American History Review
Chapter 23: The New Deal
Franklin Delano Roosevelt:
a.
b.
c.
Entered politics as a state senator in 1910
Served as Undersecretary of the Navy by President Wilson
Two terms as governor of New York
1. During this time he proved himself as an effective reformer
a. Combated unemployment and poverty
d. Democratic nominee for Vice-President in 1920.
e. Stricken with Polio in 1921
1. Paralyzed from the waist down
2. Learned to stand with the help of crutches and braces
f. Elected President in 1933
g. Had a personality that drew people to him.
1. Had a can-do attitude
2. Was a compassionate person toward others
h. Did not wait for his inauguration to start working on policies.
1. Began formulating policies for his administration almost immediately.
a. Used personally selected advisors to help with the plan.
1. Known as the “Brain Trust”
a. Professors
b. Lawyers
c. Journalists
2. They focused on three general goals
a. Relief for the needy
b. Recovery efforts
c. Financial reforms
i. In the first hundred days as President the country saw rapid change under Roosevelt
1. Between march 9th and June 16th, 1933, Congress passed more than fifteen “NEW
DEAL” pieces of legislation.
a. Emergency Banking Relief Act
b. Glass-Steagall Act
c. Established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
d. Federal Securities Act
e. Agricultural Adjustment Act
f. Civilian Conservation Corps
g. National Industrial Recovery Act
h. Federal Emergency Relief Administration
i. Civil Works Administration
j. National Recovery Administration
k. Tennessee Valley Authority
l. Home Owners Loan Corporation
m. Twenty-first Amendment
j. Businessmen and bankers were turning more and more against Roosevelt's New Deal
program.
1.
Feared his experiments.
2. Were appalled because he
had taken the Nation off the
gold standard
3. Allowed deficits in the budget, and disliked the concessions to labor.
j. Re-elected by a top-heavy margin
k. Roosevelt had pledged the United
States to the "good neighbor" policy.
1. Transformed the Monroe Doctrine from a unilateral American manifesto into
arrangements for mutual
action against aggressors.
2. He also sought through neutrality legislation to keep the United States out of the
war in Europe, yet at the same time to strengthen nations threatened or attacked.
Election of 1932:
a.
Roosevelt captured 23 million votes to Hoovers 16 million
1. Ran on the promise of a New Deal
a. Purposely left the specifics vague
b. This was a "critical election" that marked the collapse of the Fourth Party System or
Progressive Era.
Glass-Steagall Act
a.
b.
c.
Two separate United States laws
Both reactions of the U.S. government to cope with the economic problems following the
Stock-market crash in 1929.
Sponsored by Democratic Senator Carter Glass of Lynchburg, Virginia, former Secretary
of the Treasury, and Democratic Congressman Henry B. Steagall of Alabama, Chairman
of the House Committee on Banking and Currency.
1. The first act took the United States off the gold standard
a. Increased the ability of the Federal Reserve to influence the money
supply
i.
Included the following provisions:
a. Permitted Federal Reserve banks to use government
securities as collateral for
the issue of Federal Reserve notes.
b. Relaxed the collateral security required by member
banks at the discount
c. Allowed the government to loan out the nation's gold
reserves
2.
The second act was enacted on June 16, 1933
a. Referred to as the Banking Act
i. It’s purpose was to make banking safer and less prone to
speculation.
ii. It included three provisions
a. Separated the activities of commercial banks and securities
firms and
prohibited commercial banks from owning brokerages
b.
Introduced Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
c.
Included Regulation Q which prohibited paying interest
insurance.
on commercial demand
deposits and capped the interest rate on savings
deposits
1.
b.
Regulation that put a limit on the interest rates that
banks could pay
a. Included a rate of zero on demand deposits.
Major effects of the bill
i. Kept banks out of the stock market
ii. Created the FDIC
Federal Securities Act of 1933
a.
b.
Congress enacted the law as a result of the Stock Market crash of 1929.
Created in accordance with the interstate commerce clause of the Constitution
1. Required that any offer or sale of securities using the means and
instrumentalities of interstate commerce
be registered unless an exemption from registration exists under the law
c. First major federal legislation to regulate the offer and sale of securities.
d. Act has two basic objectives
1.
Require that investors receive significant information concerning securities
being offered for public sale
2.
Prohibit deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud in the sale of securities
a. A company offering securities should provide potential investors with
sufficient information about
both the issuer and the securities
b. Required issuers to disclose significant information about themselves
and the terms of the
securities.
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmers to reduce crop area.
b. Purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby
giving farmers relative stability again
c.
Created a new agency
1. Agricultural Adjustment Administration
a. Oversaw the distribution of the subsidies
d. Thomas Amendment was added to the AAA
1. Contained several provisions concerning coinage and currency
2. Authorized for a period of five months to accept silver on war-debt account
a. Maximum price of fifty cents an ounce
a.
Civilian Conservation Corps
a.
b.
c.
d.
A work relief program for young men from unemployed families
Designed to combat the poverty and unemployment
Became one of the most popular New Deal programs among the general public
1. Operated in every state and several territories
2. Young men went to camps of about 200 men each for six month "periods"
a.. Were paid about one dollar per day
b.. Paid to do outdoor construction work
c. Numerous conservation projects
d. Constructed many buildings and trails in city parks, state parks and
national parks
e. Installation of telephone and power lines
f. Construction of logging and fire roads
g. Fence construction
h. Tree planting
i. Beekeeping
j. Archaeological excavation
k. Furniture manufacturing
l. Provided the first truly organized wildland fire suppression crews
3. First intended to help youth escape the cities
4. Enrollees worked 40 hours a week
a. Paid approximately $30 per month
i. Required $25 of that be sent home to family
5. Provided all basic necessities while working
a. Housing
b. Uniforms
c. Food
Initial program was for men ages 18 to 25
1.
Later changed to 117 to 28
2.
Later dropped the requirement of being on relief
National Industrial Recovery Act
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Authorized the President to regulate businesses for several reasons
1. Promote fair competition
2. Supporting prices and competition
3. Create jobs for unemployed workers
4. Stimulate the economy
Created a National Recovery Administration
1. An executive agency
a. It’s job was to promote compliance on the part of corporations
Was strongly supported by leading businessmen
1. Some had helped draft the legislation.
Legalized cartels
Encouraged government spending on public works
Increased spending
Huey Long
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Nicknamed the Kingfish
Politician from Louisiana
Noted for his radical populist policies
Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932
United States Senator from1932 to 1935
Backed Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 election
1. Split with Roosevelt in June 1933
a. Allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid.
Created the Share Our Wealth program in 1934
1. Motto "Every Man a King,"
2. Proposing new wealth redistribution measures
a. Net asset tax on large corporations and individuals of great wealth
i. Curb crime and poverty resulting from the depression
Charismatic and immensely popular for his social reform programs
Long was shot on September 8, 1935, at the Louisiana State Capitol in Baton Rouge
1. Died two days later at the age of 42
Francis Townsend
a.
b.
Was a retired physician and priest
Critic of the New Deal policies
1. Believed that Roosevelt was not doing enough to help the poor and elderly
c. Created the Townsend Plan
1. Called for a guaranteed monthly pension of $200 to every retired citizen age
65 or older
2. Paid for by a form of a national sales tax of 2% on all business transactions
a. Stipulation that each pensioner would be required to spend the
money within 30 days
d. His idea was to end the Depression through consumer spending by way of ending
poverty among the aged
e. His proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social
Security system.
Deficit Spending
a.
b.
c.
Policy approved by Roosevelt in order to reach the goals of the New Deal
Government would spend more money then the government had in revenue
1. Roosevelt deemed it a necessary evil of the economic crisis
Policy came from economist John Maynard Keynes
1. His book General Theory of Employment Interest and Money
2. Purpose was to stimulate economic recovery
a. Believed it would be the way out of the depression
i. Put money in the hands of the consumer
ii. Provide a way for consumers to purchase goods and services
Conservative and Liberal Critics of the New Deal
a.
Conservative critics formed the American Liberty League
1. Believed some of the New Deal programs violated respect for the right of
individuals and property
b. Liberal critics argued the New Deal did not go far enough
1. Needed to do more to help the poor and reform the nation’s economic system
Supreme Court Decision
a.
