Name: ___________________________Module 2a
Multiple-Meaning Words
Sometimes words are spelled alike but have different meanings.
Knowing about different types of words and their definitions is
very important to reading and writing.
Multiple-meaning words can be tricky. Use context clues and think
carefully about the sentence's message to figure out which meaning is being
used. Below are some examples of words with multiple meanings:



Concrete can mean "real" or "a hard and strong building material."
o Jane gave her parents concrete answers to all their
questions.
o The workers mixed and poured the concrete quickly.
Staple can mean "a metal loop to fasten together material" or "a
resource that is in high demand."
o The teacher used a staple to attach the artwork to the essay.
o Pasta is considered a staple in many kitchens in America.
Foil can mean "to prevent the success of someone or something" or "a
very thin sheet of metal."
o The troops attempted to foil the assassination attempt by
surrounding the president’s home.
o Dad placed foil on the grill before cooking the chicken.
Study Island Example:
We rested on the sea bank until Darby was ready to go.
Which sentence uses the word bank as it is used in the box above?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Milo opened an account at his mother's bank.
The computer's memory bank was full.
We will bank on sunny weather for the trip.
The patch of grass on the bank was cozy.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The word bank has multiple meanings. It can mean "the rising ground at the edge of a lake, river, or sea,"
"a place of business that lends, exchanges, takes care of, or issues money," or "to depend upon." The
correct answer and the sentence in the box both use the first definition of bank.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ____________________Module 2b
Synonyms and Antonyms
A synonym is a word that has the same or almost
the same meaning as another word. An antonym
is a word that means the opposite of another word
Synonyms
They both start with an S!
Synonym = Same
enemy and foe
sword and saber
compliment and flatter
journey and voyage
sink and basin
Antonyms
Antonym =Opposite
They both start with a vowel!
examples:
timid and fierce
clever and foolish
generous and stingy
nimble and clumsy
elated and depressed
Sample Questions
1) Replace the underlined word with a synonym.
I understand the speaker.
A. dislike
B. comprehend
C. misunderstand
D. enjoy
THOUGHT PROCESS: "I understand the speaker" means the same thing as "I comprehend the speaker,"
so "understand" and "comprehend" are synonyms. The answer is B!
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1. ___________
1. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. ___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3. ___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4. ___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: _______________________Module 2c
Latin and Greek Roots
Many English words and word parts can be traced back to Latin and
Greek. By learning what parts of words mean, you can figure out the
meanings of bigger words that you might not know at first glance. Look at
the chart below and decode some big words. You can even make up some
new words on your own!
Latin and Greek Word Part
Meaning
brother
adelphos
do, perform
act
against
anti
star
astro
self
auto
book
biblio
heat
calor
body
corp
believe, trust
cred
to speak aloud
dict
sleep
dorm
upon, at, in addition
epi
good, well, true
eu
to bend
flex
brother
frat
step
grad
water
hydro
long, large
macro
sea
mare
around, about
peri
love
philos
fear
phobe
foot
pod
carry
port
to write
script
half
semi
time
temp
therm
ure
volve
heat
act, process, condition
roll, turn around
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ___________________________________________________
Roots and Affixes
When you are trying to figure out the meaning of an unfamiliar word, it
helps to try to break the word down into parts. Prefixes and suffixes often
provide valuable clues as to the meaning of words. They attach to root
words and change the meanings of the words.
Prefix
A prefix is a part of a word that is placed at the
beginning of a word to change its meaning.
Prefix
Meaning
aero– air
amphi– round, both sides
against
anti–
auto– self
two
bi–
life
bio–
remove
de–
across, through
dia–
not
dis–
to speak
dict–
former, away
ex–
extra– beyond
fore– near the front
hemi– half, part
im–, in– not, in
inter– between
same
iso–
manu– hand
micro– small
bad, wrong
mis–
mono– one
multi– many
mut– change
no
non–
over– too much
post– after
before
pre–
Example
aerial (like the air)
amphitheater (a round theater)
antiwar (against war)
autopilot (self pilot)
bicycle (two wheels)
biology (the study of life)
deodorant (removes odor)
diameter (measurement across)
dishonest (not honest)
dictate (to speak aloud)
ex-girlfriend (former girlfriend)
extraordinary (beyond what is ordinary)
foreground (the part of a scene that is near to the viewer)
hemistich (half of a poetic line of verse)
inaction (no action, lack of action)
international (between nations)
isometric (having the same measurement)
manual (handbook)
microscope (device used to look at small objects)
mislead (lead in wrong direction)
monopoly (when one company has power)
multicolor (many colors)
mutant (someone or something that changes)
nonsense (no sense)
overcooked (cooked too much)
postwar (after the war)
preheat (heat before)
re–
sub–
sur–
topo–
trans–
tri–
troglo–
ultra–
un–
under–
xen–
again
review (look at again)
under, below
subzero (below zero)
over, above, more surcharge (additional charge)
place
toponym (the name of a place)
across
transport (move across)
three
tricycle (three wheels)
cave
troglocole (to live in a cave)
beyond
ultramodern (beyond modern)
not
uncooked (not cooked)
below
underpaid (paid below what is reasonable)
foreign, guest
xenophobia (fear of strangers or foreigners)
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: _______________________
Suffix
A suffix is a part of a word that is placed at the end of a
word to change its meaning.
Suffix
Meaning
Example
fixable (capable of being fixed)
–able capable of
creation (the process of creating)
–ation the process of
–ator someone who does navigator (one who navigates)
freedom (the state of being free)
–dom state, condition
earthen (made of the earth)
–en made of
largest (most large)
–est most
beautiful (full of beauty)
–ful full of
childish (like a child)
–ish like
–ize make or cause to be familiarize (to make familiar)
hopeless (without hope)
–less without
mineralogy (the study of minerals)
–logy the study of
in a way, in a manner happily (in a happy manner)
–ly
movement (the act of moving)
–ment the act of doing
–ous having qualities of joyous (having the qualities of joy)
bibliophile (one who loves books)
–phile one who loves
tripod (three-legged or footed)
–pod foot
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Root
A root is the base of a word that prefixes and/or suffixes
are attached to. Some of the prefixes and suffixes listed
above can also function as roots.
Root Meaning
Example
port to carry portable (able to be carried)
bibliology (the study of books)
biblio book
pedestrian (one who walks on foot)
ped foot
Root Words and Affixes
Many English words and word parts can be traced back to Latin and Greek. By learning what parts of words
figure out the meanings of bigger words that you might not know at first glance. Look at the chart below, and
the question.
Latin & Greek
Word Part
Meaning
Latin & Greek
Word Part
Meaning
a
without
paleo
ancient
anthro
humans; people
path
feeling
bio
life
phil
love
contra
against
phon
sound
dict
to say
photo
light
graph
picture
poly
many
hemi
half
pseudo
false
logue
talk or a speech
scope
to see
micro
small
script
to write
mis
to hate
somna
sleep
mono
one; alone
spir
to breathe
neo
new
tele
from a distance
pac
peace
terras
earth
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
1.
Earth's biosphere includes the air that people breathe, the land on which they live, the rocks that
cover the land, and the water that covers much of the earth's surface.
Using your knowledge of Greek and Latin roots, what is the meaning of the word biosphere in the passage above?
A. the earth's crust
B. any self-regulating system
C. a polluted part of the earth
D. the part of the earth where life exists
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Bio" is a Greek root meaning "life." (Think of the word "biology," meaning "the study
of life.") Whether you know the definition of biosphere or not, you can figure out that the
word must have something to do with "life" because of the root "bio."
2.
Plants use the process of photosynthesis to turn carbon dioxide, water, and minerals into the
that we humans breathe.
Judging from your knowledge of Greek and Latin roots, you know that the word "photosynthesis" in the pa
above has to do with
A. pollution.
B. light.
C. minerals.
D. bacteria.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Photo" is a Greek root meaning "light." Whether you know the definition of
photosynthesis or not, you can figure out that the word must have something to do with
"light" because of the root "photo." (Think of the word "photograph." You can't take a
photograph without light.)
3.
Humans use the process of respiration to provide their bodies with the oxygen they need to
metabolize food. Respiration also helps humans get rid of the carbon dioxide that they do not nee
Judging from your knowledge of Greek and Latin roots, you know that the word "respiration" refers to
A. water.
B. light.
C. life.
D. breathing.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Spir" is a Greek root meaning "breath." Whether you know the definition of respiration
or not, you can figure out that the word must have something to do with "breathing"
because of the root "spir."
Mischa said that she was apathetic about the entire situation.
In other words, Mischa said that she
A. was against the situation.
B. hated the situation.
C. didn't care about the entire situation.
D. was not involved in the situation.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"A" means "without;" "path" means "feeling." So "apathy" must mean "without feeling."
Another way of saying "without feeling" is "don't care."
5. Knowing the meaning of the Greek roots mono and logue helps the reader understand that monologue mea
A. a long speech by one person.
B. a device for small sounds.
C. a picture of a group of people.
D. a piece of ancient writing.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Mono" is a root meaning "one," and "logue" is a root meaning "speech." The definition
that best reflects these meanings is "a long speech by one person."
6.
Arthur Renway is considered one of the state's leaders known for his philanthropy.
In other words, Arthur Renway is
A. one who loves peace.
B. one who loves his fellow humans.
C. one who loves sleep.
D. one who loves the Earth.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Phil" is a root meaning "to love." "Anthro" is a root meaning "people or humans."
Putting the two together results in one who loves humans.
7.
The dialogue in the movie was hard to understand.
In other words, the movie
A. written without light.
B. had lights too dim to see.
C. had sounds too hard to hear.
D. had words that were hard to understand.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Logue" is a root meaning "talk or a speech." Even though none of the answer choices
include the word "talk or speech," you know that the answer choice must have something
to do with speech or talk (words being those things that are talked or spoken).
8.
Dee-Dee didn't want to contradict herself when she spoke to her class, so she researched her
presentation topic thoroughly.
In other words, Dee-Dee did not want to
A. say something without her presentation.
B. say something against what she was reporting in her presentation.
C. say something false in what she was reporting in her presentation.
D. say something she hated about what was in her presentation.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Contra" is a root that means "against." "Dict" is a root that means "to say." When people
contradict themselves, they are saying something opposite or against what they have said
or plan to say.
9.
Many people mistake Mr. Scruffs to be a misanthrope, but he actually loves mankind.
In other words, Mr. Scruffs
A. is not someone who hates people.
B. is not very easy to understand.
C. studies the behavior of people.
D. uses few words to communicate.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
"Mis" is a root word that means "to hate." "Anthro" is a root word that means "humans or
people." Thus, "misanthrope" means someone who hates mankind. Contrary to what
people think, Mr. Scruffs does not hate people.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: _______________ Module 2d
Context Clues
Learning words can be hard. If you're not sure what a word means, it helps if you can at
least know the information around the word. There are ways of figuring out what a new
or unusual word means. One way is to use context clues.
Using context clues means using the information around the word you don't know. These words help you
find what it means. You can also use the information in the rest of the paragraph to help you figure out
what the word means. There are a few things to watch for when looking for context clues:

A punctuation mark, such as a comma (,) or dash (—), may help you understand how the word is
being used.
example:
The DVD player had been refurbished and was now ready to be sold since the customer who
bought it returned it to the store—it had not been working correctly.
Refurbished is a big word! If you don't know what it means, look at the hint after the dash. The
hint is "it had not been working correctly." This shows that refurbished must mean the same thing
as "fixed" since it was now ready to be sold.

Key words, such as "or", and "that is" may also give you a hint that a definition is nearby.
example:
LeBron had an endorsement deal with Sprite; that is, they paid him money to advertise their
product.
This sentence shows that endorsement means "money to advertise."

The intended meaning of some phrases are not the same as the literal meaning of the words. These
phrases are common expressions such as "under the weather" which means that the person is
feeling ill.

Also, make sure to read the entire paragraph! Sometimes a word's definition may become clearer
by reading the entire paragraph where it appears.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Inferences
Inferences are evidence-based guesses. They are the conclusions a reader
draws about the unsaid based on what is actually said. Inferences drawn
while reading are much like inferences drawn in everyday life. Making an
inference is the same thing as drawing a conclusion or making a
generalization.
Tips for Drawing Inferences
1. Make sure your inferences rely mainly on the author's words rather than your own
feelings or experience. Your goal is to read the author's mind, not invent your
own message.
2. Check to see if your inference is proven wrong by any statements in the
paragraph. If it is, it is not a useful inference.
3. If the passage is a difficult one, check to see if you can actually identify the
statements that led you to your conclusion. This will help you test your
understanding of the text. You can also remember the material better.
examples:

If your mom tells you to put your rain coat on before leaving the house, you can
infer (or make an educated guess) that it is raining outside.

Read this sentence: He is known as the president with the beard and the black top
hat who led us through the Civil War.
You can infer that the president being spoken of in the sentence is Abraham
Lincoln.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
About Hurricanes
Miami Museum of Science
A tropical cyclone is a storm system that has several thunderstorms and a low pressure center. Depending upon where
located and their severity, these storms can also be called typhoons, tropical depressions, or hurricanes.
A hurricane is a powerful storm that measures several hundred miles in diameter. Hurricanes have two main parts.
eye of the hurricane; the eye is a calm area in the center of the storm. Usually, the eye of a hurricane measures about
diameter, and has very few clouds. The second part is the wall of clouds that surrounds the calm eye. This is where the
strongest winds and heaviest rain occur.
Hurricanes are born over warm, tropical oceans. Hurricanes are fueled by water vapor that is pushed up from the w
surface, so they can last longer and sometimes move much further over water than over land. The combination of heat
along with the right wind conditions, can create a new hurricane.
The colors in hurricane radar images show the amount of rain falling in a given area. Each raindrop reflects the ene
radar. The more raindrops in a certain area, the brighter the color in the radar image of that area. Radar images measu
of moisture in the air. The brighter the color on the radar image, the more moisture in the air. The bright red color aroun
indicates the area of heaviest rainfall. The green-colored area has a moderate amount of rain, while the blue areas rep
amount of rain.
6. What does the word depressions mean in the passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
the wall of clouds that surrounds the calm eye
a storm that exerts little power or force
violent, tropical, cyclonic storms with high wind speeds
violent thunderstorms with a large rectangular cloud wall
THOUGHT PROCESS:
This first paragraph of this passage talks about storm systems called tropical cyclones. The passage says,
"Depending upon where they are located and their severity, these storms can also be called typhoons,
tropical depressions, or hurricanes." The reader can tell that in this passage, depression refers to a type of
violent tropical storm.
7. What is the meaning of the word diameter?
A.
B.
C.
D.
measurement across a circle
a large, clear, valuable stone
measurement around a circle
measurement across a meter
THOUGHT PROCESS:
If you can't find clues to the word's meaning in the passage, you could look the word up in a dictionary.
Your computer's word processing program may have a dictionary or thesaurus.
8. What is the best meaning for the word tropical?
A.
B.
C.
D.
hot and humid
cloudy and rainy
cool and windy
dry and hot
THOUGHT PROCESS:
You already know that hurricanes occur near warm, damp areas like Florida and islands in the Caribbean.
Use that knowledge, as well as the passage, to help you figure out the meaning of tropical. In the passage,
the word tropical is used with "warm" and "oceans." Oceans cannot be dry, and since the passage talks
about warm water and air, it cannot be cool. Therefore, tropical means hot and humid.
9. Which is the best definition for vapor?
A. moisture or mist
B. the center of the storm
C. dry, hot air
D. heavy clouds
THOUGHT PROCESS
The passage tells you that hurricanes are fueled by water vapor that is pushed up from the warm ocean
surface, so they can last longer and sometimes move much further over water than over land. Which answer
makes sense when you use it in the place of vapor?
10. What is the meaning of radar in the passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a device for determining the presence and location of an object
a device used by the highway patrol to catch speeding cars
a device that collects and purifies hurricane waters
a device that flies into the hurricane to determine which way the storm will move
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Many clues from the passage can help you figure out the meaning of the word "radar." For example, in the
sentence, "The colors in hurricane radar images show the amount of rain falling in a given area," you learn
that radar images help scientists locate where rain is falling. If a radar can do this, you can guess that a
radar determines "the presence and location of an object."
Name: ________________________
Inferences
Inferences are evidence-based guesses. They are the conclusions a reader draws about
the unsaid based on what is actually said. Inferences drawn while reading are much like
inferences drawn in everyday life. Making an inference is the same thing as drawing a
conclusion or making a generalization.
Tips for Drawing Inferences
1.
Make sure your inferences rely mainly on the author's words rather than your own feelings or
experience. Your goal is to read the author's mind, not invent your own message.
2.
Check to see if your inference is proven wrong by any statements in the paragraph. If it is, it is not
a useful inference.
3.
If the passage is a difficult one, check to see if you can actually identify the statements that led you
to your conclusion. This will help you test your understanding of the text. You can also remember
the material better.
examples:

If your mom tells you to put your rain coat on before leaving the house, you can infer (or make an
educated guess) that it is raining outside.

Read this sentence: He is known as the president with the beard and the black top hat who led us
through the Civil War.
You can infer that the president being spoken of in the sentence is Abraham Lincoln.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Smoke and Fire
The door opened on a scene that looked like a disaster film. The air was billowing with dark clouds of smoke. I could
out the shapes of my neighbors as they emerged from their apartments in pajamas and slippers. Everyone seemed fro
the shock washed over them. I spotted a next-door neighbor running by.
"Where is it?" I yelled, trying to make my high voice heard over the fire alarm. "Where's the fire?"
He just shook his head and pushed past me. Everyone on the floor had the same slightly wild look that man had.
I forced myself to think logically. The tenth story was too far up for fire-fighting equipment to reach, and there were n
escapes—no way to get down without going through the building itself. The amount of smoke made it clear that there w
fire—somewhere in the building. Fire goes up, I thought. If the fire was below us, it would reach us soon. If it was above
less danger. Either way, staying on the tenth floor made no sense.
All of this registered in about six-tenths of a second. A family from down the hall came out of their apartment and rus
yelling to each other. They dashed through the doors that led to the elevator.
"No!" I yelled, when I saw where they were going. "Not there! Take the stairs!" I wondered how they could push the
every single day without noticing the signs that said, "In case of fire, do not use elevator. Take the stairs." I had a sudde
what it would be like to be trapped in an elevator during a fire, choking on smoke and helplessly waiting for the flames.
adapted from Expecting Adam by Martha Beck
1. Which idea from the story best shows that the narrator wants to help her neighbors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
She sees them through the thick smoke.
She asks them for information about the fire.
She warns them about using the elevator.
She shouts louder than the fire alarm.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The narrator sees some of her neighbors heading for the elevator. She knows that is a dangerous place to be
in a fire. She shouts at them and tells them to take the stairs. She wants to help her neighbors get out of the
apartment building safely.
2. What in the story might lead the reader to guess that the narrator is frightened by the fire?
A.
B.
C.
D.
She thinks about how to exit the building.
She reads the sign on the elevator.
She imagines burning in an elevator.
She is wearing her pajamas and slippers.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
At the end of the story, the narrator imagines being caught in the elevator in a fire. She thinks about how it
would feel choke on the smoke and wait for the flames. Her thoughts show that she is worried and
frightened by the fire.
3. What can the reader conclude from the information given in "Smoke and Fire"?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The fire occurred at night.
The elevator was broken.
The fire was on the tenth floor.
The narrator started the fire.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The passage does not tell the time the fire occurred, but it gives the reader clues. The people are running
out in their pajamas and slippers. This detail tells the reader that the fire must be happening at night, or
people would be dressed.
4. What can the reader conclude about the narrator?
A. She does not like her neighbors.
B. She is afraid of riding elevators.
C. She thinks clearly under pressure.
D. She knows the fire fighters.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The narrator is making herself think logically, even under pressure. She thinks about how the fire moves
upward. She knows the fire-fighting equipment cannot reach the tenth floor, so she needs to get downstairs.
She also remembers that no one should take the elevator during a fire.
5. Which sentence best supports the conclusion that the neighbors are panicking?
A.
B.
C.
D.
He just shook his head and pushed past me.
The air was billowing with dark clouds of smoke.
Either way, staying on the tenth floor made no sense.
If it was above us, we were in less danger.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The neighbors are acting a little strange because they are scared of the fire and are panicking. One neighbor
runs by and won't answer the narrator's question. He is too panicked to stop and talk. He pushes past her to
escape.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: __________________________
Main Idea: The main idea of a passage is the idea that most of
the passage covers. It is the basic point that the author wants to convey
to the reader. The sentences that explain, describe, or support the main
idea are called supporting details.
Think about the last book or article you read. When you are looking for the main idea of a passage, ask
yourself these questions:


Why did the author write this passage? What is the point he or she is trying to
make?
What is the passage mostly about? What idea is conveyed in the passage?
Once you think you have the main idea, check it against the passage. Look at the supporting details. If they
all support, describe, or explain your possible main idea, then you are right. If not, look again. See what
idea the details do support or explain.
One important thing to remember is that a main idea and a topic are not the same thing. The main idea is a
specific point the author is making, while the topic is the general idea of the passage. For example, a
passage with the main idea that hybrid cars are helping to fight against global warming has the topic of
hybrid cars. It is just like a research paper. Your teacher might give you the topic of Abraham Lincoln. You
might choose to write your paper about Lincoln's effectiveness as president. Lincoln is the topic and his
effectiveness as president is the main idea.
Example
March 2 was a great day at the New York Public Library. 250 first and second graders wore red-and-white
striped stovepipe hats. They were celebrating The Cat in the Hat’s 50th birthday. Dr. Seuss’ The Cat in the
Hat picture book has been published for 50 years now. The famous feline danced with children racing
around him. At the same time, pink, purple, and white confetti rained down.
Serena Williams, the tennis champion, read The Cat in the Hat to second graders. They sat on brightly
colored rugs around her. Two lucky second graders from PS 152 in Manhattan sat next to Williams on a big
red chair. Pink and purple umbrellas hung from the ceiling. The students giggled while Williams made her
voice change from deep to high for the many characters in the story.
After reading the book, Williams shouted, "Tip your hat to the Cat!" The students took off their hats and
waved them excitedly.
What is the main idea of this passage?
The New York Public Library celebrated The Cat in the Hat's 50th anniversary with a huge party for
children.
THOUGHT PROCESS: This article is mostly about a celebration at the New York Public Library. It
celebrated the 50th anniversary of the publishing of Dr. Seuss' The Cat in the Hat. This is the main point
that the author wants to show to the reader. The supporting details in the passage include what happened at
the party (a reading by Serena Williams and a dance with the Cat), when the party took place (March 2nd,
the anniversary of the first publishing of the book), and who was at the party (250 first and second graders).
Main Idea and Relevant Details
1.
The characteristics of a hurricane are powerful winds, driving rain, and raging seas. Although a storm must have w
blowing at least 74 miles an hour to be classified as a hurricane, it is not unusual to have winds above one hundred a
miles per hour in a major hurricane. The entire storm system can be five hundred miles in diameter, with lines of clou
spiral toward a center called the "eye." Within the eye itself, which is about 15 miles across, the air is actually calm a
cloudless. But this eye is enclosed by a towering wall of thick clouds where the storm's heaviest rains and highest wi
found.
What is the main idea presented in this paragraph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The eye of a hurricane is about 15 miles across.
Hurricanes are more destructive than tornadoes.
Hurricanes have very dangerous characteristics.
Hurricanes have winds of at least 74 miles an hour.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The main idea of a passage is what the passage is mostly about. It is the point that the author is trying to
make. The paragraph gives details about heavy rain and "winds above one hundred and fifty miles per
hour." The paragraph does not focus on one characteristic or another. It focuses on all the things that make
hurricanes dangerous.
2.
In 1972, five men broke into offices of the Democratic Party in Washington, D.C. Members of the media and Cong
connected the burglary to members of President Nixon's reelection campaign. Nixon and his staff denied the accusa
and committed illegal acts to hide the truth. As the House of Representatives debated impeaching Nixon, he resigne
disgrace rather than face a vote of impeachment. This episode will forever be known as the Watergate scandal; nam
the office building that was burglarized.
What is this paragraph mostly about?
A.
B.
C.
D.
impeachment
the U.S. Congress
the Watergate scandal
President Nixon
THOUGHT PROCESS
Even though the reader doesn't find out the name of the scandal until the last sentence of the paragraph, the
main idea is still the Watergate scandal. All of the details in the paragraph add to our understanding about
this event.
Name: ___________________
Summarization
A summary is a shorter way to tell about a passage. It tells the most
important details or events of a story or article. It does not tell all of the
details of a passage. Look at the passage and its summary below for an
example.
Tiny TV
Many Americans wear wristwatches every day. It is important to keep track of the time. Special
watches might show the date and time of other cities around the world. Some watches are waterproof and
nearly impossible to break. Now, you can watch TV on your watch!
The new TV-watch is about $200. The screen is only 1&##189; inches. This makes a portable DVD
player seem huge. The screen displays the time as well as TV shows. It is a flat panel screen. Earphones are
plugged into the watch to carry the sound. The battery lasts for about one hour. At least one show can be
watched in that time.
The TV-watch is one of the smallest portable TVs. It is still very large compared to other watches.
The reception is also weak. This means you cannot really move around while watching a show. You have
to stay in one place to be sure you can watch and hear the show. The color of the screen is amazing, but do
not expect to get a good picture if you are riding in a car.
Summary of Passage
A new type of watch will now allow people to watch television from their wrist. The small TV-watch
shows the time and a TV show, but the picture is not good because of weak reception.
THOUGHT PROCESS: The passage discusses the small watch and its ability to s show a tv program, even
though the picture may be too small.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
Summarization
1.
Your heart normally beats 70 to 80 times a minute, but the rate changes depending on your activity level. When y
exercise, your body needs more oxygen than when you remain still. Your heart automatically responds to these chan
needs. When you need more oxygen, your heart beats faster to increase the flow of blood to your body.
Which of the following best summarizes the passage above?
A. Your body needs a lot of oxygen when you exercise. That is why you breathe heavier when you are
running or shooting hoops with friends.
B. Your heart rate is dependent on your level of activity. Your heart beats faster when you are exercising
and slower when you are still.
C. Your heart makes blood flow throughout your body. It also allows oxygen to move into your muscles,
lungs, and even into your bloodstream.
D. Your heart usually beats about 70 to 80 times in one minute. That is more than one heart beat for each
second. That is pretty fast!
THOUGHT PROCESS:
A summary is a shorter way to tell what a passage is about. A good summary will include only the most
important details from a passage. The most important details in this passage are (1) your heart rate changes
based on your level of activity, and (2) it beats faster when you exercise and slower when you are standing
or sitting still.
2.
When Carl spotted the dogcatcher's truck next door, he could not contain his curiosity. He arrived just in time to s
dogcatcher take the dog from Mrs. Childers.
"Hey! That's my dog!" Carl yelled. Mrs. Childers turned bright red.
"Why I'm sorry, Carl. I thought it was a stray. I didn't know you had a dog. I wouldn't have called!" The dogcatcher
at Carl and handed him the dog.
"That's a mighty good-looking dog, Carl. Keep a closer eye on him from now on."
Which of these best summarizes the story above?
A. Mrs. Childers always calls the dogcatcher when she sees a stray dog. She has helped them catch five
stray dogs.
B. Mrs. Childers mistakenly called the dogcatcher on Carl's dog. Carl showed up just in time to save his
dog.
C. Carl does not take very good care of his dog. He does not pay attention when his dog goes outside to
play.
D. The dogcatcher wants to make sure people take care of their dogs. He is going to give Carl some dog
tips.
THOUGHT PROCESS
Summarizing tells us the most important ideas in as few words as possible. This story is mainly about the
time Mrs. Childers thought Carl's dog was a stray and called the dogcatcher. Good thing Carl was curious
and went outside!
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: _____________________
Genres
Every passage you read can be classified as one of several types of writing: narrative,
persuasive, poetic, informational, or instructional. Knowing the type of passage you are
reading can help you understand the passage better or even enjoy it more!
Narrative
The word narrative means "story." From this definition, we know that a narrative must be a type of writing
that tells a story. There are many different ways an author can tell a story. Dramas and fictional stories are
all examples of narrative writing.
Informational
An informational piece explains something or gives information about a certain topic. Textbooks,
magazines, and newspapers all contain informational materials.
Instructional
An instructional piece gives directions or instructions to perform a certain action. Recipes, user manuals,
and how-to books all contain instructional materials.
Persuasive
Some writing is written for the purpose of persuasion. A good example of persuasive writing is the writing
found in advertisements. Advertisements are designed to persuade you to buy a certain product. Speeches
by politicians are also examples of persuasive writing. Words that are often found in persuasive pieces
include "should," "must," "ought," or "necessary."
Poetic
Some writing is poetic, which means that it has the characteristics of poetry. Poetry uses interesting
language and vivid images. Poetic pieces are usually written in short, rhythmic lines. Remember, though,
poetry does not always have to rhyme!
Genre and Purpose
On February 7, 2005, Ellen Patricia MacArthur broke the world record for the fastest sailing trip m
the world alone. She managed the trip in only 71 days, 14 hours, 18 minutes, and 33 seconds.
The trip was no easy feat. Being the only person on board, she slept for no more than 30 minute
She also endured 65-mile per hour winds, generator failures, and a near hit with a whale.
1. The passage above is
A. poetic.
B. informational.
C. persuasive.
D. narrative.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The passage above is informational, which means that it explains something. News
stories are informational. They give facts about an event.
Sound is created by the movement of vibrations through fluids, gasses, and solids. The moveme
vibrations is detected by a living organism through its sense of hearing. Sound waves cause the ea
vibrate. Humans interpret these vibrations as speech, music, or noise. Sound is measured using fre
Human hearing is limited to a small range of frequencies. However, other species have different ran
hearing. Many animals can hear sounds that are impossible for humans to hear.
2. The passage above is
A. narrative.
B. instructional.
C. informational.
D. persuasive.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The passage above is informational, which means that it explains something. It tells the
science behind how sounds are formed.
Local bus riders may have to find another ride on Friday. The union is meeting with managemen
afternoon. If an agreement is not reached, union representatives warn that there will be a strike on
union represents 900 bus drivers. Therefore, a strike will result in overcrowded buses and longer w
According to Beatrice Jacobson, a Metro spokeswoman, there will be outside contractors on cal
the event of a strike.
"We hope to be able to provide enough transportation to meet demand," she said.
The union hopes to settle the issue of decreasing wages. Members are asking the community to
their situation.
"We have no choice but to fight for what we believe in," says union member Greg Reynolds.
3. The passage above is
A. informational.
B. persuasive.
C. narrative.
D. instructional.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
Name: __________________________________________
Character Analysis
You can understand stories better when you understand characters. This is
called character analysis. When you analyze characters, think about the
following items.
Trait:
a special quality or something special about someone's personality.
examples:


hair color, eye color, height, weight, age, beliefs, likes, dislikes, opinions,
behavior
"Andy was a nice boy of medium height with brown hair and eyes. He liked rock
music, baseball, and pizza. He was a loyal friend and a great athlete. He always
told the truth and gave the right answer in class."
Motivation:
what causes someone to act in a certain way. It can be an emotion, desire, need, etc. A motivation is the
reason we do something.
examples:



"Sara was motivated to win the game because she plays hard and had lost the last
game to the other team."
"Tim went to the grocery store because his kitchen was empty and he was very
hungry."
"Kim acted rude to Carrie because Carrie did not invite her to a birthday party."
Conflict:
when characters have different interests or goals.
examples:



"My mom and I had a fight because I put a dent in the car and didn't tell her. Now
I feel bad when I come home from school."
"Jim and Steve are fighting because they like the same girl."
"There is a conflict between people who think school should be year-round and
those who don't."
Point of View:
the side from which a story is told. It can affect how facts are shown and how we look at the characters.
examples:


"Because Tina told the teacher her version of the story first, I got punished even
though it wasn't my fault."
"Because a story is told from the side of a little brother, the big sister character
may look bad even though she is a nice girl."
Relationships:
the connection of people in friendship, family, work, school, or other activities.
examples:


mother, sister, friend, teacher, neighbor, father, boss, etc.
"Tickets for the Super Bowl sold out two weeks ago, but I was able to attend the
game since my father is head coach for one of the teams."
Think about how all these character traits affect the story. A character's
traits or relationships might affect his or her point of view. Motivation
affects action and changes. When we understand all of these things, a
character becomes easy to understand. When writing your own characters,
think about all these things. You'll be on your way to making an
interesting and deep character.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
The Case of the Missing Library Book
Mr. Berry, the librarian, had a reputation for being strict and for never making mistakes. He maintained complete ord
and could tell immediately if a book was missing or misplaced. He did not say much. This struck fear into the students.
said that Mr. Berry did not have to talk. When someone was careless with a book, the look on Mr. Berry's face told that
everything he or she needed to know.
All of this contributed to making Tom feel terrible about losing the copy of Animal Farm that he had borrowed nearly
earlier. It was as if the book had disappeared from the face of the earth. In fact, Tom had completely forgotten about th
received an overdue notice from Mr. Berry through the mail. Tom did not look forward to facing the librarian directly. Wh
school that morning, he felt as if he were going to his execution.
Tom's fear increased with each tick of the clock. It was already fourth period by the time he talked himself into going
Berry. As he walked to the library, his palms were sweating and he felt as though he had butterflies performing acrobat
stomach. When he walked through the doors, he saw that the library was deserted, except for Mr. Berry. Tom was hap
would witness the embarrassing scene that was sure to erupt.
Upon seeing Tom, Mr. Berry said, "Oh Tom, I owe you an apology. I guess I made a mistake. I didn't realize that yo
returned Animal Farm." At first, Tom didn't know what to say, and then, much to his surprise, he found himself telling M
hadn't returned the book, that he'd lost it, and that he'd looked all over for it but couldn't find it. Tom could not stop the w
coming out of his mouth.
When Tom finished, Mr. Berry smiled and said, "Well, somebody found it and returned it. That's the important thing.
remember that everybody makes mistakes. I guess we both did in this case." Tom smiled too; he felt relieved. As he m
back to class, he decided that he really liked Mr. Berry and that he would try to use the library more often.
1. Why was Tom afraid of Mr. Berry?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tom had seen Mr. Berry be mean to people.
Mr. Berry had been mean to him in the past.
Mr. Berry had a reputation for being strict.
Tom's parents told him to be afraid of all adults.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Tom's feelings about Mr. Berry were based solely on Mr. Berry's reputation. Tom had never actually gotten
to know Mr. Berry before.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: _____________________
Setting
Setting is the time, place, and circumstances in which a story takes place.
It tells the reader where and when the story occurs.
The main components of setting include the following:




place (geographical location)
weather
social conditions
mood (atmosphere)
The setting is essential to the development of the characters and the plot of a story. Sometimes, the setting
provides details about the mood of the story.
Examples:
A story set in a haunted house would probably be filled with suspense and horror.
Other times, the setting may actually be part of the conflict in the story. This is common in adventure
stories in which characters become trapped or lost in forests, avalanches, etc. The setting may also provide
the way in which the conflict is resolved. In such instances, a character uses a feature of the setting to his or
her advantage.
The setting of the story can also determine who the antagonists (characters that oppose the main character)
of the story will be.
If the story is set during a war, the antagonists would probably be the enemy soldiers.
Setting and Plot
It is important to know the ways in which the setting and the plot of a
story are related.
Sometimes, the setting provides details about the mood and tone of the story. For example, a story set in
a haunted house would probably be filled with suspense and horror. A story could also be set in a historical
time period. How might a story set in the 1800s have a different plot than one set in the 2000s?
Other times, the setting may actually be part of the conflict in the story. This is common in adventure
stories in which characters become trapped or lost in forests, avalanches, and so forth. The setting may also
provide the way in which the conflict is resolved. In such instances, a character uses a feature of the setting
to his/her advantage.
The setting of the story can also determine who the antagonists (characters that oppose the main
character) of the story will be. For example, if the story is set during a war, the antagonists would probably
be the enemy soldiers.
Setting
First Day
The day had cracked across the sky. The red and yellows burned over the clouds like lasers eating away at the blac
dawn. The warmth of the day began to settle onto Heath Road. The birds chirped at the brightness of the daylight spre
street.
While people on the block were shifting in their beds from the sun's brilliance, Clint was up with the dawn. He was w
shower and singing as he made his breakfast. He had waited for this day all year. It was the start of basketball camp, a
ready. Clint dribbled his basketball all over the house waiting for his ride. He woke up everyone in the process.
Just then, a car's horn honked. It was Clint's ride, Walter. He ran out to the front only to find Frazier was riding with W
was the best player on the team and a bully. He loved to taunt Walter and Clint when they would take shots. He usually
miss.
Walter stepped out of the car to open the trunk for Clint. "What's he doing here?" Clint asked.
"He needed a ride, and coach called me to make sure he had a ride," Walter replied.
Just then, the sun was enveloped by a huge cloud. It seemed to come out of nowhere and pushed the sun back into
birds stopped their chirping. The weather got a little colder. It even started to rain a little. "What a great way to start the
mumbled to Walter.
adapted from "First Day" by c.safos
1. How is the setting similar to the main character?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Clint has the same name as the street he lives on.
Clint plays basketball, and the story takes place in a gym.
The car the boys drive in is as broken-down as the street.
The weather matches Clint's mood.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
If you read the passage carefully, you'll see that just as the morning wakes people, so does Clint. The
morning is warm and happy. Clint is also happy because he's on his way to basketball camp.
2. How does the setting change at the end of the story?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The setting gets drearier.
It changes into a basketball game.
The setting does not change by the end of the story.
The setting gets happier.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
When Clint finds out the team's bully will be riding with the boys to camp, his day goes bad. It starts off
happy and great, but just as Clint gets the bad news, the clouds come back and chase away the sunshine. It
even starts to rain.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Plot
The plot is the sequence of events that happen in a story. It shows how
characters meet and resolve a conflict—a problem or struggle. Every plot
is made up of a series of causes and effects.
A plot is like a long line of dominoes. When a finger tips the first domino, the first domino causes the
second domino to fall, the second domino causes the third domino to fall, and so forth. The finger has
caused a sequence of events. Similarly, every event that happens in a story causes another event to happen.
Sample Story
A woman’s voice came over the loudspeaker. "Flight 546 to Dallas, TX, has arrived. We will begin
boarding in 15 minutes."
"It’s about time," I muttered. My dad and I had been waiting for over three hours for our plane.
Apparently, some storm in Florida had delayed our flight.
To pass the time, I had been playing video games and listening to music. I don’t know what I would do
without portable electronics.
As I entered the final stage in Link’s Corner, my father said, "Hey, Jeremy, I’m going to run to the
restroom. Will you stop playing that game for a minute and watch our things?"
"Okay, Dad," I said. "Hold on. Let me just finish this level." I glanced up and saw that he was already
gone. Shrugging my shoulders, I reasoned that our stuff would be fine. I could still see our things from the
corner of my eye. I couldn’t stop playing. I was too close to defeating Graken. I just had to capture the blue
stone.
"Jeremy! Where’s my camera?! I told you to stop playing that game!" My dad’s voice broke my
concentration.
Oh no, I thought. I paused my game and looked up. My father stood frantically searching through our
things. I remembered seeing his camera on the seat beside me, but sure enough, it was no longer there.
"I’m sorry, Dad! I was watching our things from the corner of my eye!"
"Well, obviously, you weren’t! My camera is gone!"
My father began questioning some people nearby, but no one had noticed anyone suspicious. Someone
had been awfully sneaky. I couldn’t believe that someone had stolen the camera right under my nose. I felt
like an idiot.
"We will start the boarding process with group A. Group A, you may now board," the woman
announced.
My father shook his head as we gathered our things and moved to the end of the line. He wouldn’t even
look at me. I felt awful. That digital camera had cost my dad $500. It also had all of our vacation pictures
on it.
"I’m REALLY sorry, Dad," I said. "I promise I’ll make it up to you."
My dad snorted, "You bet you are."
That summer, I worked like I’d never worked before. I mowed lawns, pulled weeds, cleaned garages,
and painted fences. By the end of August, my dad had a brand-new camera, and I had hands full of blisters.
Sample Questions
1. What is the plot of the story?
While waiting to board an airplane, Jeremy gets distracted playing his video game
and loses his father’s camera. He works hard over the summer to buy his dad a
new one.
2. What is the narrator’s main conflict?
Jeremy loses his father’s camera.
3. How does the narrator solve his main conflict?
Jeremy works over the summer to buy his father a new camera.
4. What causes Jeremy and his dad to gather their things and stand in line?
The woman tells group A to board.
5. What happens when Jeremy’s dad goes to the restroom?
A thief steals his camera.
Plot
I took back all the complaints about not having enough "alone time" when my father barged into my room that night.
"You think you can hang out by yourself till your aunt gets here tomorrow morning, Hyde?" he asked, looking fluster
"Sure, what's up?" I asked, wanting to find out what was wrong and not feeling ready for the answer. When my stom
the same moment, I realized we had not eaten dinner yet. It was almost nine at night, and Mom was not in the kitchen.
okay, I thought as I feared the worst.
"Your mom needs an operation—it's nothing major," my father responded in a hurry as he gathered a few things in a
"But, I'll probably be at the hospital all night. Aunt Sara will be here as soon as she gets off from night shift. Fix yoursel
and keep the doors locked. Call me on my cell if anything happens." Before I knew it, he was out the door and out of si
As the clock started to tick louder and louder, I felt the night was getting longer by the minute. I was old enough to fi
and take care of the house, but I realized I was not ready to face my fears alone. That night, I fixed my first meal. I coul
sandwich or a microwave dinner, but I wanted to eat something Mom could have cooked. So, I made my first pasta and
garlic bread. Nothing about dinner was close to what Mom would have prepared, but it helped me grow up a little that n
1. What is the main conflict in the passage?
A. The narrator has to manage being home alone.
B. The narrator has to give up his "alone time."
C. The narrator has to help the father with his crisis.
D. The narrator has to deal with losing his Mom.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The main conflict in the passage is the narrator's main problem. The narrator has to deal with the fact that
his mother is in the hospital, and he has to manage staying at home alone with these thoughts. The passage
does not say the narrator is losing the mother. The narrator changes his mind about "alone time." The
narrator and the father are dealing with the crisis of the mother being in the hospital.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ____________________________________________
Theme
The theme is the most important message in a story. The theme will say
something about life or human nature. Sometimes the theme is a moral or
short lesson about life. Because the theme is a message, it must be
expressed in a complete sentence. Sometimes the author does not tell you
the theme. Instead, you have to figure it out from the text.
Some Common Themes Found in Literature:




Man is man's worst enemy.
Good is stronger than evil.
A person grows by facing obstacles.
Treat others the way you want to be treated.
Notice that the themes aren't describing particular events or characters. They are broad ideas that can apply
to all people.
example:
The Fox and the Grapes
by Aesop
One afternoon, a fox was walking through the forest. The fox saw a bunch of grapes hanging from over
a branch.
Just the thing I need when I'm thirsty, the fox thought.
Taking a few steps back, the fox jumped and just missed the hanging grapes. Again, the fox took a few
steps back and tried to reach the grapes but still failed.
Finally, giving up, the fox said, "They're probably sour, anyway." Then, the fox walked away.
Question: Which of the following best describes a theme of the passage?
1.
2.
3.
4.
It is easy to dislike what you cannot have.
It is easy to find food for tall animals.
Many animals like to eat fruits.
A fox always knows when grapes are sour.
THOUGHT PROCESS: In the above story, the fox is trying to eat the grapes, but he or she cannot reach
them. When the fox fails after trying, he or she says the grapes must be sour. One theme, or message, of
this passage is, "It is easy to dislike what you cannot have."
Tips for Identifying Theme:



Look closely at the title. Sometimes you will find a clue about the theme.
Look for ideas that are repeated more than once.
Look for lessons that the character learns.

