Name_______________________
Chapter 18:
Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration
Nomadic Economy and Society
Rainfall in ________________________ too little to support largescale agriculture
Grazing animals __________, central Asians turn to animal herding
–Food
–Clothing
–Shelter (yurts)
Migratory patterns to follow ________________________________
Small-scale ________________, rudimentary artisanry
Turkish Migrations
Spoke _______________ language
Never organized into a single _____________________ group
Migrated to central __________, ____________,
____________________, and _________________
Nomadic Economy
Trade links between nomadic and _______________ peoples
Nomads ____________________ in long-distance travel
–__________________ ___________________
Nomadic Society
Governance basically ___________________________
Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert
authority
Unusually ________________ status for nobility
–Hereditary, but could be lost through _______________________
–Advancement for meritorious non-nobles
Nomadic Religion
Shamans center of __________________ worship
Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism
from ____________________________________
Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings
Conversion to Islam in 10th century due to Abbasid influence
Military Organization
Large confederations under a ___________________
Authority extended through tribal __________________
Exceptionally strong ______________________
–Mobility
–Speed
Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire
8-10th centuries Turkish peoples on border of ____________ empire
–Service in Abbasid armies
Eventually came to ________________ Abbasid caliphs
1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as ______________
Tughril consolidated his hold on __________________, then
extended rule to other parts of the empire
Abbasid caliphs served as _______________________ of authority
Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire
1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at
_____________________, take emperor captive
Large-scale invasion of _________________________
Many conversions to ___________________
Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople ________________
Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi
Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern ____________
At first for plunder, later to rule
Northern India completely dominated by 13th century
Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus
Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire
______________________, b. 1167
Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty
Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of __________________
Brought all Mongol tribes into one ___________________
1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “__________________________”
Mongol Political Organization
Broke up _______________ organization
Formed _______________ units from men of different tribes
Promoted officials on basis of _____________ and _____________
Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at
___________________
Mongol Arms
Mongol population only ______________________ (less than 1%
of Chinese population)
–Army c. _____________________________
Strengths:
–_________________________
–_____________________________
–______________________ enemies who surrender, ____________
to enemies who fight
Mongol Conquests
Conquest of _______________ by 1220
Conquest of ____________________, _____________
–emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler
Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions
–Large-scale, long-term _________________________
Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294)
_________________ of Chinggis Khan
Rule of China
Ruthless warrior, but __________________ tolerant
–Hosted Marco Polo
Established ____________ dynasty (to 1368)
Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java
Two attempted invasions of _____________ (1274, 1281) turned
back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)
The Golden Horde
Conquest of __________________, 1237-1241
–Established tributary relationship to 15th century
–Rule over __________________ to late 18th century
Raids into ________________, Hungary, Germany
The Ilkhanate of Persia
____________________ empire toppled
Baghdad sacked, ___________________
–200,000 massacred
Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces
Mongol Rule in Persia
Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule ______________ societies
–Inexperienced, lost control of most lands within a _______________
___________________: dependence on existing administration to
deliver tax revenues
–Left matters of governance to ________________________
Eventually assimilated into ______________________ lifestyle
Mongol Rule in China
Strove to maintain strict separation from __________________
–___________________________ forbidden
–Chinese forbidden to study Mongol ____________________
Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians)
Yet tolerated religious freedoms
The Mongols and Buddhism
__________________________ remains popular
Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains _____________ among
Mongols
–Large element of ________________, similar to shamanism
–Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha
The Mongols and Western Integration
Experience with long-distance trade
–Protection of traveling merchants
–Volume of trade across central Asia increases
Diplomatic missions ______________________
Missionary activity _____________________
Mongol resettlement policies
Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia
Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry
Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in
1290s
–___________________, forced to rescind
Factional fighting
Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule ______________
Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China
Mongols spend _________________ that supported paper currency
Public loses confidence in paper money, ________________ rise
From 1320s, major power struggles
___________________ plague spreads 1330-1340s
1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion
Surviving Mongol Khanates
Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia
–Continued threat to China
Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid-16th century
–Continued threat to Russia
Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405)
Turkish conqueror Timur
–________________ _____ _________Timberlane
United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai
Major military campaigns
–Built capital in _________________________
Tamerlane’s Heirs
____________ organization of governing structure
Power struggles divide empire into _____________
Yet heavily influenced several empires:
–___________________
–___________________
–___________________
The Ottoman Empire
________________, charismatic leader who dominates part of
Anatolia
Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299
Attacks Byzantine empire
–Followers known as _______________________ (Ottomans)
Ottoman Conquests
1350s conquests in the ______________
Local support for __________________ invasion
–Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule
Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover
by 1440s
The Capture of Constantinople, 1453
________________________________(“Mehmed the Conqueror”)
Renamed city ____________________, capital of Ottoman empire