Court declared the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional in 1935
1. Stated the law gave legislative powers to the executive branch
2. Enforcement of industrial codes within states went beyond the constitutional
powers of the federal
government to regulate interstate commerce
b. Court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional in 1936
1. Stated agriculture is a local matter
2. Should be regulated by states not the federal government
c. Result of the courts decisions sent Roosevelt to Congress with a new proposal
1. Wanted a court reform bill to reorganize federal judiciary system
a. Would allow Roosevelt to appoint six new Supreme Court justices
2. A justice retired before Congress could act
a. Allowed Roosevelt to appoint a liberal judge to the court
i. Shifted the balance of power in favor of the New Deal
Eleanor Roosevelt
a.
b.
c.
Married her fifth cousin, Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Active in the American Red Cross during World War I
Active First Lady
1. Traveled extensively around the nation
a. Visited relief projects
b. Surveyed working and living conditions
i.
Reported her observations to the President
2. Exercised her own political and social influence
a. Advocated the rights and needs of others
i. The poor
ii. Minorities
iii. Disadvantaged
3. She was the first First Lady to hold weekly press conferences
4. Was very vocal about her support of the American Civil Rights Movement
(1896-1954) and of AfricanAmerican rights
Workers Progress Administration
a.
b.
Created on May 6, 1935
Largest and most comprehensive New Deal agency
1. Employed millions of people and affected every locality
2.
Approximately 90% of WPA projects were directed at unskilled blue-collar
3.
Took in many unemployed white-collar artists, musicians, actors, doctors,
workers
and writers
a. Participated in projects as the Federal Theater Project and the
Federal Writers' Project.
c. Continued and extended the FERA relief programs started by Herbert Hoover
d. Headed by Harry L. Hopkins
e. Provided jobs and income to the unemployed
1. Only unemployed people on relief were eligible for most of its jobs
2. Workers could not work more than 30 hours a week
f. Built many public buildings and roads
g. Operated a large arts project
h. Was the largest employer in the country until it was closed down in 1943
1. Over 8,500,000 Americans were hired through the WPA
National Youth Administration
a. Part of the Works Progress Administration
b. Headed by Aubrey Williams
1. Prominent liberal from Alabama
2. Friend to Eleanor Roosevelt
c. Operated numerous programs for out-of-school youth
d. Distrusted by Educators in the public school system
1. Appeared to divert federal funds away from schools
e. By 1938, it served 327,000 high school and college youth
1. Paid from $6 to $40 a month for "work study" projects at their schools
2. Another 155,000 boys and girls from relief families were paid $10 to $25 a
month for part-time work that
included job training
f. Annual budget was approximately $58,000,000.
Wagner Act
a.
b.
Also referred to as the National Labor Relations Act
Protected the rights of most workers in the private sector
1. To organize labor unions
2. The right to collective bargaining
3. Take part in strikes
4. Other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands
c. Law did not cover workers covered through other means
1. Railway Labor Act
2. Agricultural employees
3. Domestic employees
4. Supervisors
5. Independent contractors
6. Some close relatives of individual employers
d. The original act was called The Wagner-Connery Act
1.
Only prohibited unfair labor practices by employers
e. Established the National Labor Relations Board
1. Had the power to investigate and decide on charges of unfair labor practices
2. Conduct elections where workers could decide on union affiliation or not
f. Given more extensive powers than the much weaker organization established under the
National Industrial Recovery Act
g. First few years of the Wagner Act many employers simply refused to recognize it as law
1.
A number of other acts had been deemed unconstitutional and did not have the
power to regulate
interstate commerce
a. Initial appellate court decisions reached the same conclusion
b. Found the Act unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable
2. Many unions did not bother to use the NLRB in the first few years of its passage
a.
Chose instead to strike for recognition, using methods such as the
sitdown strike
h. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the statute in 1937 in National Labor
Relations Board vs.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation
1. Upheld the NLRB's interpretation of the Wagner Act but imposed two major
limitations on it
a. Employers could not fire workers for going out on strike, they could
permanently replace them
2. Constitution barred the NLRB from making it illegal for employers to express
their opposition to unionism, so long as they did not try to coerce or threaten
workers with reprisals for exercising their rights.
