ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work Summary of the Specification Content: By the end of this component, students should know: How offspring inherit characteristics from their parents. How some of these characteristics enable living things to survive in their normal living conditions. That variation in these characteristics may lead to selection though competition with other living things or with the environment. This selection process has led to change over a very long period of time. This is called evolution. OUTCOME 1 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Plants often compete with each other for light & space, and for water and nutrients from the soil. Recall two things that plants need in order to survive and grow. Name all four things that plants growing in the same place compete for. (Light, space, water and nutrients from the soil). Look at an example of a group of plants e.g. an area of woodland, and predict which factor (light, space, water or nutrients) is the MOST important one for a particular plant in that situation, giving a reason their choice. Version 1.0 Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Resources & ICT Starter: Show a single, healthy plant growing in a pot. (For very low ability, show them a pot with a brown, dead plant in too). Elicit suggestions about what you must do to keep the plant alive. From this compile a list of things that plants need to stay alive. Plants in pots: Main: Now bring in another pot with many of the same plant as above growing crowded together. They all need the same things, so they are in competition. What are they competing for? The same things they need to stay alive. Set up density experiment with cress or radish seeds: crowded vs. spread out. Monitor. Results could just be qualitative. Alternatively, quadrats could be thrown in various locations in the school grounds, and the distribution of plants within them discussed according to the conditions. Opportunity to use data logging tools to monitor e.g. light. Dead plant in same type of pot. 1 Single large, healthy plant in a good sized pot. Health & Safety Don’t eat the seeds or the seedlings. Same pot with several plants crowded together. Cress or radish seeds Petri dishes Labels Cotton wool Quadrats Data loggers or light Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work Plenary: Show images of plants growing in the wild – a succession of pictures of a woodland in winter, spring & summer. Discuss the changing conditions (environmental factors) and how this affects the plant distribution. NB bluebells flowering before the canopy develops. Video clips on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lRJ1xdpDMU&fe ature=related & http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSvCVuuS2uk Version 1.0 2 meters. Writing frame. Video clips. Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work OUTCOME 2 Learning objective Animals often compete with each other for food, mates and territory. Learning Outcomes Recall two things that animals need to survive. Name all three things which animals compete for. (Food, mates and territory). Look at an example of a group of animals and say what they are competing for, and explain which is the main factor. E.g. a food plant covered in caterpillars, two male deer fighting, and a rock covered in sea birds with their nests. Could extend to: What makes a successful competitor? Version 1.0 Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Starter: Care of a pet. Show pictures or actual animal. Discuss how you would care for that pet. Also what would happen if you introduced more animals to its housing? Elicit list of what animals compete for in the wild. Main: Complete a writing frame with some pictorial examples on demonstrating the three main factors for competition. Opportunity to set up a woodlice choice chamber (colour of background or damp area), but with limited space for the woodlice to go. Or maggots could be used competing for shelter from light. Less able could do a storyboard or table (3 columns with factor in the middle; domestic animal in first column & wild equivalent in third column) about caring for a pet e.g. a rabbit, and compare this to a wild rabbit searching for the same things to stay alive. Plenary: Show pictures of scenarios or video clips e.g. Animal fights on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntztz8ggMwM&fea ture=fvwrel Elicit which main factor is being competed for. Factors could be written on the board and students vote. 3 Resources & ICT Health & Safety Writing frame(s) Woodlice Petri dishes or choice chambers Dark paper/ filter paper & water Timers Or maggots Desk lamp Choice chambers or Petri dishes. Timers Video clips & pictures. Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work OUTCOME 3 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Animals and plants may be adapted for survival in the conditions where they normally live. Correctly identify one adaptation for an animal that lives in an extreme environment. eg a named adaptation of a polar bear or cactus plant. Correctly identify an adaptation for extreme cold and an adaptation for extreme heat or drought on at least one organism for each environment. Explain in simple terms how this benefits the each organism’s survival. Apply knowledge and understanding of adaptations to an ‘unknown’ organism, given information about where it lives. Conversely, student could guess what type of habitat, environment or conditions it lives in by looking at its adaptations. Version 1.0 Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Starter: Look at a picture/ video clip of a hot, dry desert. What are the ‘conditions in such an environment? What would an animal or plant need to be able to do in order to survive here? Video clip of Sahara desert photo montage on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcdeBxkjqLg&featu re=related Clip long and dramatic enough to have playing whilst students enter room. Main: Select desert animals from a ‘line-up’ of photos. Include a camel. Focus on camel as example for Sahara desert. Elicit adaptations with explanations. Play this video clip (The Adaptation Song) on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YX8VQIJVpTg Also: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/how-is-acamel-adapted-to-live-in-the-desert/6563.html Resources & ICT Pictures &/or video clips of hot & cold dry deserts Pictures of animals & plants adapted to these conditions, with a few organisms which do not display the adaptations. Health & Safety Animals and plants may be adapted for survival in the conditions where they normally live. Writing frames & pictures to label. Equipment for cooling experiment if carried out. Students to label large picture of camel with as many adaptations as they can remember. Can differentiate this greatly. Focus on cacti. Show students a selection of cacti plants – what have they got in common? Show next to a conventional plant like a geranium. Do they have the 4 Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work same features? How are they different in a cactus? Why? Could watch So Darwin – which plants store water in the desert? Not very age appropriate – but the students might just buy it if you warn them – contains good information: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4F4HKfvr7woor http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/how-cactisurvive-in-the-dry-desert/66.html Complete labelling on picture of a ‘typical’ cactus. Repeat all scenarios for extreme cold conditions using Polar bears as example. BBC clip of mother & cubs emerging from den on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OwZH_aT0FGI Could extend with an experiment on rate of cooling & colour of body covering or huddling. Plenary: Students spot desert or arctic animals from a line-up or sorting exercise. Use pictures. More able students can justify choices rather than just ‘know’ which are which. Could also do a dominoes game with pictures and adaptation matching. Version 1.0 5 Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work OUTCOME 4 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Animals and plants are subjected to environmental changes. Name one way in which the environment changes. Name one living and one non-living factor for environmental change. Go on to explain the impact of that change on a named organism. Starter: Show a changing seasons video clip such as: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRsl5Fp6GVk or a clip about migration such as: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hOJiSkj02mE&feature=fvsr Elicit from whole class what changes could occur throughout the year in a particular location. Sort into plant, animal and non-living changes. May touch upon natural and man-made changes depending upon what class comes up with. Look at predator/prey relationships on: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/population-size-andcontrol-predators-and-prey/5499.html Such changes may be caused by living or non-living factors. Main: Look at the case of the honeybee. Watch: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/ecology-of-the-oneybee/7187.html Use a writing frame to record the environmental factors which affect the bees and how the decline in bees affects other living things. Can extend this topic to measure the change in environmental factors such as temperature/rainfall over a day/week. Can also extend topic by carrying out an activity such as pond dipping, and monitoring which animals prefer to live in which locations – what factor is limiting their distribution? Resources & ICT Health & Safety Video clips or a sequence of seasonal pictures for starter. Writing frames for recording work. Video clip of honey bee from BBC website. Equipment for measuring environmental factors such as max/min temperature thermometers and rainfall gauges or data loggers. Pond dipping apparatus and trays in which to examine catch. Magnifying lenses and identification sheets. Pictures showing changes brought about by man for plenary. Plenary: Version 1.0 6 Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work Show a picture of man’s impact on the environment such as the clearing of a habitat such as rainforest for agriculture. Discuss the impact on the natural species. e.g. orang-utans. OUTCOME 5 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Radiation from the Sun is the source of energy for living organisms. Recall that the Sun is needed for there to be life on Earth. Recall that the process which changes light energy into chemical energy (food) is called photosynthesis. This happens in green plants. Be able to write or complete a word equation for photosynthesis and go on to say what the energy-rich product sugar can go on to make and be stored as other substances. Starter: Use the nice, healthy green plant from a few lessons ago and ask what would happen to it if we gave it plenty of water and warmth, but shut it in a cupboard. Elicit that light is necessary for it to survive. What does it do with that light? Green plants and algae absorb a small amount of the light that reaches them. The transfer from light energy to chemical energy occurs during photosynthesis . This energy is stored in the substances that make up Version 1.0 Main: Practical opportunity. Testing leaves for starch from plants which have been treated in a variety of ways: no light/stencil patch to give the effect of light/no light. Need to discuss the relationship between sugar & starch. Also test variegated leaves which have a pattern with no chlorophyll. Establish that light and chlorophyll are both needed for the plant to make food (change light into chemical energy). Students record onto a writing frame. Go on to discuss what else the plants can make besides starch. Plenary: Show a slide of some algae – is this a plant? Where does it live? Can it photosynthesise? Why is it important? All life depends upon plants? 7 Resources & ICT Health & Safety Healthy green plant. Healthy plants such as geraniums which have been kept in full light conditions. If students are to investigate the effect of light themselves, then foil to cover the leaves, or this can already have been set up for 2 or more days on some of the leaves – or another plant kept in a completely dark cupboard. Flammable liquid Hot apparatus and Bunsen flames. Variegated variety of the same plant. Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work the cells of the plants. Is this statement true? Summed up nicely on the BBC clip: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/the-products-ofphotosynthesis/10606.html Carbon dioxide + water sugar + oxygen Boiling tubes, beakers, methylated spirits, Iodine, white tile, pipettes. OUTCOME 6 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Living things remove materials from the environment for growth & other processes. These materials are returned to the environment either in waste materials or when living things die & decay. To recall that when living things die and decay, that the materials they are made from pass back into the environment. State that the organisms which cause decay are microorganisms. Describe conditions in which microorganisms make decay happen the fastest. Starter: Show time lapse of decaying fruit on: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/decaying-fruit/862.html or could show a plate of real decayed fruit. What has happened? Elicit the conditions for decay to happen. Might bring in same food stored in a fridge to prompt. Main: Set up an investigation to show what causes decay of bread or fruit to happen fastest. Could be an element of competition here. Students to plan where to put their food sample and why this would cause it to decay. How best to set it up so that the food has all of the conditions for fast decay. Students record their set up and results on writing frames. Why did the winner win? Materials decay because they are broken down (digested) by Version 1.0 Resources & ICT Video clip / pictures or rotted fruit. Dishes to put food on. Writing frames for recording observations. Dried fruit in a jar, frozen food packet, tinned fruit or bottled fruit. 8 Biohazard. Do not handle decayed fruit. Fruit & bread for experiment. Water. Plenary: Look at some stored food e.g. dried fruit / frozen food / tinned or bottled food – why does that not decay? Health & Safety Do not eat food samples or handle food once rotted. Safe Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work microorganism s. Microorganism s are more active & digest materials faster in warm, moist, aerobic conditions. Version 1.0 disposal of rotted food. 9 Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work OUTCOME 7 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes. Can identify the nucleus in a cell. State that it controls the cell. State that the nucleus contains our genes which control what we look like. State that the genes are found on structures called chromosomes. Name a characteristic controlled by our genes. Starter: Montage of cell diagrams. Spot the nucleus. Recall that a nucleus controls the cell. Chromosomes carry genes that control the characteristics of the body. Resources & ICT Health & Safety Main: Use microscopes or bioviewers to look at cell slides. Could recap on making onion skin 7 cheek cell slides from Yr7. Draw and label nucleus. Look at prepared slides showing chromosomes. This clip shows mitosis, which is not required at EL, but it shows chromosomes well, and can be played with the sound track off. http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/cell-division-bymitosis/4189.html This clip: Genetics 1 : Part 1 What are genes? On: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eOvMNOMRRm8 is more detailed than EL requires again, but it explains the overall message very well. Sequence the words: cell, nucleus, chromosome, gene in the correct order for size. Could illustrate on a writing frame once sequenced. Plenary: Repeat identification of nucleus from starter. Identify chromosomes from a picture. Recall that they are made up of Version 1.0 10 Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work genes. OUTCOME 8 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary The information that results in plants and animals having similar characteristics to their parents is carried by genes, which are passed in the sex cells from which the offspring develop. State that you look like your parents because they have passed their genes on to you. State that these characteristics are passed on from parents in their sex cells which then go on to make offspring. That offspring have genes from both parents, so they are similar but different to each parent. Each offspring will have its own combination of characteristics. Offspring show variation. Starter: Look at Sharon & Karen on this clip from the BBC Learning Zone: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/twins-similarities-anddifferences/2481.html Or Look at a photograph of a family. Do the children look like their parents? Have they inherited the same characteristics, or do they show variation? Sexual reproduction involves the joining of male and female sex cells. The mixture of genetic information from two parents leading to variety in the offspring. Version 1.0 Main: This clip Genetics 101 Part 3: Where do your genes come from? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lJzZ7p-47P8&feature=related is again more detailed than EL requires, but it is very accessible, and does raise the main teaching & learning points required. A more basic, general explanation of fertilisation can be seen on this clip from the BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/an-introduction-tofertilisation/116.html Students could label an outline of a human to show was in which variation can be expressed on different features. A class survey could be carried out of various features (e.g. finger length/hand span, height, hair or eye colour tongue rolling), and data processed according to the ability of the group. Plenary: Show students pictures of variation in other species. Elicit characteristics according to images used. 11 Resources & ICT Video clips or photograph of a family group. Health & Safety Awareness of family backgrounds of students. Video clip Writing frame for recording. Apparatus to carry out survey. Frames to record data and process data if Again, awareness of students who may be sensitive to any