Lesson 4
ENG2D
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To Kill A Mockingbird
Revised: September 22, 2003
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To Kill A Mockingbird
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To Kill A Mockingbird
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To Kill A Mockingbird
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Setting
Set in Maycomb County, Alabama, To Kill a Mockingbird provides a reader with a vivid
image of life in a small southern town during the era of The Depression.
"Maycomb, some twenty miles east of Finch's Landing, was the county seat of Maycomb
County."
"Maycomb was an old town, but it was a tired old town when I first knew it. In rainy
weather the streets turned to red slop; grass grew on the sidewalks, the courthouse sagged
in the square.”
“Somehow, it was hotter then: a black dog suffered on a summer's day; bony mules
hitched to Hoover carts flicked flies in the sweltering shade of the live oaks on the
square..."
"People moved slowly then. They ambled across the square, shuffled in and out of the
stores around it, took their time about everything. A day was twenty-four hours long but
seemed longer. There was no hurry, for there was nowhere to go, nothing to buy and no
money to buy it with, nothing to see outside the boundaries of Maycomb County. But it
was a time of vague optimism for some of the people: Maycomb County had recently
been told that it had nothing to fear but fear itself."
Assignment #1:
Paragraph Writing
Show how the geographical setting reflects the social and racial divisions in the novel.
Your responses must be supported by use of quotations from the novel.
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Assignment #2:
Active Reading
To Kill a Mockingbird, One through Eleven
Chapters one through eleven introduce most of the characters in the novel. As you read
this section focus on the actions and words of each character. Write their names below.
Then jot down in the chart two or three personal qualities that are revealed by each
character’s actions and words. Give supporting quotations and the page references.
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Assignment #3:
Responding
To Kill a Mockingbird, One through Eleven
Chapter 1:
1. Describe the town of Maycomb? What are the town folk like? What kind of
lifestyle do they have?
2. What characters are mentioned in the first chapter? Make a list (point form) and
point out their relation to Scout.
3. What boundaries do the children play within?
4. What pastimes do the children have?
5. Describe the intrigue of the Radley home and the different attitudes that the town
folk have toward the Radleys.
6. Harper Lee was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for writing this novel. One aspect that
makes her writing so successful is her use of allusion as a writing device. Find 6
instances in which she alludes to a historical fact, place, character or idea.
Chapter 2-3
1. Scout’s youth is apparent throughout this chapter. Show that she is yet immature
and has much to learn. Refer to three examples from the story.
2. What lesson has Scout learned so far?
3. A writing device that is evident in these chapters is contrast. Lee makes a stark
contrast between the characters of Walter Cunningham and of Burris Ewell.
What major differences exist between the two?
4. What themes have you encountered in these chapters?
Chapters 4-5
1. What gifts are left in the tree for the children?
2. Describe two examples of superstition in these chapters?
3. When does Scout encounter injustice or prejudice in these chapters?
4. What simile is used to describe Miss Maudie?
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5. What is a Foot Washing Baptist?
6. Why do the children like Miss Maudie?
Chapter 6
1. On what two occasions does Scout encounter discrimination?
2. Describe the Radley home.
3. Who is blamed for the occurrence at the Radley home?
Chapter 7
1. In which grade is Scout? How does she feel about school?
2. What gifts do the children find?
3. Give one (1) example of cruelty in this chapter.
Chapter 8
1. What happens to Miss Maudie’s home?
2. Give three (3) examples of kindness in this chapter.
3. Give one (1) example of courage in this chapter.
4. Explain how the blanket may have appeared on Scout.
Chapter 9
1. What do Scout and Cecil Jacobs argue about?
2. Who is Tom Robinson?
3. What important advice does Atticus give Scout in this chapter?
4. What is Aunt Alexandra compared to?
5. What is Maycomb’s disease?
Chapter 10
1. What do we discover about Atticus that we did not know previously?
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2. Why is it a sin to kill a mockingbird?