Social Security Act
a. Drafted by President Roosevelt’s committee on economic security
b. Controversial in its origin because of the belief it would cause a loss of jobs
1. Some believe the Act was the cause of the “Roosevelt Recession” in 1937 and
1938
c.
death
d.
This act was also known as the Old Age Pension Act
1. Provided benefits to retirees and the unemployed and a lump-sum benefit at
The act was affirmed by the Supreme Court as constitutional in 1937
1. Descending arguments stated that Social Security went beyond the powers
granted the federal government
under the constitution
a. Imposing a tax on employers that could be avoided only by contributing
to a state unemployment-compensation fund that would meet its criteria
b. Federal government had no power to enact such a program
d. Payroll tax collection began in 1937
1. Benefits began during the same year
a. The lump-sum death benefit was paid to 53,236 beneficiaries
e.
b. Monthly payments began in 1940
Under this statue payment benefits were paid only to the primary worker
1. Excluding many from collecting
a. Farm workers
b. Individuals who were self –employed
c. Anyone working for an employer that employed fewer than ten
people
f.
Contained the first set of programs that are common today
1. National unemployment-compensation program
2. Various health and welfare programs
3. Aid to Dependent Children programs
h.
Initial tax rate for this program was 2% of the first $3,000 of the employee’s earnings
i.
In 1939, the Federal Insurance Contribution Act tax was amended
1. The widowed, nonworking spouse of someone entitled to an old-age benefit
became entitled to an old-age
benefit
2.
Survivors, widows, orphans, became eligible for a benefit
3.
Retirees who had never paid any FICA taxes became eligible for old-age
benefits.
a. Became very popular with the elderly hit hard by the depression
Second New Deal
a.
Resulted from several events
1. Democrats gained more Congressional seats during the mid-term elections in
1934
2. Critics from the Liberal and Conservative attacked the administrations programs
3. The recession of 1937-38
4. The Sick Chicken Case:
a. The Supreme Court unanimously declared the National Recovery Act as
unconstitutional on
three grounds
i. The act delegated legislative powers to the executive branch
ii. There was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation
iii. The act sought to regulate businesses that were wholly intrastate in
character
b. Responds to the setbacks in the Court, a new skepticism in Congress
1. Administration proposed or endorsed several important new initiatives
c.
It was more radical, more pro-labor and anti-business than the "First New Deal"
1. Wagner Act was revived and strengthened the protections of collective
bargaining
a. Result was an extensive growth of membership in the labor unions
d.
Labor became a major component of the New Deal political coalition
e.
Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration
1.
Created hundreds of thousands of low-skilled blue collar jobs for unemployed
men
f.
National Youth Administration was the semi-autonomous WPA program for youth
g. The left have denounced the New Deal as a conservative phenomenon that let slip the
opportunity to radically reform
capitalism
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin
a.
Court case where Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation was charged with intimidating
union organizers in 1936
1.
Accused of firing several union members
b.
NLRB found the corporation guilty of unfair labor practices
1.
Order the corporation to rehire the workers
2.
Provide the workers with back pay
c.
Lawsuit alleged the Corporation that its business did not involve interstate commerce
1.
They only hired local people to work
d. Court disagreed with the Corporations argument
1.
Court stated that production was part of interstate commerce
2.
Labor unrest at a steel mill would create a burden and obstruction to
interstate commerce
a. Congress was given the power to prevent labor unrest at the steel mill
3.
The act went no further than to safeguard the right of employees
a. Their right to self- organize
b. The right of employees to select representation for collective
bargaining
4.
Result was the Wagner Act stood constitutional
Frances Perkins
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Became Americas first female cabinet member
1. Secretary of Labor
Played a major role in creating the Social Security System
Supervised labor legislation
Involved in social reform
1. Started her work in the settlement house movement
Her mission was to fight for labor reform
1. She had witnessed the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
2. Main interest was reform for women
Pioneer in women’s issues and labor
Mary McLeod Bethune
a.
b.