of the issues discussed or type of data Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work required. collected OUTCOME 9 Learning objective Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Learning Outcomes In asexual Recall or reproduction, demonstrate how to only one take a cutting and individual is also that this is a needed as a way of getting new parent. There plants without is no mixing of having to grow genetic them from seed. information and State that the plants so no genetic grown from cuttings variation in the all have the same offspring. genes and are These identical to the genetically parent plant. identical Explain the individuals are difference between known as the genes of a plant clones. grown from seed compared to a plant New plants are grown from a produced cutting. State a quickly and definition of asexual cheaply be reproduction. taking cuttings from older plants. Version 1.0 Resources & ICT Health & Safety Starter: Show a variety of plants with asexual offspring – or pictures of them. e.g. spider plant with runners, strawberry plant with runners, mint plant with suckers, ‘mother of thousands’ plant. Show video clip about plant asexual reproduction: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=drcnTg7ZCoc Main: Taking cuttings from plants. There are numerous ways of doing this. Mint is very reliable and quick. The cuttings can be left to grow roots in water before potting-up. Students to either sequence the steps for making a cutting, or draw a story board saying what they did – leaving a blank box to record their results. Students could also grow carrot or pineapple tops. Plenary: Consider the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction to farmers. Could think of the implications if humans were so easily reproduced. Could use a stimulus of a ‘cloning’ slide – showing multiples of the same person. 12 Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work OUTCOME 10 Learning objective Learning Outcomes Possible Teaching & Learning Activities Starter, Main, Plenary Darwin’s theory of evolution states that all species of living things have evolved from simple life-forms that first developed more than three billion years ago. Recall that life on Earth has changed over a very long period of time. State that this change is called ‘evolution,’ and that all life on earth began as simple life-forms which gradually became more complex. Give an example of why fossils help to explain evolution. Starter: Show this video clip: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/evolution-of-life-onearth/1833.html And / or use a poster showing evolution as a ‘tree’ with simple life forms at the bottom e.g. http://library.thinkquest.org/19012/treeolif.htm or http://www.open2.net/treeoflife/index.html Resources & ICT Health & Safety Video clips Tree of life poster &/or interactive version – access to computers for this. Writing frames for recording ideas. These diagrams can either be printed off or displayed electronically. They are interactive. If students are accessing this individually, they can then explore the tree. Explain what the diagram means, and the term ‘evolution’ – the process by which living organisms gradually change over a long period of time. NB draw out what the branching means – which species have common ancestors. NB Misconception that man is the pinnacle of evolution, and that evolution has stopped. Main: How do scientists know that this is what has happened? What is the evidence? Activity: Examining a range of fossils and guessing what they are. Are they alive today? Support with pictures of reconstructions. Demo how fossils are formed and that older fossils are in lower, older geological layers. Different collections of fossils in different layers – they layers change as you go up. Use the Grand Version 1.0 13 Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work Canyon as an example. Students complete writing frames to record ideas, or sequencing statements or pictures. There is a good fossil record of the evolution of the horse which could be used to show the change in one type of animal. Students could make a fossil cast in modelling clay and cast in plaster. The work of Charles Darwin. State Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. Read a biographical piece about his life & work. e.g. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/darwin_charles.shtml Or conduct own internet research. Watch a video clip about his life: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/evolution/how-did-evoltheory-develop/evol-charles-darwin/index.html Natural selection video clip: http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/natural-selection-andsurvival-of-the-fittest/5516.html Fossil collection & pictures of reconstructions. Writing frame for recording ideas. Materials to demo layering – plastic fish tank or large glass beaker or jar. Different coloured substrate – sand, chalk, clay etc to make layers. Shells & bones as ‘fossils.’ Play the evolution experience game on: http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/evolution/what-isevolution/natural-selection-game/the-evolution-experience.html Good free, downloadable activity by ASE upd8 on: http://www.upd8.org.uk/activity/78/Goya-huge-hunted-andextinct.html Writing frame / cloze exercise to record ideas. Modelling clay, cardboard to make rings, plaster & equipment for mixing. Picture of Grand Canyon. Plenary: Look at a stimulus picture taken from a film like One Million Years BC showing humans fighting dinosaurs. Version 1.0 14 Access to computer & internet. Care with plaster – can get hot when mixed with water – gloves to protect skin Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX ELC Component 2 – Inheritance Evolution and the Environment Scheme of Work Trailer for this film on: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvkwBmfZAeo on hands. Writing frame Could ancient man have lived like this? What’s the really bad science here? (The main one - men fighting dinosaurs – they are millions of years apart). Version 1.0 15 Video clip or stimulus picture. Copyright © 2011 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX