMODINAMICA,
TERMODINAMIKA,
INITSIGAN ,
)
nauukol s a transpormasyon ng i n i t
upang magawang ibang anyo ng e n e r h i y a o l a k a s .
-
7.
Ang presyon na l i k h a ng b i g a t ng (ATMOSPIR. AMSFERA, ATUOSPERA,
KAEANGINAN , ATMOSPHERE,
) ay tinatawag na
8.
(PBBSION A!I'MOSFERICA. PRESYON ATMOSPWIKA,
ATMOSPEERIC PRESSURE, ATH0SPERI.K PBBSWB,
9.
KAtlANGINANG
DIIN,
)-
Ang puwersang humihila nang p a l a b a s kapag ang i s a n g bagay ay
gumagalaw nang m a b i l i s pains a i s a n g s e n t r o s y t i n a t a w a g na (PUWERSA
SENTRIPUGA, BASISIG [ p a l abas
X I , CENTRIFUGAL PORCE, SENTRIPUGAL
PORS, FUERZA CENTRIFUGA,
).
+
10.
Ang anumang solusyon o l i k i d o na maaaring daluyan o daanan ng
koryente ay tinatawag na (DAGILUSAW [ W t a b + lusaw], ELECTROLYTE,
ESEKTROLAYT, ELECTROLITO, ELEKTROLITO,
).
11.
May mga bagay na maaaring hubugin s a iba't ibang anyo nang h i n d i
nasisira.
Ang
kapabilidad
na
ito
ng bagay ay tinatswag na
(MALLEABILITY, WYABILITI, MLEABILIDM, MALYABILIDM, PAGKAPLKPUKIN,
-
158 A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
12.
Ang p i n a k a m a l i i t na bahagi ng i s a n g elemento o sangkapan na
binubuo ng dalawa o h i g i t pang magkakaibang atomo a y tinatawag na
(MOLEROW, MULATIL [mulaan
- + b ut i l ] , MOLECULE, MOLEKYUL, MOLECULA,
13.
Kapag ang i s a n g bakal ay a t i n g pinagbaga a t pagkatapoa a y i n i a l i s
n a t i n s a apoy, i t o ' y n a n a n a t i l i pa r i n g nagbabaga ng mga i l a n g s a n d a l i
a t nagbibigay d i n ng liwanag.
And kakanyahang i t o ng bakal a y
tinatawag na (POSPOWANAG [posporus +
l i x ] . PHOSPBOBBSCEIiCE,
POSPORESENS, FOSFORESCENCIA, POSPORESENSYA,
)-
14.
Likas na tuwid ang s i l a h i s ng liwanag. Ngunit i t o ' y l u m i l i k o kapag
tumatama s a t u b i g . Ang pangyayaring i t o ' y tinatawag na (REFRACTION,
REPR&SYON,
REFRACCION , REPRAKSY~N
, SALIKO,
).
15.
Ang i n i t na a t i n g nadarama k a h i t h i n d i t a y o gumamit ng anumeng
i n s trumento ay tinatawag na (KALOR LATENTE, INIT NA LANTAD, SENTIENT
HEAT, SENSYENT AIT, CALOR LATENTE,
).
16.
Ang (TINGGALITAB [ t i n g g a l a n + d a g i t a b ] , STORAGE BATTERY, ISTOREYDS
BATERI , BATERIA ELECTRICA, BATERYA ELEEIKA,
) ay
may mga s e l u l a n g elektro-kemikal upang makapagtinggal a t makalikha ng
koryente.
17.
Ang koryenteng n a l i l i k h a s a pamamagitan ng p a g p a p a i n i t s a sugpong
ng dalawang magkaibang daluyan ay tinatawag na (RIERMOELECTBICITY,
TERMOILIKTRISITI, TERMOELECTRICIDAD, TERMOELEKTRISIDAD, INITDAGITBAN
[ d a g i t ab + -an],
).
18.
Ang l i k i d o ay napagbabagong anyo a t
prosesong i t o ay tinatawag na (BAPORISASYON,
BEYPORISESYON, VAPORIZACION,
19.
nagagawang singaw. Ang
SASINGAW, VAPORIZATION,
)-
Ang b i l l s ng galaw ng i s a n g bagay patungo s a i s a n g d i r e k s y o n ay
tinatawag na (NLIN, VELOCITY,
BELOSITI,
VELOCIDAD,
BELOSIDAD,
).
20.
Ginagamit na katawagan s a pagsukat ng l a k a s
(VOLTAGE, BOLTEYDS, VOLTAJE, BOLTAEE, KABOLTBAN,
ng koryente ang
)
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
159
QmSTIONNAIRE # 5-A (MATHEMATICS)
D i r e c t i o n s : P l e a s e e n c i r c l e t h e l e t t e r of t h e vord you p r e f e r . I n c a s e you
p r e f e r a n o t h e r form which i s not included among t h e o p t i o n s .
k i n d l y w r i t e i t down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1.
mathematics
a.
b.
c.
2.
mathematics
matemetiks
matematica
a.
b.
c.
a l g e b r g (Spa. a c c e n t
alhebra
6 pronun.)
panandaan
or specialist i n mathematics.
d.
e.
f.
mathematician
sipnayanon
d.
e.
f.
d t g e b r a (Eng. a c c e n t &
aldyebra
pronun. )
- branch
of mathematics t h a t d e a l s w i t h p o i n t s .
l i n e s , s u r f a c e s , and s o l i d s .
heometriya
sukgissn
geometry
-
d.
e.
dyometri
geometria
- the
s c i e n c e o r a r t of computing by p o s i t i v e ,
r e a l numbers.
bilnuran
arithmetic
aritmetik
calculus
a.
b.
c.
matematika
sipnayan
system used t o g e n e r a l i z e c e r t a i n
a r i t h m e t i c a l o p e r a t i o w by p e r m i t t i n g l e t t e r s
o r o t h e r symbols t o stand^ f o r numbers.
arithmetic
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
- mathematical
4. geometry
6.
- an u p r t
matematisyan
matematico
matematiko
algebra
a.
b.
c.
5.
t h a t d e a l s w i t h q u a n t i t i e s , magnitudes, and forms, and t h e i r r e l a t i o m h i p s .
mathematician
a.
b.
c.
3.
- science
d.
e.
ariteetica
aritmetika
a method of c a l c u l a t i o n using a s p e c i a l system
of n o t a t i o n i n symbols.
calculus
kalkyulus
calculo
d.
e.
kalkulo
tayahan
160 A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
7.
axiom - a statement t h a t needs no proof
i s evident.
a.
b.
c.
8.
9.
-
-
-
d.
e.
f.
calculador
kalkulador
of o r p e r t a i n i n g t o an o p e r a t i o n i n which
t h e o r d e r of t h e elements does not a f f e c t
the result.
d.
e.
palitin
commutative
a geometrical f i g u r e having t h r e e a n g l e s and
three sides.
triangulo
triyanggulo
tatsulok
-
tiyorem
teorema
a machine f o r doing r a p i d computations.
komyuteytib
conmutativo
konmutatibo
d.
e.
f.
tatsiha
triangle
trayanggel
t h e space made by two s t r a i g h t l i n e s meeting
i n a point.
anggulo
sulok
siha
hypotenuse
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
pantaya
calculator
kalkyuleytor
angle
a.
b.
c.
13.
tiyorema
hunain
theorem
triangle
a.
b.
c.
12.
p r o p o s i t i o n embodying something t o be proven.
commutative
a.
b.
c.
11.
-a
calculator
a.
b.
c.
10.
axioma
aksyoma
axiom
theorem
a.
b.
c.
because i t s t r u t h
d.
e.
-
angle
enggel
t h e s i d e of a right-angled
t h e r i g h t angle.
tagway
hypotenuse
haypotenus
d.
e.
t r i a n g l e opposite
h i p o t enusa
iputenusa
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
14.
r i g h t angle
a.
b.
c.
15.
16.
17.
18.
a.
b.
c.
19.
20.
a.
b.
c.
than a r i g h t angle;
acute o r obtuse angle.
d.
e.
f.
oblique. angle
o b l i k enggel
- r a t i o between
t h e hypotenuse and t h e s i d e
o p p o s i t e a given a c u t e a n g l e i n a r i g h t t r i a n g l e .
d.
e.
cosecant
kasekway
- the
r a t i o between t h e s i d e a d j a c e n t t o a given
a c u t e a n g l e i n a r i g h t t r i a n g l e and t h e
hypotenuse.
coaeno
koseno
kasinway
- lacking
di-hangganin
infinite
impinit
finite
sihang k i p o t
o b l i k enggel
- any a n g l e o t h e r
kosekant
cosecante
kosekante
infinite
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
angulo o b l i c u o
anggulo o b l i k o
sihang t a l i b a s
cosine
anggulo r e k t o
sihang t a d l o n g
a n g l e of less than 90 degrees.
akyut enggel
anggulo o b l i k o
sihang t a l i b a s
cosecant
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
- an
oblique angle
a.
b.
c.
an a n g l e of 90 degrees; a n g l e made by t h e
meeting of two s t r a i g h t l i n e s p e r p e n d i c u l a r
t o each o t h e r .
r i g h t angle
r a y t enggel
angulo r e c t o
acute
a.
b.
c.
-
-
d.
e.
cosine
kcrsayn
limits o r bounds.
d.
e.
iafinito
impinito
f.
capable of being reached, completed, o r surpassed
by counting; anything t h a t h a s measurable limits.
finite
paynayt
finito
d.
e.
pinito
hangganin
161
162
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
QUESTIONNAIRE # 5-B (MATEEMATICS)
D i r e c t i o n s : P l e a s e u n d e r l i n e your p r e f e r e n c e . I n c a s e you p r e f e r a n o t h e r
form which i s not included among t h e o p t i o n s , k i n d l y w r i t e it
down on t h e a p p r o p r i a t e blank.
1.
Ang (MATHEMATICS, MATEMATIKS, MATEMATICA, MATWATIKA. SIPNAYAN
[I&
+ h a m ] .