African American educator
Appointed by Roosevelt as the head of Division of Negro Affairs of the National Youth
Administration
c. Worked to ensure African American Administrators were hired by the NYA
1. Ensured job training and other benefits for minority students
d. Helped organize a “Black Cabinet”
1. Influential African American advised Roosevelt’s administration on racial
issues
John Collier
a.
b.
Appointed by Roosevelt as Commissioner of Indian Affairs
Helped create the Indian Reorganization Act in 1934
1.
Moved away from Native American assimilation
2. Moved toward Native American autonomy
a. Restored some reservation lands
3. Act mandated three things
a. Native American lands would belong to an entire tribe
i. Prohibited the government from taking unclaimed
reservation lands or selling
it to other people
b. Reduced the number of Native American boarding schools
ii. Allowed Native American children to attend school
on the reservation
c.
Tribes were given permission to elect tribal councils to govern
reservations
New Deal Coalition
a.
An alignment of a diverse group of people
1. Dedicated to supporting the Democratic Party
b.
Coalition included people from all walks of life
1. Southern whites
2. Urban groups
3. African Americans
4. Unionized industrial workers
c.
Result of the coalition was the dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1930’s and
1940’s
Congress of Industrial Organizations
a.
b.
Union formed for unskilled and semi-skilled workers
Formed by several labor leaders
c.
d.
the CIO
1. John L. Lewis- UMW of America
2. David Dubinsky-ILGW
Gained union recognition within two-years of concept
By 1938, all unions that made up the group were expelled from the AFL and renamed
Urban Voters Supported Roosevelt in 1936
a.
Had a powerful political organizations
1. Provided services such as jobs in exchange for votes
b. The New Deal labor laws and work relief programs provided aid to these people
c.
President made direct and persuasive appeals to these voters at election time
1. Appointed officials of urban-immigrant backgrounds to important
government positions
Labor in the 1930’s
a.
Main bargaining tactic of labor movement was the sit-down strike
1.
Remained inside the plant
2.
Did not do any work
3.
Prevented factory owners from continuing production using SCABS
b.
Labor disputes were not all peaceful
1.
Example was with the Republic Steel Corporation in Chicago
a. Clash between police and striking workers
i. Resulted in ten people dead
ii. Eighty-four were wounded
b. Became known as the “Memorial Day Massacre”
c.
Result of the violence was the creation of a new federal board
1. National Labor Relations Board
a. Required the Steel Company to negotiate with the labor union
b. Helped Labor gain strength during the 1930’s
1933
Emergency Banking Act (Rec/ Ref)
regulate
Gave administration the right to
banks
1933
Glass-Steagall Act (Rec/ Ref)
Established the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation which
Provided federal insurance for
individual bank accounts of up to
$5,000.
Purpose was to reassure the American
people that their money was safe in
banks
Also required banks to be more cautious
with customer’s money.
1933
the
Emergency Relief Administration
Helped states to provide aid for
unemployed. It was amended to the
Works Progress Administration in 1935
1935
Works Progress Administration
Created as many jobs as possible in a
short period of time. They ranged from
construction to positions in symphony
orchestras.