Chapter 11
1. What does Mrs. Dubose teach Jem? What might the flower symbolize?
Personal Response
1.
What memories of your own childhood come to mind as you read about Scout’s
experiences?
Analyzing Literature
Recall and Interpret
1.
In relation to Boo Radley and his house, how do Scout, Jem, and Dill try to test
their courage? What feelings do they have about Boo?
2.
What do Scout and Jem find in the knothole of the Radley tree? What other signs
suggest that Boo may not be the monster the children imagine him to be?
3.
Why does Scout get into fights with Cecil Jacobs and her cousin Francis? What
do their comments suggest about Maycomb as a community? What does Scout’s
response reveal about her?
Evaluate and Connect
4.
What connection might there be between what is required of Atticus to shoot the
mad dog and what is required of him to defend Tom Robinson?
5.
How would you describe Atticus Finch as a parent? How does he treat his
children? What kinds of things does he want to teach them?
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Characterization
The first level of characterization is physical – supplying such basic facts as sex,
age, size and colouration. The physical is the simplest level of characterization, however,
since it reveals external traits only.
The second level is social. It includes economic status, profession or trade,
religion, family relationships – all of these factors which place a character in his
environment.
The third level is psychological. It reveals habitual responses, attitudes, desires,
motivations, likes and dislikes – the inner workings of the mind, both emotional and
intellectual, which lead to action. Since habits of feeling, thought, and behaviour define
character more fully than do physical and social traits and since drama usually arises
from desires in conflict, the psycho original is the most essential level of characterization.
The fourth level is moral. Although implied in all literary works, it is not always
shown. It is most apt to be clearly represented in serious literary works, especially
tragedies. Almost all human action suggests some ethical standard. In many literary
works, however, the moral implications are ignored and decisions are made in terms of
expediency. The practice is typical of comedies, since moral deliberations are apt to turn
to any action in to a serious one.
Moral decisions more clearly differentiate persons than any other kind. The
choice made by a character when he is faced with a moral crisis show whether he is
selfish, a hypocrite, or one who always acts according to his beliefs. A moral decision
usually causes two characters to examine his own motives and values, and in the process
his true nature is revealed both to himself and to the audience.
There may be shown one or more of these levels in a literary work. Some writers
pay little attention to the physical appearance of their characters and concentrate upon
psychological and moral traits; other writers may describe appearance and social status in
detail. In assessing the completeness of a characterization, it is not always good to just
list traits. It is important to ask how the character functions in the literary work.. The
audience needs to know little about the maid who only appears to announce dinner. ON
the other hand the principal character needs to be drawn in detail; appropriateness and
competence of each characterization.
A character is revealed through a number of devices: through descriptions, and
through dialogue or action as well as through what he himself says; through what others
say about him.
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Assignment #4:
Character Sketch
Literature and Writing
Character Analysis
Atticus says that courage is “when you know you’re licked before you begin but you
begin anyway and you see it through no matter what.” Write a character sktech of 300400 words, analyzing the character of Atticus, focusing on how his definition of courage
is displayed through his actions and behaviour. Be sure to include quotations to support
your statements.
You may wish to go back to your notes in the Active Reading chart.
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Lesson 5
ENG2D
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Assignment #1:
Active Reading
During the trial, Atticus questions four witnesses. As you read, complete the chart below
by noting the key information given by each witness during questioning. Also note how
each witness behaves on the stand, commenting on the general impression the witness
makes. Quote passages also giving reference to the page number of the quote.
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Assignment #2:
Responding
Part II
Chapter 12
1. Describe how Jem acts toward Scout in this chapter.
2. What is the First Purchase Church?
3. Explain how Calpurnia can be said to lead a double life. How do the two differ?
Chapter 13
1. Describe Aunt Alexandra.
2. What, according to Aunt Alexandra makes a “fine family”? Quote a passage from
the story to support your answer.
3. How are Atticus and Alexandra different from each other? Give three (3)
examples.