Think about what happens in the story and how it can apply to life. For example,
if the main character must survive an approaching tornado, the theme may be,
"Nature is at war with mankind."
You read a novel about a boy with leukemia. In the story, his mother loves him very much and is
to find a cure for the boy. She takes him to the best hospitals in the country. She does tons of resea
contacts people all over the world. People tell her to give up and that she's wasting her time and mo
doesn't listen to them. Through the months and years of the boy's illness, she takes care of him and
him he will get better. Finally, when it seems there is no hope, a doctor prescribes a treatment that
help. By the end of the story, the boy is getting better and better, and it seems he will fully recover.
1. What is the recurring theme throughout this story?
A. Medicine is expensive.
B. Love conquers all.
C. All's well that ends well.
D. You can't outwit death.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The mother's love for the boy is what's behind her determination to see him get better. It's
the reason she never loses hope. The theme that love can conquer anything occurs
throughout the novel. Therefore you can say that it's a "recurring theme."
2.
People tell her to give up and that she's wasting her time and money, but she doesn't listen to
them.
Look at the sentence above. What theme from the passage is reflected in this sentence?
A. Different ideas are helpful in solving difficult problems.
B. Follow your heart instead of following others.
C. The advice of others is often the best advice.
D. Other people usually know more than you do.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
This sentence tells you about the mother's reaction to the advice of others: she doesn't
listen to it. Others are telling her that she needs to give up. Instead of following their
advice, the mother follows her heart and never stops searching for help for her son. She is
eventually successful in finding help.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: __________________
Compare/Contrast Information
When we are presented with two passages, they may be similar or different. It is
important to recognize these similarities and differences.
Comparing Information
When we compare two types of information, we are looking for similarities between them. In other words,
we want to see how the two are alike.
For example, Batman and Spider-Man are similar in the respect that they are comic book superheroes.
Contrasting Information
When we contrast two types of information, we are looking for differences between them. Contrasting
means showing how two things are different.
For example, Batman wears a bat costume, drives the Batmobile, and has an arch-nemesis named The
Joker. Spider-Man wears a spider costume, swings from buildings with spider webbing, and has an archnemesis named The Green Goblin.
1) One of the chief causes of the American Civil War was slavery. Southern states depended on slavery to support the
economy. Only a small proportion of Northerners actively opposed slavery. However, they were opposed to its expansi
because they did not want to compete against slave labor. The main debate centered on whether slavery should be pe
Western territories recently acquired during the Mexican War (1846-1848).
(2) Looking backward, anyone must marvel at the fact that the American Civil War lasted four years. All the advantage
favor the North. The Union had a population more than double that of the Confederacy. It had most of the factories and
a merchant marine. The South, on the other hand, was a region of farms. However, the South had two important advan
did not need to conquer the North: It could simply defend its soil and wait for the North to become discouraged. Second
could operate with shorter interior battle lines, thus making better use of its men. In the long run, the North's supplies a
decide the outcome of the war.
2. What contrast can be made between the two paragraphs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Both paragraphs are about the causes of the Civil War.
Paragraph 1 looks back on the Civil War; paragraph 2 is about a specific battle in the Civil War.
Paragraph 1 is about the causes of the Civil War; paragraph 2 is about all wars in general.
Paragraph 1 is about the causes of the Civil War; paragraph 2 looks at the advantages each side had in
the war.
THOUGHT PROCESS: Without even looking at the answer choices, ask yourself this: What is the main
idea of each paragraph? How are these two main ideas different or alike?
3. What comparison can be made between the two paragraphs?
A.
B.
C.
D.
They both are critical of the South's role in the Civil War.
They both look at the causes of the Civil War.
They both offer an analysis of the Civil War.
They both look back on the outcome of the Civil War.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Without even looking at the answer choices, ask yourself this: What is the main idea of each paragraph?
How are these two main ideas different or alike?
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ___________________
Figurative Language :Figurative language is a set of literary devices
that authors use to bring the reader into the writing. The literary devices use language in such a way that
what is being said is different from the actual literal meaning of the words.
Figurative language helps the reader to get a clearer picture of what's happening, and they can also be used
to convince the reader of something, or they can be used to simply entertain the reader. Some common
types of figurative language are: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, and imagery. Below are some definitions and
examples of these types of figurative language.
Hyperbole:
example::
Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect.
I am so tired that I could sleep for centuries.
Imagery:
Imagery deals with senses. It's language which describes something in detail, but it
appeals to the senses.
example::
As Ben opened the door, he was hit in the face with a smell that was similar to rotting
pumpkin guts.
The phrase "hit in the face with a smell that was similar to rotting pumpkin guts" is another way of saying
the room smelled bad. By describing the smell and saying it was similar to a rotting pumpkin, it paints a
picture of a room that must have smelled terrible.
Metaphor:
Metaphor is a type of comparison between two objects that are not thought of to be the
same. It's similar to a simile, but is doesn't use the words "like" or "as."
example::
Love is a sad and lonely flower.
Onomatopoeia:
Onomatopoeia is the formation or the use of words that imitate the sounds
associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
example::
moo, buzz, splat
Personification:
Personification is a figure of speech in which things are given human qualities
or are shown as having human form.
examples::
The thunder boomed angrily.
The moon smiled down on Earth.
Simile:
example:
A simile is a comparison between two unlike objects using the words "like" or "as."
Angus Scrimm was as tall as a tree.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Many Hollywood movies are shallow. The local critic said that the latest summer blockbuster was as flat as a
surfboard.
1.
Why does the author compare the latest summer blockbuster to a surfboard?
A. to show that the movie is a widescreen movie
B. to show that the movie resembled a surfboard
C. to show that the movie was not in IMAX format
D. to show that the movie had no depth to it
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Similes compare two unlike things. Poets and authors show the comparison by using the words like and as.
In this case, a surfboard is a flat object, and the comparison is that the movie is shallow, or without depth.
2.
A new celebrity made several mistakes when speaking during TV interviews. An entertainment reporter joked that
as dumb as a box of rocks.
What is the effect of the simile used in second sentence?
A.
B.
C.
D.
to show that the celebrity could not speak or was mute
to show that the celebrity was not very popular
to show that the celebrity resembled a container of stones
to show that the celebrity was not intelligent
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Similes compare two unlike things. Poets and authors show the comparison by using the words like and as.
In this case, a box of rocks possesses no intelligence, and the comparison is quite insulting.
3.
George Lucas is able to make an impressive amount of money selling Star Wars products. Financial leaders say t
the Star Wars name is a product goldmine.
Why does the author compare the Star Wars franchise to a goldmine?
A.
B.
C.
D.
to show that Star Wars is a underground mine for gold
to show that Star Wars products are profitable
to show that Star Wars products are made of solid gold
to show that Star Wars products are too expensive
THOUGHT PROCESS:
A metaphor is a figure of speech that compares two different things. Metaphors do not use the words
"like" or "as." A metaphor changes one object into another by saying one thing is another. In this case,
Star Wars products sell very well, so "goldmine" is another way of saying that Star Wars products make a
lot of money.
Name: ________________________
Point of View
Point of view refers to the way a story is told, the perspective or angle of
vision, or the position from which the events are narrated for the reader.
Sometimes, the author "tells" the story; sometimes, one of the characters
does so. Sometimes, this narrator knows all about everything; sometimes,
the narrator is limited in her or his knowledge and outlook. These methods
of storytelling and the examples of point of view are detailed below.
First Person
First-person point of view uses "I" or "we." People use first person to give an opinion or share a feeling.
When a story is told in first-person point of view, it is being told by a character in the story.
example:

I like my bedroom so much that I want to jump for joy!
Second Person
Second-person point of view uses the word "you." Authors use second-person point of view when they're
talking directly to the reader. Second-person point of view is common in directions, recipes,
advertisements, or choose-your-own-adventure type books.
example:

"You should really come and join the group because you would probably like it a
lot."
Third Person
Third-person point of view uses "he," "she," or "they." Authors use "it" when talking about a thing instead
of a person. When a story is told in third-person point of view, it is told from the point of view of someone
outside of the story. The narrator is not taking part in the story's events.
example:

Sally rode home as fast as she could. Then she jumped off her bike and ran into
the house to see what was going on.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Point of View
1.
from The Five Orange Pips
by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
When I glance over my notes and records of the Sherlock Holmes cases between the years '8
'90, I am faced by so many which present strange and interesting features that it is no easy matte
know which to choose and which to leave. Some, however, have already gained publicity through
papers, and others have not offered a field for those peculiar qualities which my friend possessed
high a degree, and which it is the object of these papers to illustrate. Some, too, have baffled his
analytical skill, and would be, as narratives, beginnings without an ending, while others have bee
partially cleared up, and have their explanations founded rather upon conjecture and surmise tha
that absolute logical proof which was so dear to him. There is, however, one of these last which w
remarkable in its details and so startling in its results that I am tempted to give some account of i
spite of the fact that there are points in connection with it which never have been, and probably n
will be, entirely cleared up.
from The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
From which point of view is this story being told?
A. third person
B. first person
C. second person
D. The point of view changes.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
You know that a text is written from the first person point of view when the narrator uses
the word "I."
Panic
Sid was nowhere to be seen.
"He was just here a minute ago," Naomi spoke just above a whisper. She had looked all over th
Sid in a state of panic. It was Naomi's first day as a baby sitter, and she really needed that job. Mor
importantly, Sid was just a little boy.
"I thought he was too little to run away," Naomi talked to herself, as she often did while feeling s
"Where could he possibly be?" She tried to remember where she had seen Sid last. "Was it the livin
the drive way?" She remembered Sid's sad face as he watched his mother leave for work. He was
to door of the coat hanger closet in the living room.
In a matter of moments, Naomi ran to the living room and opened the closet. There she found S
and fast asleep with his mother's scarf in his hands.
"Poor baby," Naomi said, planting a kiss on Sid's forehead. Feeling relieved, she lifted him and p
the crib. For now, Naomi's job and the bicycle she wanted to buy were both secure.
2. How would the story be different if it were told from Sid's point of view?
A. It would describe the thoughts and feelings of each character in the story.
B. It would show more about Sid's feelings when his mom leaves for work.
C. It would include the details of Naomi's previous experience as a babysitter.
D. It would address the reader directly while narrating the events in the story.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
This question asks readers to consider how changing the point of view changes the story.
If the story were told from Sid's point of view, it would include more of his feelings. Can
you identify the point of view the story?
3.
The Naughty Nguyens
by Audge Podge
I'm sure that you've heard of the naughty Nguyen sisters. Any sane person would've run for th
but I agreed to babysit them last summer because I needed the money for school supplies and c
You would be surprised by the girls' hyperactivity and noisiness. Throughout the summer, the
ran around, jumped on beds, chased their skittish cat, and screamed at the top of their lungs. To
things worse, they absolutely refused to take naps. Plugging in The Little Mermaid for them to wa
was the only way I could get any peace and quiet. However, they loudly sang every song feature
the movie.
When their mother came home in the afternoon, I was immediately out the door. As you proba
guessed, I couldn't wait for school to start.
Sometimes, I have nightmares that I'm babysitting them again. If you listen, you can probably
them shrieking now.
Which point of view does the author use to tell the story?
A. first and second person
B. second person only
C. third and second person
D. first person only
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Authors sometimes use second person "you" along with first person "I." This technique is
used to make the reader feel included in the story. The author tries to make readers feel
like they know the Nguyen children.
4.
Samir opened the door and reeled. The living room was a complete disaster. Everything was
scattered about, with chairs out of place, carpets pulled up, lamps knocked over, and windows br
Part of the roof had been blown off into the backyard, and it was raining into the living room.
Newspapers were scattered everywhere, the television was smashed, and everything was soakin
Samir's father, Mr. Nasser, stared at the scene, speechless with shock.
What point of view is the author using in the passage above?
A. third person
B. second person
C. The author isn't using a point of view.
D. first person
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Point of view is the narrative technique that the writer uses to tell the story. In other
words, who is telling the story. The third person point of view uses a narrator who does
not appear in the story as a character.
5.
I was walking down the beach yesterday enjoying the sunshine when I saw a pelican swoop d
and pluck a fish out of the water. I always find it interesting to see mother nature at work.
What point of view is the author using in the passage above?
A. The point of view shifts from third person to second.
B. third person
C. first person
D. second person
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Point of view is the narrative technique that the writer uses to tell the story. In other
words, who is telling the story. In first person point of view, the narrator telling the story
is also a character in the story.
Panic
Sid was nowhere to be seen.
"He was just here a minute ago," Naomi spoke just above a whisper. She had looked all over the
Sid in a state of panic. It was Naomi's first day as a baby sitter, and she really needed that job. Mor
importantly, Sid was just a little boy.
"I thought he was too little to run away," Naomi talked to herself, as she often did while feeling s
"Where could he possibly be?" She tried to remember where she had seen Sid last. "Was it the livin
the drive way?" She remembered Sid's sad face as he watched his mother leave for work. He was
to door of the coat hanger closet in the living room.
In a matter of moments, Naomi ran to the living room and opened the closet. There she found S
and fast asleep with his mother's scarf in his hands.
"Poor baby," Naomi said, planting a kiss on Sid's forehead. Feeling relieved, she lifted him and p
the crib. For now, Naomi's job and the bicycle she wanted to buy were both secure.
6. The author uses the
A. the third person point of view to narrate the events.
B. the first person point of view to appear as a character.
C. changing points of view to build the story's climax.
D. the second person point of view to involve the reader.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
First, identify the point of view of this story. The author does not appear as a character
and does not use the first person pronoun to narrate the events. The story does not use the
second person point of view either. In addition, the point of view in the story stays the
same.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ____________________
Fact and Opinion
To be a good reader, you should be able to tell the difference between a fact and an
opinion. Figuring out facts from opinions is something you do already. You may do it
without even knowing it. Below are some definitions and examples of facts and opinions.
They will help you tell the difference between facts and opinions.
Fact
A fact is a statement that you can check or prove with evidence (proof). This evidence may be in what
someone says, something you see, or something written in a book or text. In other words, a fact is
something that can be proven. Facts are usually found in newspapers, textbooks, and news shows on
television.
examples:




Ronald Reagan was the 40th president of the United States.
The sun is 93 million miles away from Earth.
The restaurant's hours are nine to five.
**Heather thinks that the best team in the NBA is the Dallas Mavericks.
Opinion
An opinion is a statement that cannot be proven true or false. Opinions are what people believe, feel, or
decide about something. An opinion cannot be proven right or wrong. Opinions are usually found in
editorials, letters to the editor, and in debates.
examples:







Ronald Reagan was one of the best presidents the United States has ever had.
That movie was cool!
Computers are confusing.
Blue is the prettiest color.
The book was great.
People should not use cell phones when driving.
**Dallas has the best team in the NBA.
**Some people get confused about these types of statements. You could ask Heather if
she likes the Mavericks, and she could tell you it's a fact that she likes them. You could
prove that she likes the Mavericks just by asking her. In other words, it is a fact that
Heather has an opinion about the Mavericks. If she said, "Dallas has the best team in the
NBA," it would be an opinion.
Fact and Opinion
1. Which of the following statements is a fact?
A. President Eisenhower was a good president.
B. President Eisenhower really liked to play golf.
C. Golf is a wonderful sport to play.
D. President Eisenhower was an excellent golfer.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
A fact is a statement that you can check or prove with evidence (proof). This evidence
can be seen, said, or written by someone but must be able to be proven true. "President
Eisenhower really liked to play golf" is a fact about President Eisenhower's sports
preferences.
2. Which of the following statements is a fact?
A. President Eisenhower had excellent sportsmanship.
B. President Eisenhower was very adept at the game of golf.
C. President Eisenhower was a member of the Augusta National Golf Club.
D. Golf is the best game in the world.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
A fact is a statement that you can check or prove with evidence (proof). This evidence
can be seen, said, or written by someone but must be able to be proven true. "President
Eisenhower thought golf was the best game in the world" is a fact about President
Eisenhower's opinion on sports.
3. Which of the following statements is an opinion?
A. Janet Jackson is the sister of Michael Jackson.
B. Janet Jackson is a millionaire.
C. Janet Jackson is one of the coolest performers of all time.
D. Janet Jackson has sold millions of records.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Even though it is a popular opinion, this statement is still an opinion.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. ___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ________________
Author's Influence
Sometimes, what you see is NOT what you get.
Authors sometimes use special techniques to try and influence your
thinking. You might think you're reading a simple article about the
benefits of drinking water daily. But you might actually be reading a sales
pitch that's trying to get you to buy a certain brand of bottled water.
As you read, it's good to be on the lookout for techniques that a writer
might be using to try and influence you.
Bias: A person who prefers one thing above another has a bias. As you read, see if you
can find any author bias. Does the author seem to favor, or like, some things more than
others? Maybe the author has written about several famous athletes, but you can tell the
author really likes one of the athletes the best. The author is showing a bias.
Propaganda: Propaganda is a technique used to influence people. If you feel an
author is trying to influence you in a certain direction by telling you "Everybody else
owns and enjoys riding a scooter," or "These popular singers wear our brand of clothing,"
or something along those lines, the author is probably using propaganda.
Stereotype: Stereotyping is taking a quality of one individual and applying it to every
individual in the group. Let's say you have a friend who wears glasses and is very
interested in science. If you decide that all people who wear glasses are interested in
science based on your one friend, you are stereotyping. Be on the watch for stereotypes
authors might use on purpose or without even knowing it.
Media Technique: Have you ever watched a commercial for a candy bar and
suddenly felt a craving for chocolate? Have you ever watched a movie and
been startled by a sudden loud bang? People who create audiovisual
presentations can use special colors, camera angles, and sounds to influence
you. Be aware of different media techniques used to affect you in a certain way.
example:
"Let's go get a brisket sandwich from Al's BBQ," Sharla said.
"No, I don't eat barbeque anymore. I got sick from some barbeque once, and now I
can't even stand the smell of it." April replied.
Why has April developed a bias against barbeque?She has a bias because she got sick from some barbeque.
She doesn't like to eat or smell barbeque anymore because it reminds her of the time she got sick.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Bias and Propaganda
1.
Lo Mein, by Robert Eringer, is a prime example of the old saying, "You can't judge a book by
cover." With an odd title and a work of modern art on the cover, it looks like a tale about an artist
Chinese food. As it turns out, however, Lo Mein is about neither. It is instead a story that capture
values about art, human life, and even Walt Disney World. Eringer inserts hilarious scenes in wh
Disney CEO shows his true colors, and he describes the theme parks themselves with pleasing
accuracy. This truly great book has everything: humor, action, moral debates and cultural observ
The author keeps the tone light, and he tells a great story. His characters are lively and the endin
which involves mad squirrel disease, is very satisfying. Pick up Lo Mein—if for no other reason th
find out where the title came from.
The author of this review loves Walt Disney World. How might this pre-existing bias have affected his rev
Lo Mein, a book which contains lots of Disney content?
A. negatively affected the review
B. did not affect the review
C. improved his review
D. all of these
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The reviewer seems happy about the Disney content ("hilarious," "pleasing"), so we can
guess that this aspect of the book contributed to the review being positive.
2.
No two hands are alike, and they are so marked that they constitute a chart of the life; all that
person needs to know of his or her faults, capabilities, feelings, and probably outcome of his or h
is set forth in a manner at once plain, simple and easy to understand. To the trained reader, the h
reveals the character, talents, most suitable career choice, and even important incidents of life.
The writer of this introduction is a palm reader. How does this perspective affect the text?
A. she refers to the hands as a chart of life
B. she describes the hands as easy to understand
C. she says that hands reveal character and talents
D. all of these
THOUGHT PROCESS:
This whole piece is written in order to convince readers to learn palm-reading, so of
course it is biased in favor of the practice. This is clear throughout the text.
3.
Hello? Yes, I am Ms. Taylor's reference. Oh, she was a terrific employee. I highly recommend
work. She showed up on time, finished projects quickly, and had a lot of new ideas. I couldn't hav
been more happy with her work. She shined above all the other employees even though she is s
young. I'm so proud of her. I remember when she was little, she could read before all the other lit
kids. She's always been like that, can you believe it? You should hire her. What? The same last n
Well, yes, we do have the same last name.
The person speaking is Ms. Taylor's mother. Most employers do not accept family members as professiona
references. Based on this example, what is the most likely reason employers do not accept family members
references?
A. Family members might not be biased.
B. Family members aren't interested in being references.
C. Family members might be positively biased.
D. Family members might be negatively biased.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Bias, prejudice or predisposition, is something we have to think about when a person
gives his or her opinion. Because this reference is from the perspective of a mother, she
has a positive bias toward her daughter and might not give an accurate or objective
reference.
Man: Try to stay on your side of the road.
Woman: I am on my side of the road.
Man: Now you are, but before you were drifting over.
Woman: Did I ever mention I dislike back seat drivers?
Man: Did I ever mention I don't want to die today?
Woman: Very funny; I am a fine driver. You are just jealous.
Man: Don't be ridiculous, I'm not jealous. You missed a stop sign back there and constantly forget t
blinker.
Woman: Is that so? I don't remember you offering to drive.
Man: I don't like driving.
Woman: That's what I thought.
Man: Fine, I'll try not to pay attention to what you're doing while my life is in your hands.
Woman: Sounds like a good plan.
4. From the man's point of view, the woman is
A. just jealous
B. a bad driver
C. a fine driver
D. forgetful
THOUGHT PROCESS:
It's clear that the man doesn't like the woman's driving when he says, "Don't be
ridiculous, I'm not jealous. You missed a stop sign back there and constantly forget to put
on your blinker."
5. What does the man say to give his opinion about the woman's driving?
A. He says he's not jealous.
B. He says he doesn't like driving.
C. He says he doesn't want to die today.
D. He says he has trouble paying attention.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The man is obviously being very dramatic when he brings up death, but from his
perspective, this is a valid concern.
6. Badgers Fall to Wildcats Despite Freddie Owens' 16-Straight Second-Half Points
EVANSTON, IL. - Despite a near comeback late in the second half, the Wisconsin Badgers (12-1
overall, 5-4 Big Ten) could not overcome the Northwestern Wildcats (12-7, 3-4) tonight, losing 60
Welsh-Ryan Arena. Freddie Owens jumped off the Wisconsin bench to lead the team in scoring w
points. The sophomore was 7-8 from the field, and a perfect 3-3 at the line.
The Badgers entered the second half down by only three points at 22-25, but the Wildcats' adva
only increased from there, reaching 10 points with a little more than 10 minutes remaining. Owen
rallied the Badgers, scoring 16 straight points, including three from downtown and a three-point p
that put Wisconsin within two at 53-55, with about five minutes remaining in the game.
(credit: www.uwbadgers.com, 1/31/02, article by Laura Behnke)
This article is written from the perspective of a Wisconsin Badger reporter. How does this bias affect the te
A. The article focuses on the Wildcats' strategy and constant lead.
B. The article tells how many points the Badgers scored.
C. The article gives the Wildcats' record.
D. The article features the great playing of Wisconsin star player, Owens.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
This article is clearly written from the Badgers' perspective. Even the title devotes much
more space to Owens' playing than it does to the fact that the team lost. Notice phrases
like "near comeback," "a perfect 3-3 at the line," and "Owens then rallied the Badgers."
7.
Sports are my favorite pastime. What better way to spend an afternoon than hitting a tennis b
under the hot sun or playing catch out in a field? Volleyball and badminton are at the top of my lis
followed by swimming (as long as it's in a lake and not a pool), and golf. I consider myself an ath
individual, which is why it's so important for me to participate in a wide variety of sports. I don't lik
leave anything out. In the following article, I plan to give a short description of all sports' rules and
facilities for the community so that everyone can get more involved.
The author of this piece lives in a warm climate. How might this perspective affect the rest of her article ab
sports?
A. She might leave out a description of individual sports.
B. She'll probably include every sport.
C. She might leave out a discussion of winter sports like hockey and skiing.
D. The author isn't biased toward any one sport.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The author could inadvertently limit her discussion and leave out winter sports because
she might not be exposed to winter sports if she lives in an area where some winter sports
(like skiing, snowboarding, and bobsledding) might not exist.
8.
I understand that the company I work for is headed for bankruptcy. The head honchos are alw
talking about how we need to give "110%," and I suppose that means we should work crazy hour
they do. But I'm not insane enough to stay at this depressing place until nine at night, believe me
just a secretary, not a savior. I am reluctant enough as it is to spend even forty hours each week
The florescent lights kill my eyes, and the whole place is gloomy.
This secretary doesn't like her job. How does her point of view affect this description of her workplace?
A. She expresses hope about the company.
B. She makes it sound very dreary.
C. She sees herself as a savior.
D. She never goes to work.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
By using words like "depressing" and "gloomy," this secretary clearly makes her
workplace seem dreary. Her point of view regarding the company is a negative one.
9.
Every creature on Earth deserves a chance at life. Unfortunately, many animals do not have a
loving, caring place to call home. Although their original owners may not want them, a new home
make all the difference in the world. A snuggly, warm kitten or a friendly, active dog could be just
touch to make your house a home. These wonderful animals make great companions and ask litt
return. You should open your heart and your home to these beautiful little rays of sunshine. You
regret it.
This description of pets currently up for adoption was written by the shelter's owner. Which descriptors rev
writer's positive bias?
A. "home," "rays," and "Unfortunately"
B. "wonderful," "snuggly," and "beautiful"
C. "chance," "original," and "difference"
D. "creature," "Earth," and "companions"
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The words an author chooses reveals his or her bias. This is especially clear in the above
piece because the writer uses "warm" words like "beautiful rays of sunshine" to describe
the animals. He or she is trying to persuade the reader to adopt them as pets by using only
positive words.
10.
Most American men know the benefits of physical activity. However, many do not get enough
exercise to provide health benefits. More than 25% are not active in their leisure time. Men exer
less as they grow older, and women exercise less than men. Those with lower income and educ
exercise even less.
Which of the sentences best tells what the author wanted readers to think?
A. American men and women need to get more exercise.
B. There are no health benefits for exercising only a little.
C. Women should be exercising at least an hour every day.
D. Older men need more exercise than younger men.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The author is pointing out the lack of exercise by a large portion of the population.
Although Americans know the benefits of exercise, at least 25% are not exercising as
much as they should.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: _______________________
Text Organization
When you understand how the writer has organized information, you will
understand and remember the text better. Writers organize text in several
different ways.
Cause/Effect
The text shows that one event causes another thing to happen. Look for words like "because," "then,"
"since," and "as a result."
example:

It rained for the first few days of the camping trip. As a result, most of the
campers were restless and wanted to go home.
Comparison/Contrast
The text shows how ideas or things are alike or different. Look for words like "best," "more," "better,"
"less," "worse," "easier," "than."
example:

The best time to visit the Rocky Mountains is early fall. The weather is cooler in
the fall than in the summer. You will see fewer people and more animals. The fall
colors are more beautiful.
Pro/Con
The text is divided into two parts: one part tells you why something is good, and the other part tells you
why something is bad. Phrases like "on the other hand" and words like "however" are clues that the text is
organized using pro/con.
example:

Having a dog as a pet can be a good and bad thing. First, dogs are really friendly.
They are fun to play with. Also, dogs can help protect your home from burglars.
On the other hand, having a dog can also be difficult. Dogs can be very noisy and
can wake you and your neighbors up at night. Also, some dogs like to dig holes
and chew on things that shouldn't be chewed on!
Problem/Solution
The text is split into two parts: One part presents a problem, and the other part gives the solution to the
problem. Look for words like "problem," "solution," "solve," and "plan."
example:

The city of Taylor has fifteen public swimming pools. In the past, plenty of
lifeguards have been available for staffing the pools throughout the summer. Most
of the lifeguards were teenagers out of school for the summer. This year,
however, not enough lifeguards have signed up to work. The city has started
asking healthy, retired people to be lifeguards. They will be trained by the city for
free if they will agree to work 10 hours per week at a city pool. They will be paid
$8 an hour for their work.
The problem in this passage can be summed up by this question: How can Taylor find enough
lifeguards to staff its city swimming pools?
The solution: Encourage retired people to become certified lifeguards and work at the pools.
Question/Answer
The writer presents a question and then tries to answer it.
example:

Many schools are thinking about this question: Should students be made to wear
uniforms? I believe they should not. First, clothing is a very important way that
kids express themselves . . .
Sequence
The writer places events in the order that they occur. In other words, the writer puts events in sequence or
time order. Look for words like "first," "then," "next," "finally," "a few minutes later," "before,"
"afterward," "meanwhile," and "last year."
example:

First, Rhett was late getting to school. Then, he lost his homework. A few minutes
later, the teacher asked him to clean out his desk. Now Rhett thinks it will be a
bad day.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
In 1863, Abraham Lincoln issued The Emancipation Proclamation. This action did not have muc
the hardships of the average American slave at the time. Even worse is the fact that one hundred y
the African American was still not free. Jim Crow Segregation continued in the South. For black citi
North, discrimination and economic problems still continued as well. The Civil Rights Movement trie
this. During the late 1950s and early 1960s, leaders in the black freedom movement began to emer
leaders with different ideas helped to shape the Civil Rights Movement.
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was one of the most well-known leaders of the Civil Rights Movement
that people protest with their voices and their money against discrimination. Another leader in the C
Movement was the Black Panther Party. The Black Panthers supported making a change by any m
necessary. Both had the common goal of black freedom in mind, but their ways of getting to this fre
different. King wanted integration. This meant he wanted white and black to live and work together.
Panthers wanted separation. Also, King saw the white citizen as playing a large part in creating and
black civil rights. The Panthers, on the other hand, wanted no part of a white government. Finally K
non-violent ways to reach equality. The Panthers stood by the "any means necessary" belief. These
differences would keep the two parties from working together even though they had a common goa
1. Based on this passage, how will the rest of the essay most likely be organized?
A. problem and solution
B. cause and effect
C. sequence
D. compare and contrast
THOUGHT PROCESS:
This piece begins a compare and contrast essay. The reader can tell by noticing the two
subjects, Dr. Martin Luther King and the Black Panthers, the way in which the author
points out their common goal, and finally the outlining of the basic contrasts between
them.
2. The section above uses its text structure
A. to show that the Black Panthers' method was the best method in fighting for people's
civil rights.
B. to show how the Black Panthers and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. have similarities
and differences.
C. to show how the Black Panthers and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. were different from
Abraham Lincoln.
D. to show that Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s method was best in fighting for people's
civil rights.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The passage doesn't make a judgment about which method to achieve equal rights was
better or worse. By showing the differences and similarities between the Black Panther
Party and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the passage leaves the reader to decide which
method was better in achieving civil rights.
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great was an ancient Greek king of Macedonia. Born in 356 BC, Alexander becam
the most successful military leaders of all time. As a young boy, he was a curious, fearless, and str
formal education began with Aristotle at the age of thirteen. From his teacher, Alexander learned ab
Greek ways of living and thinking. As a prince, he also received plenty of training in sports and craf
Alexander's tutorship under Aristotle came to an end when he turned sixteen. The same year, h
King Philip, left to wage war against Byzantium. Alexander was now responsible for his kingdom. A
an ambassador to Athens at the age of eighteen and the king of Macedonia at the age of twenty. A
fought neighboring countries, stopped rebellion in his own kingdom, and went on a famous conque
One of the first countries Alexander conquered was Persia. Then he went to Egypt and founded
Alexandria. His empire stretched from the Ionian Sea to northern India. Although Alexander had pla
combine Asia and Europe, he could not succeed after becoming ill with malaria in Babylon. His life
BC, but his fame continues till today.
4. How is this informational piece about the life of Alexander the Great organized?
A. problem and solution
B. in a sequence
C. cause and effect
D. compare and contrast
THOUGHT PROCESS:
This selection starts with Alexander's childhood, moves through the years of his rule and
conquests, and finishes with his death—in a sequence according to when each event
occurred. Biographies are usually organized in a sequence.
Name: ______________________
Maps and Graphs
Graphics are figures that give information through pictures and shapes.
Learn about different types of graphics below.
MAPS
Physical Maps
Physical maps show the Earth's landforms and bodies of water. The maps use lines, shading, tints, spot
elevations, and different colors to show elevation. This helps show the difference between mountains and
lowlands.
Topographic Maps
Topographic maps use lines to show the shape and elevation of the land.
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name:
________________________________
GRAPHS
Bar Graphs
Bar graphs use bars to show information. The bars can reach from left to right or from bottom to top. The
heights or lengths of the bars show an amount or number of something. See example below.
Directions: Examine the graph(s) carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process in a
sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: __________________________
Pie Charts
Pie charts show how the sizes of the parts
compare to each other and to the whole.
Directions: Examine each chart carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process in a
sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4.
___________
4. TP: _________________________________________________
__________________________________
_______________________
Name: ____________________
Graphics
Graphics are figures that give information through pictures and shapes.
Learn about different types of graphics below.
Tables
A table is a drawing or plan. It is a way to organize information in boxes using rows and columns. A row is
made up of boxes that go left and right while a column is made up of boxes that go up and down. The first
column is the main subject of the table. The other columns give more information about the subject in the
first column. Each row has all the information for one subject. The table below gives information about
different teachers at Valley Middle School.
Facts About Teachers at Valley Middle School
Grade
# of Years Favorite Subject
Name
Subject
Level
Teaching when in Middle School
Ms. Luu
8
English
6
English
Mr. McAdams 7
Science
15
Math
Mr. Phillips 7
Social Studies 3
Science
Mrs. Torres 6
Math
1
Math
Directions: Read each reading passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. ___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ________________________________
Timelines
Timelines are graphic organizers that show events in chronological order. Timelines show the dates of
events in the order that they happened.
Read the passage, study the timeline, and answer the question that follows:
Geoff Holt
Geoff Holt was a professional yachtsman with a background in marketing. In 1984, he became
paralyzed in a swimming accident. Since then, Geoff has found ways to continue sailing. The first time he
sailed after his accident was in 1991. Geoff said that he felt great freedom in making the boat go where he
wanted it to go. In 1995, Geoff Holt helped start a charity organization in Great Britain called Sailability.
Geoff's organization helps disabled people sail. In 2007, Geoff became the first disabled person to sail
around Great Britain. He also won the 2007 South Sports Personality of the Year award from the British
Broadcasting Corporation. Viewers called in and voted for Geoff as their favorite sports personality. In
2010, he became the first quadriplegic to sail the Atlantic Ocean without assistance from other people.
Geoff used hydraulic push-button technology to help him sail his 60-foot catamaran from Lanzarote, Spain,
to Tortola in the British Virgin Islands.
Which item belongs in place of the X?
A. Wins the South Sports Personality of the Year award
B. Sails for the first time after the accident
C. Becomes the first disabled person to sail around Great Britain
D. Helps found the charity organization Sailability
THOUGHT PROCESS: The X marks an event that happened in 1995. The passage states, "In 1995,
Geoff Holt helped start a charity organization in Great Britain called Sailability."
Name: ___________________
Diagrams :
A diagram is a drawing or plan. It
outlines and explains the parts of something.
Tips for reading diagrams:


Read the title of the diagram first. This will help you understand what it is
intended to show.
Read the words on or around the diagram. This will help you understand the type
of information that it displays.example:
Directions: Examine the diagram passage carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought
process in a sentence or two.
1. ___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. ___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Name: ___________________________________
Graphic Organizers
Graphic organizers are visual representations of ideas. They use shapes
to show how ideas in a text are related. The structure of the graphic
organizer depends on the structure of the text. You can use graphic
organizers to help you better understand a text you're reading.
Timelines organize events in chronological order. They are useful to help
readers understand when events happen in relation to other events.
Timelines are organized by date. Read the passage, look at the timeline,
and answer the question that follows.
A Butler with Experience
Eugene Allen was a greatly respected man. He was born in Scottsville, Virginia, on July 14, 1919. In
1952, Eugene Allen was hired to be on the White House butler staff as a "pantry man." His duties included
washing dishes, stocking cabinets, and shining silverware. While working for 34 years as a butler in the
White House, Mr. Allen served eight different presidents. During this time, Mr. Allen received many
honors. He met some very famous people, including Martin Luther King Jr., Elvis Presley, Duke Ellington,
and Sammy Davis Jr. This extraordinary butler flew on Air Force One, visited Camp David, and also
attended a state dinner with his wife. He received many cards, letters, photographs, and gifts from the
presidents he served. Mrs. Kennedy even gave Mr. Allen one of President John F. Kennedy's ties.
During Eisenhower's presidency, there was a lot of conflict between races. In 1954, the Supreme Court
ruled that black students were allowed to attend schools along with white students. As a result, in the fall of
1957, a mob in Little Rock, Arkansas, tried to stop black students from entering a high school. President
Eisenhower stated that mob rule would not defeat a court decision. He ordered armed soldiers to escort the
black students inside of the building. Another incident involving race in 1957 happened when Nat King
Cole's TV show went off the air. Nat King Cole was the first black entertainer to host a popular TV show
for over a year. President Eisenhower enjoyed Cole's show. He asked Mr. Allen why the show went off the
air. Mr. Allen explained that companies would not pay for ads during the show because they did not want
to upset white Southern viewers.
In 1963, President John F. Kennedy visited Dallas, Texas. He was shot and killed while riding in a car.
Eugene Allen was invited to the funeral. However, he decided to stay behind so that he could take care of
everyone when they returned from the ceremony. This was when Mrs. Kennedy gave Mr. Allen one of the
president's ties.
Lyndon B. Johnson was Kennedy's vice president, and he took over the presidency. When people
protested the Vietnam War outside of the White House, Mr. Allen served Johnson milk to help settle the
president's upset stomach. Another major part of Johnson's presidency was the Civil Rights Movement.
When Johnson signed the civil rights bills in 1964 and in 1965, Eugene Allen was extremely pleased.
In 1981, while Ronald Reagan was in office, Eugene Allen became the maître d', the head butler. In
October 1986, Mrs. Reagan invited Mr. Allen and his wife to a state dinner for a German chancellor. They
attended the dinner and were served drinks that Mr. Allen had stocked in the kitchen.
Mr. Allen retired in 1986. He had been the maître d' for five years. In January 2009, Eugene Allen
attended President Obama's swearing-in ceremony. He was very proud to have a man of his own race as
president. Eugene Allen passed away on March 29, 2010. According to Mr. Allen's son Charles, he liked to
refer to himself as a "humble butler" despite all of his success.
Question: Which information best belongs in place of the X?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Eugene Allen becomes the maître d' at the White House.
Elvis Presley visits the White House and meets Mr. Allen.
President John F. Kennedy visits Dallas, Texas.
Many Americans protest the Vietnam War.
THOUGHT PROCESS: The missing event happened in 1981. Look at the passage to find out what
happened in the year 1981. Eugene Allen became the maître d' of the White House in 1981. The other
events happened before 1981.
Web diagrams divide information into main ideas and supporting details.
A web diagram usually has the main idea inside of a shape at the top of or
in the center of the diagram. The supporting details are found in shapes
below or around the main idea. The shapes with the supporting details are
connected to the main idea with lines or arrows. These diagrams get their
name from the fact that they look like webs. Look at the web diagram, and
answer the question that follows.
Question: Which information could best be added to the box with the X?
1.
2.
3.
4.
influenced him to send soldiers to escort students in Arkansas
served him milk to settle his upset stomach due to protests
persuaded him to sign the civil rights bills in 1964 and in 1965
stocked the kitchen for a state dinner for a German chancellor
THOUGHT PROCESS: The web diagram organizes the ways that Eugene Allen served several different
presidents. The "X" is in a box below the box with "Johnson." Look at the passage and find where it tells
about President Johnson. Eugene Allen served Johnson milk to try to settle his stomach.
Outlines use Roman numerals, numbers, and letters on separate lines to
organize information. The pieces of information on the lines with the
Roman numerals are main ideas. The pieces of information below the lines
with Roman numerals, labeled with capital letters, are supporting details
about the main ideas. The pieces of information below the lines with
capital letters, labeled with numbers, are even more descriptive details
about the supporting details. The outline below organizes the information
from the first paragraph of the passage. Answer the question that follows
it.
I. Eugene Allen
A. Born
1. July 14, 1919
2. Scottsville, Virginia
B. White House butler
1. starts in 1952
2. 34 years
3. serves 8 presidents
C. Duties
1. washes dishes
2. stocks cabinets
3. shines silverware
D. Honors
1. meets famous people
2. X
3. visits Camp David
4. attends state dinner
5. receives gifts from presidents
Question: Which information could best be added in place of the X?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
tie from President Kennedy
flies on Air Force One
greatly respected
THOUGHT PROCESS: The missing information is under the section of the outline labeled "Honors."
Look at the part of the passage that tells about the different honors Eugene Allen received. The correct
answer is C. Eugene Allen had the honor of flying on Air Force One.
Sequence maps organize the order of events in a passage. Sequence maps
usually put events in order from first to last. Read the story, look at the
sequence map below, and answer the question that follows.
What the Future Has in Store
Damon suspected that Estelle could see the future. Estelle seemed to know when something bad was
about to happen. She warned people of the danger. Damon figured that he could use her talent for his own
benefit. He just had to find a way to trick her.
One day, Damon invited Estelle to have coffee with him. They had a polite conversation about their
work project. Then, Damon turned the topic to something more personal.
"I'm thinking about betting my entire savings on some horse races. If I win, I will be able to pay for my
mama's heart transplant," he explained.
"I'm so sorry to hear that your mama is sick," Estelle responded sympathetically.
"I know it's a huge risk to bet so much money on something like that, but my mama doesn't have much
time," Damon anxiously said. His shoulders slumped forward, and he placed his hands over his face.
Estelle reached out and squeezed Damon's shoulder. "If you're set on betting on horse races, I can do
some research and give you my best advice."
"Estelle, that means a lot to me," Damon said with a smile.
That weekend, Estelle and Damon went to the horse races together. Estelle gave Damon her predictions.
Damon bet thousands of dollars on the races and won every single time. Estelle continued to help Damon
until his winnings reached a million dollars.
"Is that enough for your mama's operation?" Estelle asked.
"Yes, thank you so much for your help," Damon said.
As they picked up the check of Damon's winnings, Estelle started to feel uneasy about the situation.
"You're amazing, Estelle! How did you pick all of the winners?" Damon exclaimed as they walked to
his car.
Estelle remained silent until they reached the car and got in. "Let's go by the hospital and give your
mama the good news," Estelle suggested.
"She can't have visitors other than close family. I wouldn't want you to wait for me," Damon replied.
Estelle could clearly see in her mind Damon packing a suitcase, getting on a plane, and landing in the
Cayman Islands. She did not see his mama in his future at all. Damon had used her. Estelle should have
seen this coming. What could she do now? Then, she had an idea. She could use his greediness against him.
"I'm feeling pretty lucky. I bet we can more than double your winnings," Estelle said.
"How would we do that?" Damon asked.
"You will have to invest in the stock market. I know that your mama doesn't have much time, but if she
can hang on for another week, all of her financial worries will be over," Estelle said with confidence.
"She'll be fine for another week. I think she would appreciate never having to worry about money
again," Damon remarked.
Damon put all of his million dollars into the stocks that Estelle told him to invest in. By the end of the
week, the companies were going out of business, and Damon was losing every penny he had.
"What happened?" Damon shouted at Estelle.
"I'm so sorry, Damon. I guess I didn't have as much luck as I thought." Estelle shrugged her shoulders
and walked away as Damon collapsed and pounded his fists on the floor.
Graphics and Charts
1.
In which month did the market sell more red apples than it did in January, February, and April combined?
A. June
B. July
C. March
D. May
THOUGHT PROCESS:
The market sold 50 red apples in March. It sold 40 red apples in January, February, and
April combined.
2. Looking at the timeline above, which century has seen the most wars?
A. 1900s
B. 2000s
C. 1700s
D. 1800s
THOUGHT PROCESS:
America participated in five wars during the 20th century (1900s).
3. About how many years separated World War I and World War II?
A. 5
B. 25
C. 35
D. 55
THOUGHT PROCESS:
World War I started in 1914; World War II started in 1939.
4.
Number of Games Won During the Season
April May June July August September Total
Brewers
6
9
12
18
16
17
78
Cardinals
14
10
10
8
13
11
66
Cubs
14
12
13
15
20
9
83
Pirates
14
15
13
15
12
11
80
Reds
12
18
9
13
17
21
90
Which team won the most total games?
A. Brewers
B. Cubs
C. Cardinals
D. Reds
THOUGHT PROCESS: Find the word "Total" on the chart. The Reds won the most
games during the season (90 games).
5.
Number of Games Won During the Season
April May June July August September Total
Brewers
6
9
12
18
16
17
78
Cardinals
14
10
10
8
13
11
66
Cubs
14
12
13
15
20
9
83
Pirates
14
15
13
15
12
11
80
Reds
12
18
9
13
17
21
90
Which team won the fewest games in May?
A. Cardinals
B. Reds
C. Pirates
D. Brewers
E. Cubs
THOUGHT PROCESS:
Find the word "May" on the chart. The Brewers won the least games during the month of
May (9 games).
Name: ______________________
Technical Directions
Technical directions are included with most products and include
information about how to properly operate the product.
Here are some tips for following directions:





Consult technical directions for information about parts, buttons, and proper
battery installation.
To familiarize yourself with the components, look at the diagrams and labels in
the technical directions and find the corresponding parts on the machine itself.
Find the sequence of steps, and follow each step in order without skipping any of
the steps.
Take the time to learn about different operations by reading all of the directions.
Save all instructions in a designated place for later reference.
Directions
1.
SELF-TIMER
Get in the picture with your friends!
1. Flip down the leg on the bottom of the camera and stand the camera on a shelf, counter, o
surface.
2. Look through the VIEWFINDER to make sure your friend is framed properly.
3. Press the SELF-TIMER button. The LED will start to flash.
4. Press the SHUTTER BUTTON. The camera will beep with each flash of the LED. You hav
seconds to get next to your friend before the picture is taken. You will know the picture has
taken when you hear one long beep and the LED stops flashing.
5. If you don't press the SHUTTER BUTTON, the camera will revert to normal camera mode
seconds.
from http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/Yahoo_Digital_Camera_Instructions.pdf
How long do you have to get in front of the camera before the picture is taken?
A. Thirty seconds
B. Five seconds
C. Ten seconds
D. Twelve seconds
THOUGHT PROCESS:
See step number four to find the correct answer: 10 seconds.
2.
INSERT THE BATTERIES
1. Download your photos before opening the battery compartment. Camera memory will be l
power is interrupted.
2. Using a Philips® or standard screwdriver, loosen the screw on the battery compartment do
the bottom of the camera and remove the door.
3. Insert four (4) AAA batteries, making sure to align the "+" and "-" signs as indicated inside
battery compartment.
4. Replace the battery compartment door and screw.
Why should a person download photos before opening the battery compartment?
A. Camera memory will be lost if the door is removed wrong.
B. Camera memory will be lost if power is interrupted.
C. New batteries enhance picture quality of stored photos.
D. The positive and negative signs cannot be properly aligned with full memory.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
See step number one to find the correct answer, which is that camera memory will be lost
if power is interrupted.
3.
TIPS TO ENSURE PROPER FUNCTION:
1. Do not mix old and new batteries
2. Do not mix alkaline, standard or rechargeable batteries
3. Battery installation should be done by an adult
4. Non-rechargeable batteries are not to be recharged
5. Rechargeable batteries are to be removed from the toy before being charged (If removabl
6. Rechargeable batteries are only to be charged under adult supervision (If removable)
7. Only batteries of the same or equivalent type as recommended are to be used
8. Batteries are to be inserted with the correct polarity
9. Exhausted batteries are to be removed from the toy
10. The supply terminals are not to be short circuited
11.
What must be done before rechargeable batteries can be charged?
A. They must be inserted with correct polarity.
B. They must be removed from the toy.
C. They must be mixed with standard batteries.
D. They must be left in the toy.
THOUGHT PROCESS:
See tip number five for the correct answer, rechargeable batteries should be removed
from the toy before being charged.
Directions: Read each set of directions carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process
in a sentence or two.
1.
___________
1. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2. ___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Question: Which event is missing from the box labeled with X?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Estelle waits for Damon in the car while he visits his mama.
Damon makes an excuse for not stopping by the hospital.
Estelle starts to feel uneasy about helping Damon win money.
Damon gets on a plane and flies to the Cayman Islands.
THOUGHT PROCESS; The missing event happens after Estelle suggests that she and Damon visit
Damon's mama and before Estelle realizes that Damon tricked her. The correct answer is "Damon makes an
excuse for not stopping by the hospital."
Venn diagrams compare and contrast two different things. The Venn
diagram below shows how Estelle and Damon are alike and how they are
different. The blue part gives information about Estelle. The yellow part
gives information about Damon. The green part in the middle gives
information about Estelle and Damon both. Look at the Venn diagram,
and answer the question that follows.
Question: Which information could be added to the green part of the diagram?
1.
2.
3.
4.
wins a million dollars
wants to help Damon's mama
invests in stock market
tricks someone
THOUGHT PROCESS: The green part of the diagram tells about both Damon and Estelle. Both
characters trick each other in the story. The correct answer is D.
Directions: Examine the diagram carefully. Select the best answer and explain your thought process in a
sentence or two.
1.
___________
1.
TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
2.
___________
2. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
3.
___________
3. TP: _________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________