) ay i s a n g sangay ng karunungan
h i n g g i l s a kantidad o dami, magnitud o l a k i , porma o anyo, a t ang
pag-alam
s a mga katangian a t pagkakaugnayan ng mga i t o s a pamamagitan
ng paggamit ng mga b i l a n g a t mga s a g i s a g .
2.
Ang i s a n g taong nagpakadalubhasa s a 'mathematics' ay tinatawag na
(MATEMATISYAN, MATEMATICO, MATEMATIKO, MATHEMATICIAN, SIPNAYANON [-non
i s a Visayan s u f f i x denoting e x p e r t ] ,
1.
-
Ang k i l a l a n g - k i l a l a n g
sumusunod:
mga
sangay
ng
'mathematics'
ay
ang
mga
3.
(ALGEBRA [Spa. a c c e n t 6 pronun.] ALHEBRA, PANANDAAN, ALGEBRA [Eng.
);
a c c e n t & pronun.]. ALDYEBRA,
4.
(HEOMETRIYA, SUKGISAN [ s u k a t
);
GEOMETRIA,
- + h u g i s + -an],
-
5.
(BILNURAN ,
6.
(CALCULUS,
ARITHMETIC,
KALKYIILUS ,
ARITMETM ,
CALCULO ,
GEOMETRY,
ARITHMETICA,
DYOMETRI,
ARITHETIKA,
KALKULO ,
TAYAHhN ,
-
-
7.
AKSYOMA, AXIOM, AKSYOM, BATLAIN [batayan + s i m u l a i n ] ,
) ang tawag s a mga pahayag na h i n d i na k a i l a n g a n pang
patunayang t o t o o sapagkat lubhang kapani-paniwala. Halimbawa n i t 0 ay
ang s i n a b i n i Euclid na "Ang dalawang bagay ay magkatulad kapag ang mga
i t o ' y k a t u l a d ng i s a n g bagay."
8.
Sa kabilang dako naman, may mga pahayag na kailangang patunayang
t o t o o sapagkat h i n d i paniniwalaan karaka-raka. Ang ganitong mga pahayag
ay tinatawag namang (TIYOREMA, HUNAIN, THEOREM, TIYOREM, TEOREMA,
(AXIOMA,
9.
ng
10.
H i g i t na nagiging m a b i l i s ang a t i n g pagsuma kapag tayo'y gumagamit
(PANTAYA,
CALCULATOR,
KALKYULEYTOR ,
CALCULADOR , KALKULADOR ,
May mga sumahin na matatawag na (KOMWTEYTIB,
CONMUTATIVO,
KONMUTATIBO,
PALITIN,
COMMUTATIVE,
)
sapagkat
p a g p a l i t i n man ng pusisyon ang mga b i l a n g ay h i n d i nakaaapekLo sa
r e s u l t a . Halimbawa: 2 x 3
6: 3 x 2 = 6.
-
A Technical Lexicon of P i l i p i n o
11.
163
Tingnan ang larawan sa kanan.
I t o ay t i n a t a w a g n a (ZBIANGUM,
TRIYANGGITU), TATWLOK, TATSIEA,
TRIANGLE. TRAYANGGEL ,
).
-
12.
I t o ay may t a t l o n g panig
o g i l i d . May t a t l o r i a i t o n g
(ANGGITU), SULOK, SIEA, ANGLE,
ENGGEL , ANGULO ,
)-
13.
Ang @ l i d na pinakamahaba (may tandang X) ay t i n a t a v a g na (TAGWAY
[matandang Tagalog], RYPOTXIWSE, BhPPOTBNDS, BIPOTZWUSA, IPUlgWSA.
14.
Aag may tandang C ay tinatawag na (RIGHT
ANGUM ELECPO.
BEltTO, SIEMG TDUMIG,
~~
U
Y
T
ANGLE,
FdGGEL.
)
15.
Aag may tandang A ay t i n a t a v a g na (AKYUT ERXlU, AWULO A m ,
ANGGUM AGmIO, SIEANG ICIWT, ACUPE AWLE,
)
16.
l4aaari r i n g mstawag na (ANGUU) C%LICUO, AMXUKI
TALIBAS, OBLIQUE ANGLE, OBLIK ENGGEL,
tandang A a t B.
17.
Kmg alam na ang sukat ng A, ang
t i n a t a v a g na (KOSEKANT, COSECAWTB,
18.
Samantala, ang proporsyon naman ng Y a t
(COSENO, KOSEIPO, KASINWAY, COSIWE, KOSAYN,
19.
Aag anumang bagay
pagbilang o pagsukat ay
INPINITU , IMPIIYITO
,
20.
proporsyon
KOSEKAUTE,
ng
OBLIXO, S I W
) ang pga m y
ng X a t
COSECANT,
X
ay
Z ay
KASEKMY,
tinatawag
na
)
na walang hanggan o katapusan ang magiging
i n u n r i n g (DI-BANGCANIN,
INFINITE. IMPINIT,
1.
Samantala, anumang maaaring r s b i l a n g
(FINITE, PAYIUYT, FINITU. PIbTITO, BANGCANIN,
o masukat a y t i n a t a v a g na
).