Chapter 14
1. Why does Aunt Alexandra want to fire Calpurnia?
2. “Atticus understands that a child’s innocence protects her, but he overestimates a
child’s ability to understand adult problems.” Discuss this statement with
particular reference to this chapter.
Chapter 15
1. What frightens Jem in this chapter?
2. Why had Mr. Tate and the other men come to see Atticus at his house? What
were their feelings toward him?
3. Do you really believe that Scout would act as she did, running to Atticus in the
middle of the lynching game?
4. What emotions led Mr. Cunningham to give up and go away?
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Chapter 16
1. “The court appointed Atticus to defend him. Atticus aimed to defend him. That’s
what they didn’t like about it. It was confusing.” (p. 163). Clarify the situation in
your own words, showing why Scout was confused.
2. This chapter provides a very skilled, economical description of the town and the
courthouse on the day of the trial. What elements of the description seem to you
particularly convincing? (Find five (5) examples.)
Chapter 17
1. Why was Atticus particularly pleased by Mr. Tate’s testimony?
2. Examine closely Atticus’s questioning of Mr. Ewell and try to explain the
psychology Atticus used.
Chapter 18
1. “Somehow, Atticus had hit her hand in a way that was not clear to me, but it gave
him no pleasure to do so.” (p. 188). Explain the implications of both parts of this
sentence.
2. What contrasts is made between white and black folk in this chapter.
Chapter 19
1. Is Mr. Gilmer’s cross-examination of Tom Robinson skillful? Support your
answer in a paragraph about half a page long.
2. What characteristics of Mayella are revealed through Tom’s cross-examination?
Chapter 20
1. What qualities of Dolphus Raymond are revealed in this chapter? Explain why he
lets people believe a lie about him.
2. Interpret Atticus’s final address to the jury. Is it effective? Why, why not?
Chapter 21
1. Who come to the courtroom? What is her message?
2. “It is not only the jury’s verdict which reveals how hopeless the Negro’s position
is in Maycomb County. Every detail of the trial, every incidental event in and
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surrounding the courthouse that day, emphasizes the shame and difficulty of his
position.” Discuss this opinion with reference to Chapters 16-21 inclusive.
Personal Response
1.
As you followed the action in the courtroom, which character did you empathize
with most? least? Explain.
Analyzing Literature
Recall and Interpret
1.
What tense situation occurs at the county jail? How does Scout help her father in
this scene?
2.
How does Atticus show that Tom Robinson could not have committed the crime
he is accused of?
3.
According to Atticus, what is Mayella’s motive for accusing Tom? What
assumption does Atticus fear the jury will make?
Evaluate and Connect
4.
What strategies does the author use to make sure readers will feel some sympathy
for Mayella Ewell?
5.
Do you think a jury today, presented with the same evidence, would have found
Tom Robinson guilty? Explain.
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Assignment #3:
News Story
Literature and Writing
1.
Write an objective news report of Tom Robinson’s trial. Keep the five Ws in
mind: who, what, where, when, and why. Describe the trial thoroughly, accurately,
and objectively. At the same time, use descriptive details to try to make your
readers feel they are part of the scene.
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Themes
Prejudice:
Perhaps the most obvious theme. Prejudice runs rampant in Maycomb
county.
Example #1:
Tom Robinson is a poor black man during the depression who is
accused of rape even though he is proven innocent by Atticus. The
town has prejudice against blacks. This is seen in the case against Tom
Robinson. It is obvious that he is innocent through evidence presented
by Atticus (Bob Ewell is left handed, Tom's left hand is useless, etc.)
But since the jury "cannot" find a black man innocent over a white
family they find him guilty.
Example #2:
Scout and Jem are the recipients of prejudice and racism when Lula
chastises Calpurnia for bring white children to a church reserved only
for the black community of Maycomb County. By association, Cal
experiences the rejection and racism as well.
Example #3:
Walter Cunningham receives his share of prejudicial treatment by
many members of the community because he comes from a farming
and lower class family.
Example #4: Prejudice against Boo Radley. No one bothers to find out about the real
Arthur "boo" Radley. He may seem a little scary but the town ridicules him
and shuns him from society. All the children have been raised to fear him
as the town freak. If they took the time to see the world from his eyes they
might not be so prejudiced to his situation.
Courage:
moral, physical,
Example #1: Atticus Finch shows an inordinate amount of moral courage by defending
Tom Robinson even though he knows he is defending a man already found
guilty by the town. He also displays physical courage by shooting Tim
Johnson the rabid dog as it wanders the street.
Example #2: Mrs. Dubose's courage comes in the form of a physical and mental battle
to rid her mind and body of an addiction to morphine. Atticus says she is the most
courageous person he knows.
Example #3: Jem Finch's love for his sister is obvious when he portrays his physical
courage to protect Scout from an attacker in the woods the night of the
Halloween pageant.
Additional themes: equal justice, social ostracism and heroism
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Maturity: Different degrees of maturity are displayed by the characters of the novel.
Example 1: Atticus. One might say he is an adult and therefore mature. This is a very
irrational statement because there are many adults that have no hint of maturity.
His view is very enlightened for a white southern man in the thirties. He shows
his mature and enlightened views in the courtroom while defending Tom
Robinson. He doesn't take Tom's defense lightly because he's black but tries hard
to with his case. He also shows how mature he is in the way he treats and raises
his children. The life lessons and the free thought that are exchanged show his
maturity and understanding in bringing up scout and Jem.
Example 2: Scout. She shows a maturity level that is advanced for her age. This is due
not only to her free spirit and intelligent approach to experiences but also from the
teachings of Atticus. She constantly asks questions and truly cares about
important issues such as reading.
Friendship: This is an influential theme in the novel.
Example 1:
With Dill. The friendship with Dill opens scout and Jem up to a new world.
He talks of experiences outside of their small closed community. He also
introduces them to the stories of boo Radley.
Example 2:
Atticus with his children. If Atticus did not have some kind of friendship
with his children they couldn't call him Atticus. They also might not see his
important lessons in the same light because not only is it teachings from a
father but life advice and insight from a friend.
Example 3:
Boo with Jem and Scout. It isn't really a friendship that they develop but a
friendly understanding. For certain purposes is just as important because
just to understand that Boo was another real reliable person gave them the
ability to oversee the stereotypes set on him. Plus their friendly manner
allowed Boo to have an outside contact with the world (gifts in the tree).
Assignment #4:
5-Paragraph Essay
In arguing not to charge Arthur Radley with the death of Ewell, Atticus and Heck Tate
take the law into their own hands. In a well-constructed essay (500 words) discuss
whether or not Atticus and Tate are justified. Keep in mind the elements of a wellconstructed essay – introduction (in which you clearly state a thesis) body (2-3
supporting arguments) and a concluding paragraph.
Before the final draft, consult with you teacher when you have developed an original
outline for this essay.
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Lesson 6
ENG2D
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Assignment #1:
Active Reading
The outcome of the trial affects many of the characters in the novel. For some, it triggers
strong feelings or thoughtful reflections. For others, it leads to action. As you read, think
about the effect of the trial’s outcome on different characters. Use the chart to identify
each character and describe the effect that the trial’s outcome has on each. Use as many
ovals as you need.
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Assignment #2:
Responding
Chapter 22
1. “This is their home, sister,” said Atticus. “We’ve made it this way for them, they
might as well learn to cope with it.” (p. 212). Explain more fully what Atticus
means by this remark.
2. What two different views of the townspeople do Miss Maudie and Miss Stephanie
represent?
3. What promise does Bob Ewell make to Atticus?
Chapter 23
1. How is Atticus’s rational judgement apparent in this chapter in his conversations
with Scout and Jem?
2. Does Aunt Alexandra seem to you to be gradually becoming less objectionable?
If so, what is altering your attitude toward her?
3. Explain why Scout states that Boo may be staying inside because he wants to stay
inside. What does she mean by this?
Chapter 24
1. “I tell you there are some good but misguided people in this town.” Mrs
Merriweather’s comment is consciously ironic. Can you explain how the events
in this chapter emphasize irony?
2. What evidence is there in this chapter that Scout is beginning to understand her
aunt better and even like her?
3. What has Scout seemingly learned in this chapter?
Chapter 25
1. How does the town react to the incident involving Tom Robinson?
2. Explain the quote “in the secret court of men’s hearts, Atticus had no case.”
Chapter 26
1. Can you explain why Miss Gates feels so strongly about Hitler’s persecution of
the Jews, and yet she is so violently prejudiced against black people?
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2. How has Jem reacted to the outcome of the trial?
Chapter 27
1. What three important incidents occur within this chapter?
2. What instance seems to foreshadow a possible action that may occur later in the
novel?
Chapter 28
1. How does Harper Lee make use of suspense in this chapter?
2. Briefly explain what happens to Bob Ewell in this chapter/
Chapters 29-31
1. At first, who does Atticus believe killed Bob Ewell?
2. How has Scout’s understanding of the adult world grown? What proof do we
have of this? Quote directly from the text.
Personal Response
1.
Did the ending of the novel surprise you? If you were the author, would you have
ended the story differently? Explain.
Analyzing Literature
Recall and Interpret
1.
After the trial, how do the children and Atticus respond to Bob Ewell’s threats?
2.
What happens to Scout and Jem on the way home from the school pageant? What
does the incident reveal about Boo Radley?
3.
How does Scout treat Boo after the incident? How have her feelings about Boo
changed?
Evaluate and Connect
4.
Do you believe that Sheriff Tate and Atticus made the best decision about how to
report Bob Ewell’s death? Why or why not?
5.
Because of Atticus, the white jury took much longer than expected to reach its
decision in Tom’s case. Miss Maudie sees this as a “baby step” forward for the
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community. Do you think the cause of justice is best advanced through such
“baby steps”? Explain.
Assignment #3:
Literature and Writing
Personal Letter
What do you think Scout and Jem learn about perspective and justice from witnessing the
trial and their father’s role in it? What do they learn from their experiences with Bob
Ewell and Boo Radley? Imagine that you are Scout or Jem as an adult. Write a letter to a
friend in which you reflect on these experiences and what they taught you about life.
Assignment #4
Responding
Personal Response
Harper Lee’s novel is full of interesting and richly painted characters. Which character
was your favourite and why? Quote from the book to back up your response.
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Symbols and Symbolism - The Mockingbird
1. It is wrong to kill mockingbirds because they do no harm and contribute a lovely
song.
2. The mockingbird is symbolic of harmless gentle people, like Boo Radley, who are
victimized for no reason by people’s cruelty and insensitivity.
3. This symbol relates to the themes of:
a) non-violence and courage: courage is not using a gun (unless it’s completely
necessary, as in the case of the rabid dog) and is not fighting (Scot must learn to
keep her head.)
b) compassion and understanding: social injustice and prejudice can be beaten if
people walk in other people’s shoes.
To Kill a Mockingbird … is a sin (page 90)
Because:
According to Miss Maudie:
“Mockingbirds don’t do one thing but make music for us to
enjoy. They don’t eat up people’s gardens, don’t nest in
corncribs, they don’t do one thing but sing their hearts out
for us. That’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird.”
Assignment #5:
Essay
In a well-constructed essay of not less than 250-300 words show that this quotation is an
apt description of either Boo Radley or Tom Robinson.
The Radley House
A Mockingbird
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Assignment #6
Movie Review
A review is an expository essay in which you give your considered opinion of a work.
Unlike the writer of a literary essay, the writer of the review should assume that the
viewer does not know the film being criticized. Therefore, you should give the reader a
general idea of what the work is about, s well as what you think of it. A good review
combines information and criticism.
Assignment: Write a 300-400 word review of the film To Kill a Mockingbird, by
Harper Lee.
Prewriting Process:
The main reason for writing a review is to give your opinions about a work of art. Hence,
you are expected to be critical. Criticising a work of art, however, is not just pulling it
apart. You should discuss both parts that, in your opinion, work well and those that do
not.
A review is the expression of one person's opinion. Theatre critic W. Edmonstone states:
‘I must tell you what I think. I must also tell you why I think it. I do not tell you what
someone else thinks I should think. I do not tell you what you are to think. It's as simple
as that.”
The reader should know where you stand. Be opinionated and back it up. Be emphatic
and include a pun or a witty quote, something that will stick in the reader's mind.
Writing Variables:
Topic:
Audience:
Situation:
Purpose:
Harper Lee’s To Kill A Mockingbird
a daily newspaper in a large city
review the movie
official review of that movie
Drafting
1. Quickly identify the material you are reviewing: title, director, and so on.
2.
Consider the purpose and emphasis of the work under review. Since it is fiction, you may want to
discuss the plot or memorable characters. Ultimately, you must assess a work according to its purpose.
Did it succeed in entertaining you?
3. Reveal only enough of the plot to interest the readers. Do not tell the whole story; a
review is not a précis or a summary.
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4. Include a few quotations illustrating the style of the work. Attempt to fit the
quotations into your own prose so that the reader can continue smoothly. Remember
that you must substantiate what you say by referring to the work you are reviewing.
5. Professional critics sometimes write deliberately controversial reviews. As a nonprofessional reviewer, you should leave statement like those to the pros.
Revising Process:
After you have written your final draft, you should judge it according to the following set
of standards:
1. Does the review give enough information about the work?
2. Is your opinion of the work clearly expressed? Have you explained why you feel as
you do?
3.
Has the review convinced your peers? Does the review include appropriate quotations? Do they fit
in well with your own prose?
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Movie Review Rubric:
Meets the standard
with distinction
Meets the standard
Almost meets the
standard
Needs work to
achieve the
standard
(Level 2)
the headline
describes the
article
(Level 1)
the headline
incompletely
describes the
article
most of the
required
information is
provided
a short summary
of some events in
the movie are
provided in
several sentences
leaving the reader
with some
questions about
the plot
little of the
required
information is
provided
summary of the
events in the
movie would
leave reader
with many
questions about
the plot
the opinion of the
movie is not
directly stated …
there are less than
three reasons
supporting the
opinion
the opinion of
the movie is
vague …
reasons
supporting the
opinion are
unclear
a consistent point of view is
used throughout the article
(1st or 3rd person)
the point of view
(1st or 3rd person)
is consistent in
most of the article
the point of
view varies
throughout the
article
there are few flaws in
grammar, spelling, or
punctuation
there are several
flaws in
grammar,
spelling, or
punctuation
the flaws in
grammar,
spelling, and
punctuation
interfere with
communication
(Level 4)
headline
Thinking/Inquiry
movie
information
Application
plot summary
meets the standard
and ... the headline
immediately grabs
the reader’s
attention … it is
creatively and
concisely written
meets the standard
and ... the name of
the director is
given
meets the standard
and ... the
summary is tightly
and creatively
written
(Level 3)
the headline would draw
the reader’s attention
the headline describes what
the article is about in as few
words as possible
the name of the movie,
starring actors/actresses
a short summary of the key
events of the movie are
provided in at least four
sentences giving the reader
a good impression of what
happens
Communication
opinion
Communication
journalistic style
Application
language
conventions
Application
meets the standard
and ... there is a
strong and wellsupported opinion
about the movie …
it is creatively
stated in order to
interest the reader
meets the standard
and ... all ideas in
the article work
together to give the
reader enough
information to
decide whether or
not to see the
movie
meets the standard
and ... there are
almost no flaws in
grammar, spelling,
or punctuation
To Kill A Mockingbird
the plot summary does not
given away the end of the
movie
an opinion of the movie is
clearly stated
at least three reasons are
provided to support the
opinion
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