1935
Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Board)
Defined unfair labor practices and
established the National Labor Relations
Board to settle disputes between
Employers and employees
1933
Agricultural Adjustment Act (Rel /Rec/ Ref)
Paid farmers to reduce crops; funded by
processing tax; later declared
unconstitutional
1933
Tennessee Valley Authority (Rel /Rec/ Ref)
Constructed dam and power projects to
improve the Tennessee Valley Region
1933
Civilian Conservation Corps (Rel/Ref)
Employed young men on public-works
projects
1933
Federal emergency Relief Administration (Rel) Provided relief to the needy
1933
National Industrial Recovery Act (Rec/ Ref)
Established the National Recovery
Administration and a series of fairCompetition codes for businesses
1933
and
National Recovery Administration (Ref/ Rec)
Regulated industry and raised wages
prices
1933
Public Works Administration (Rel/ Rec)
1933
Home Owners Loan Corporation (Rel/ Rec/ Ref) Loaned money to home owners
to refinance mortgages
Second New Deal
Set up public-works projects to increase
employment and business activity
*
Resulted from several events
+ Democrats gaining more Congressional seats during the mid-term elections
in
+
1934
 Resulted in pressures from the left that pushed the New Deal
planners to create more public works programs
o A series of programs that provided relief and continued to
pursue recovery and emphasize reform
Critics speaking out accelerated the New Deal
 These attacks made the administration more determined to put
another series of innovative programs in place
o Create more jobs
o Provide security for older Americans
o Improve labor and farming conditions
 Liberal opponents to the New Deal included:
o Dr. Francis E. Townsend of California
 Wanted the government to grant a pension of $200
per month to every American over age 60
 Recipients had to spend that $200 within 30
days to help pump money into the economy
o Would have been an impossible task
to monitor spending
o Father Charles E. Coughlin
 Known as the “radio priest”
 Broadcast a message similar to Townsend’s from
Michigan
 Urged the government to nationalize all banks and
return to the silver standard
o Huey Long
 Nicknamed “the Kingfish”
 A colorful and corrupt senator from Louisiana
 His plan was to take from the rich and give to the
poor
 Claimed he had done this successfully as
governor of Louisiana but reality was he had
financed his state’s public-works projects by
imposing higher taxes on everyone including
the poor and he and his friends profited
personally from these projects
 He claimed the money that allegedly taken
from the rich provided the following:
o Helped the poor by building public
housing
o Building roads and schools
o Provided free textbooks to students
 Proposed a radical new type of relief program in 1933
 Called it “Share-Our-Wealth”


Wound empower the government to
confiscate wealth from the rich through taxes
 Provide a guaranteed minimum income and
home to every American family
 Share-Our-Wealth program had a great deal of
support and increased his popularity
 Threatened to challenge Roosevelt as a third-party
candidate in the 1936 election
 The threat to Roosevelt and the end of the
Share-Our-Wealth program died when Long
was assassinated in 1935.
Conservative group that criticized the New Deal included the
American Liberty League
o Comprised mainly of Republican business interests and
disillusioned Democrats
o Led by a man named Al Smith
o Accused the New Deal supporters of “irresponsible raving
against millionaires and big business”
o League complained the New Deal measures were destroying
the Constitution and free enterprise
 Believed the program was going to drive the nation
into bankruptcy
* During 1936 and early 1937, American economy appeared to be improving, but in August of
1937
it plunged downward once again.
* Criticism of excessive government spending led Roosevelt to cut back on New Deal
relief
and public-works programs
* Industry was not strong enough to employ individuals who had been dropped from
the
government programs
* Social Security taxes from worker’s paycheck also reduced the money flow in the
economy
+ By the fall of 1937, factories were closing and unemployment began to rise
 Referred to as “Roosevelt’s recession”
* Roosevelt and Congress primed the economy once again by increasing government lending
and
spending
+ Reconstruction Finance Corporation rescued troubled business
+ Works Progress Administration doubled the number of workers on its payroll
*
Sick Chicken Case: Schecher v. United States (1936)
+ Supreme Court unanimously declared the National Industrial Recovery Act
unconstitutional on three grounds:
 The act delegated legislative power to the executive branch
 There was a lack of constitutional authority for such legislation

*
The act sought to regulate businesses that were wholly interstate in
character
New Programs under the Second New Deal
1935
Works Progress Administration
Employed people to do public works,
research and artistic projects
1935
Soil Conservation Service
Promoted control and prevention
of soil erosion
1935
Rural Electrification Administration
lacking
Provided electricity to rural areas
pubic utilities
1935
National Youth Administration
Provided job training and part-time jobs
to students
1935
and
National Labor Relations Act
Recognized right of labor to organize
bargain collectively; regulated labor
practices
1935
Social Security Act
Provided unemployment benefits,
pensions for the elderly, and survivor’s
Insurance
1935
Revenue Act
Increased taxes on the wealthy
1937
buy
Farm Security Administration
Provided loans to help tenant farmers
land
1938
crop
Agricultural Adjustment Act
Increased government regulation of
production and payments to farmers
1938
Revenue Act
Increased taxes on wealthy businesses
1938
Fair Labor Standards Act
Established minimum wage of 40
cents per hour and maximum work
week
of 40 hours for businesses in interstate
commerce