SCHOOL INTEGRATION RESOURCES
1. Introduction
PDF Resource: Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Text of the majority opinion in the case from the
National Center for Public Policy Research.
PDF Resource: Brown II (1955). Text of the opinion in the Brown v. Board of Education appeal from the
National Center for Public Policy Research.
Web Resource: The Brown Foundation (http://brownvboard.org/foundation/). A foundation established
as a tribute to the landmark Brown v. Board of Education case. Provides background of the case, a
traveling education kit and other resources.
PDF Resource: Plessy v. Ferguson. A complete teaching guide for the Plessy “separate but equal”
case (from http://www.landmarkcases.org/plessy/home.html).
2. Race Relations Post-Brown, Pre-Little Rock
Map Resource [primary document]: Map of the Confederate States, 1861 (from Harpers Weekly at
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/February/confederate-states-map.htm).
Book Resource: C. Vann Woodward. 1993. The Burden of Southern History, 3rd Edition (Baton Rouge,
LA: Louisiana State University Press).
Map and Data Resources: African-Americans in the United States, 1950. A series of maps showing the
demographics of African-Americans from the 1950 U.S. Census (population, education, employment).
Web Resource: The History of Jim Crow. Provides information and essays on the origins and effects of
Jim Crow in both the North and South (http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/history/overview.htm). .
Web Resources:
From PBS American Experience, The Murder of Emmett Till (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/).
From Facing History, a series of four classroom lessons using the PBS documentary, The Murder of
Emmett Till (http://www.facinghistory.org/resources/units/emmett-till-a-series-four-lessons).
The Emmett Till Story, a website dedicated to this incident (http://www.emmetttillmurder.com/) and
includes information about the incident, the court case, articles and interviews.
Web Resources:
The Montgomery Advertiser, links to the articles published during the Montgomery bus boycott and the
Rosa Parks court case (http://www.montgomeryboycott.com/index_article.htm).
The Montgomery Bus Boycott. A more detailed narrative and timeline of the bus boycott
(http://www.watson.org/~lisa/blackhistory/civilrights-55-65/montbus.html).
PDF Resource: The Civil Rights Act of 1957. Text of the Act from the Congressional Records
(www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/civriac.pdf).
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Web Resource: Primary documents regarding the Civil Rights Act of 1957 from the Eisenhower Archives
(http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/dl/Civil_Rights_Civil_Rights_Act/CivilRightsActfiles.html).
Graphic Resource: President Eisenhower signing the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (from the Eisenhower
Archives).
3. Orval Faubus, Progressive Reactionary
PDF Resource: Orval Faubus Biography (http://www.biographybase.com/biography/Faubus_Orval.html).
Web/Video Resource: Harry Ashmore interview with Mike Wallace, 6/29/1958, about the integrity of
journalists and the desegregation of Little Rock High School. (from the University of Texas at Austin
archives at http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/ashmore_harry_t.html).
Web Resource: Text of interview with Harry Ashmore by Scott London, an independent writer and radio
interviewer, aired on National Public Radio on MLK Day in 1998
(http://www.scottlondon.com/interviews/ashmore.html).
Graphic Resources (Arkansas Democrat newspaper):
Elizabeth Eckford Arrives at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (9/4/1957).
Elizabeth Eckford Waits for City Bus, Little Rock, Arkansas (9/4/1957).
Black Students Turned Away at Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas (9/4/1957).
PDF Resource: Elizabeth Eckford Goes to School, by Daisy Bates (1957). An article by Daisy Bates
recounting the events and emotions of that day in September 1957, told in Elizabeth’s words.
PDF Resource: Counts, Will. Life is More Than Just a Moment: he Desegregation of Little Rock's
Central High. Short description of Counts’ book detailing the prize-winning photograph of Hazel Bryan
[Massey] screaming at Elizabeth Eckford as she tried to enter Central High School and the reconciliation
years later.
Web/Video Resource: Orval Faubus interview with Mike Wallace, 9/15/1957, about his refusal to comply
with the federal order to integrate the Central High School in Little Rock (from the University of Texas at
Austin archives at http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/multimedia/video/2008/wallace/faubus_orval_t.html).
PDF Resource: The 1957 Little Rock Crisis as Governor Faubus Saw It. From the Arkansas Online
archives (http://www.ardemgaz.com/prev/central/faubtxt26.html).
4. Ike Takes Charge
Web Resource: Little Rock Documents from the Eisenhower Collections. Includes numerous links to
telegrams (to Governor Faubus), press releases, letters, speeches, and executive orders regarding the
Little Rock incident.
PDF Resource: TIME, Case No. 3113. 9/30/1957. An interesting article in TIME on the Faubus court
injunction.
Web/Video Resource: Excellent video of the arrival of the Little Rock Nine to Central High School
protected by the National Guard. Click on “Film Excerpt of the Little Rock Nine in 1957
(http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/August/20070822172142berehellek0.267265.html).
Web/Audio Resource: President Eisenhower Speech on the Crisis in Little Rock and the Decision to
deploy the military, 9/24/1957 (from the Eisenhower Archives at
http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/All_About_Ike/Speeches/Speeches.html).
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Web Resources:
40th Anniversary of the Little Rock Nine, Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas. The school’s
webpage commemorating the 1957 event (http://www.centralhigh57.org/index.html). Includes video,
newspaper clips and interviews.
NPR’s 50th Anniversary Salute to the Little Rock Incident. Links to several news broadcasts in text and
audio (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=14158264).
PDF Resource: Crisis at Little Rock High School. A lesson plan developed by the National Park Service
includes photos and classroom activities ideas (www.nps.gov/archive/chsc/crisisof1957.pdf).
Article Resource: Arendt, Hannah (Princeton University, Department of History). 1957. “Reflections on
Little Rock, 1957-59: Echoing Academic Critiques of Brown, and (Somewhat Unwillingly) Legitimizing
Segregationist Claims for State Sovereignty.” Princeton Law & Public Affairs Working Paper No. 08-002.
Arendt writes in her "Reflections on Little Rock," that neither the federal nor state government should
interfere with an individual's right to free association in the social realm. With this neutral principle in mind,
she dips into the political debate of the time between the federal government and state-level political
leaders - between federal supremacy and state sovereignty - and sides with those parents who were
protecting their rights to free association by fighting against federal intrusion in Little Rock.
5. Anatomy of a Decision
Web Resource: U.S. Civil Rights Commission (http://www.usccr.gov/). Information about the mission
and powers of this commission. Many working papers – of interest is one that discusses the current
status of desegregation in U.S. public schools.
Web Resource: From PBS American Experience, U.S. Presidents. Teacher page with quotes from
Eisenhower (including the one referenced above) and suggested scaffolding questions
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/34_eisenhower/tguide/eisenhower_iq.html). .
6. Desegregation in the Pacific Northwest
Map Resource: Portland’s Albina Neighborhood (1950-1970) and African-American Population Density
[in process].
PDF Resource: Oregon’s 1857 State Constitution with Black Exclusion Clauses (graphics of original
document included).
PDF Resource: School Desegregation in Portland Oregon, a staff report from the United States
Commission on Civil Rights, September 1977. An easy to read report that provides more detail about
desegregation activities in Portland’s District #1
(https://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12d4528.pdf).
PDF Article Resource: Rist, Ray C. Jul-Aug 1974. Busing white children into black schools: a study in
controversy. Integrated Education 12(4): 13-18. In September, 1973, a white principal in a predominantly
black elementary school in Portland, Oregon gave an interview to the city's largest daily newspaper: the
resulting controversy helps sharpen the focus of the debate concerning means of achieving school
integration [ILLIAD order 11/4/08].
PDF Resource: New York Times Article on the Seattle/Louisville Supreme Court Case on using racial
categories in school assignments. Contains excerpts from the majority and dissenting opinions and an
interesting opinion piece about the different interpretations of Brown v. Board of Education taken by the
justices (http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/washington/29scotus.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2).
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