CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Content Standard Concepts Benchmarks Standard 1 – HCO-1.0 Analyze the interrelationship of anatomy, physiology, body systems and homeostasis for their role in the human body. Anatomy & Physiology HCO 1.1 Analyze anatomy and physiology for their relationship to the human body. Differentiate anatomy and physiology as they relate to the human body. o Define anatomy as it relates to the physiology and human body. o Define physiology as it relates to the anatomy and human body. Body Systems Analyze the structure and functions of cells, tissues, organs to determine their relationship to each other and the human body. o Describe the structure, types and functions of cells (nervous, epithelial, muscle) as they relate to tissues. o Describe the structure, types and functions of tissues (connective, epithelial, muscle, nervous) as they relate to organs. o Describe the main organs (heart, brain, lungs, liver, stomach, small intestines, large intestines) and their functions as they relate to the human body. Identify anatomical positions to communicate points of care. o Identify directional terms, planes, body cavities to describe positions and locations on the body. Relate body cavities to the organs associated with each. HCO-1. 2 Analyze the body systems for their role in the health and wellness of the human body. Alignment Common Core State Standards(C.C.S.S.) Next Generation Science Standards (N.G.S.S.) N.G.S.S.HS-LS1-2 Develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. N.G.S.S.HS-LS 1-3 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.2: Determine the central ideas or conclusions of a text; trace the text’s explanation or depiction of a complex process, phenomenon, or concept; provide an accurate summary of the text. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.4: Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.5: Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms (e.g., force, friction, reaction force, and energy). C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.6: Analyze the author’s purpose in providing an explanation, describing a procedure, or discussing an experiment in a text, defining the question the author seeks to address. CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Homeostasis Interdependence Distinguish the organs, components of the body systems for their role in the human body. o Cardiovascular o Reproductive o Urinary o Respiratory o Digestive o Muscular o Skeletal o Nervous o Endocrine o Sensory o Integumentary o Lymphatic and immune Analyze the basic function of the body systems for their role in the health and wellness of the human body. HCO-1. 3 Analyze homeostasis for its impact on the human body. Define the role of homeostasis in the human body. Distinguish how positive and negative feedback is involved in homeostasis regulation. Describe how various body systems use homeostasis to maintain health and wellness. Compare and contrast how different body systems attain homeostasis. HCO-1.4 Analyze the interdependence of homeostasis and body systems for their role in the health and wellness of the human body. Discriminate how multiple body systems are affected by normal daily activities such as running, eating, sleeping. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.7: Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.8: Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author’s claim or a recommendation for solving a scientific or technical problem. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.9: Compare and contrast findings presented in a text to those from other sources (including their own experiments), noting when the findings support or contradict previous explanations or accounts. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.10: By the end of grade 10, read and comprehend science/technical texts in the grades 9–10 text complexity band independently and proficiently. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.2: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.2d: Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.4: Produce clear and coherent CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Discriminate how multiple body systems are affected by different situations such as having a common cold or fever, hiking in higher altitudes vs. lower altitudes. Discriminate how multiple body systems might be impacted by trauma such as starvation, drowning, suffering a concussion, heart attack, heatstroke and fracture. Trace the development of body systems for their role in infants, adults and the elderly. o Trace the development of body systems in infants from birth to a year. o Trace the impact of changing body systems from teens through adult years. (e.g., puberty, menopause) o Identify the effects of aging on the body systems. writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.8: Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.10: Write routinely over extended time frames (time for reflection and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of discipline-specific tasks, purposes, and audiences. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.4:Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task. CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Standard 2- HCO-2.0 Utilize safety practices to protect self and other individuals in the delivery of quality health care. Infection Control Hazardous Conditions HCO-2.1 Apply principles of infection control, including the appropriate handling of infectious waste, sterilization, cleansing, and isolation to ensure quality health care. Distinguish between clean, aseptic, and sterilization procedures to ensure delivery of quality health care. Examine safety practices to minimize or mitigate growth and transmission of infectious agents to ensure safety practices. Explain the background and applicability of the “Standard Precaution Guidelines” for its impact on the safety of self and others. Evaluate health care organization policies regarding professional appearance (proper attire, jewelry, hair, etc.) and personal hygiene in the care of patients. HCO-2.2 Assess and appropriately respond to potential safety hazards. Explain the function of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in providing health care safety. Clarify the purpose of personal protective equipment (such as gloves, mask, gowns, etc.) and demonstrate proper protocol to ensure safety. Analyze fire safety drills in various health care setting to recognize the impact of safety procedures. Examine the Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), its purpose and use for its role in facilitating safety in the health care setting. Body Mechanics HCO-2.3 Apply principles of proper body mechanics in the health care workplace. Demonstrate the proper use of body mechanics to safely move patients and objects such as lifting, bending, and carrying. C.C.S.S.RI.9-10.1: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. C.C.S.S.RI.9-10.2: Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.3: Follow precisely a complex multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text. C.C.S.S.RI.9-10.10: By the end of grade 9, read and comprehend literary nonfiction in the grades 9–10 text complexity band proficiently, with scaffolding as needed at the high end of the range. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.4: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.8: Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Standard 3- HCO 3.0 Assess body systems to determine status of the human body and possible need for emergency care. Vital Signs integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.4:Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task. C.C.S.S.MP1 Make sense of problems and persevere HCO 3.1 Evaluate body systems to determine the health and status in solving them. of the human body. C.C.S.S.MP2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Define vital signs for their purpose and relation to the body C.C.S.S.MP4 Model with mathematics. systems. C.C.S.S.MP5 Use appropriate tools strategically. Compare and contrast methods of assessing vital signs (temperature, pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate) and general C.C.S.S.MP6 Attend to precision. C.C.S.S.MP7 Look for and make use of structure. indicators (height, weight) to determine status of body systems. C.C.S.S.MP8 Look for and express regularity in o Differentiate methods to measure the cardiovascular and repeated reasoning. respiratory systems to analyze status of the human body. N.G.S.S.HS-LS1-2 Develop and use a model to o Compare and contrast methods to measure the body’s illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting temperature to analyze status of the human body. o Analyze methods to measure the body’s height and weight systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms. to determine the status of the human body and correlate N.G.S.S.HS-LS 1-3 Plan and conduct an findings to relevant body systems. investigation to provide evidence that feedback Use the proper equipment to measure vital signs and general mechanisms maintain homeostasis. indicators using accurate units of measurement to inform status C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.1: Cite specific textual evidence of health. to support analysis of science and technical texts, o Document vital signs and general indicators using accurate common terminology and abbreviations and unit attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. measurement. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.3: Follow precisely a complex o Convert units of measurement to document proper data. (e.g., Fahrenheit to Celsius, metric conversions of length, multistep procedure when carrying out experiments, taking measurements, or performing technical tasks, volume and weight, standard time vs. military time). Distinguish between good body mechanics and poor body mechanics in the health care setting for their impact on physical wellness of both self and patient. CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 CPR Determine if vital signs and general indicators fall within normal range values to inform status of body systems. o Explain the effects of abnormal values on the human body such as hi/low blood pressure, high fever, shallow breathing, racing pulse. HCO 3.2 Analyze the status of the body systems to determine if Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) should be administered. Analyze the procedure to apply CPR for its impact on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to sustain life. o Apply CPR when appropriate and determine its impact on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. o Compare CPR procedures for infants, children and adults. o Analyze the effects of the body systems if CPR is not administered in a timely manner to determine impact on victims. attending to special cases or exceptions defined in the text. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.4: Determine the meaning of symbols, key terms, and other domain-specific words and phrases as they are used in a specific scientific or technical context relevant to grades 9–10 texts and topics. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.5: Analyze the structure of the relationships among concepts in a text, including relationships among key terms. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.7: Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.8: Assess the extent to which the reasoning and evidence in a text support the author’s claim or a recommendation for solving a scientific or technical problem. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.4: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience C.C.S.S.W.9-10.7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.8: Gather relevant information from CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.4:Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task. Standard 4-HCO-4.0 Analyze and apply mathematical concepts to solve problems in a health setting. Quantitative Reasoning HCO-4.1 Apply appropriate quantitative reasoning skills to inform decision-making, solve problems and communicate data that lead to quality health care. Apply mathematical computations and formulas to measure and convert health care data such as vital signs and medical information to inform decisions. Distinguish and convert metric/standard units of weight, volume and length in health care settings. Evaluate data acquired through mathematical skills to make informed decisions that impact health care. Use mathematical skills to create diagrams, charts, graphs and tables to inform decision making. C.C.S.S.MP 1 Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. C.C.S.S.MP2 Reason abstractly and quantitatively. C.C.S.S.MP4 Model with mathematics. C.C.S.S.MP5 Use appropriate tools strategically. C.C.S.S.MP6 Attend to precision. C.C.S.S.MP7 Look for and make use of structure. C.C.S.S.MP8 Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. N.G.S.S.HS-LS 1-3 Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.7: Translate quantitative or technical information expressed in words in a text into visual form (e.g., a table, or chart) and translate information expressed visually or mathematically (e.g., in an equation) into words. CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Standard 5-HCO-5.0 Apply medical terminology in effective communication in the delivery of quality health care. Technical Reading HCO- 5.1 Read and interpret health-related information to communicate information, data and observations precisely. Interpret basic medical terms with word roots, combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes to accurately communicate within the health care industry. Analyze diagrams, charts, graphs and tables and medical information to extract relevant and reliable data to communicate health information. Technical Writing HCO- 5.2 Transcribe health-related information to communicate information, data and observations precisely. Accurately write medical abbreviations and medical terminology to communicate and provide quality health care. Synthesize relevant and reliable data to create reports, diagrams, charts, graphs and tables to communicate health information. Oral Communication Interpersonal Communication HCO-5.3 Use correct medical terminology in a clear, concise, accurate and persuasive manner to gain or transfer information, express ideas or solve problems. Use correct medical terminology pronunciation and Standard English in a professional manner to convey data and information. Use questioning techniques to gather information and assess a health care problem. Use reflection, restatement, and clarification techniques to improve communication in a health care setting. HCO-5.4 Apply interpersonal communication styles to gain or transfer information, express ideas or solve problems. Adapt communication strategies in writing, speaking, and active C.C.S.S.RI.9-10.4: Identify and correctly use patterns of word changes that indicate different meaning or parts of speech. C.C.S.S.L.9-104c: Consult general and specialized reference materials. (e.g., dictionaries, glossaries, thesauruses), both print and digital, to find the pronunciation of a word or determine or clarify its precise meaning, its part of speech, or its etymology. C.C.S.S.RI.9-10.1: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.2: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.2d: Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.4: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 listening to a specific audience with sensitivity to age, gender, and cultural variation. Identify ways to show empathy in the health care setting for its impact in providing quality health care. Identify communication barriers and ways to overcome them in a health setting. Describe conflict resolution strategies that promote solutions and positive outcomes. Explain how each health care team member contributes to effectively communicate with patients. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.8: Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.9: Draw evidence from informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.1:Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9–10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. a. Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful, wellreasoned exchange of ideas. b. Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as needed. c. Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or larger ideas; actively CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 incorporate others into the discussion; and d. clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.1d: Respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives, summarize points of agreement and disagreement, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views and understanding and make new connections in light of the evidence and reasoning presented. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.4:Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.3: Evaluate a speaker’s point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted evidence. Standard 6 – HCO-6.0 Evaluate legal and ethical issues as it Legal & Ethical Principles HCO-6.1 Analyze legal, ethical and personal behaviors affecting the decisions of health care providers. Analyze the Good Samaritan Law for its role in providing C.C.S.S.RI.9-10.1: Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 relates to the role of the healthcare provider in the delivery of quality health care. emergency first aid care. Define the purpose of the Good Samaritan Law. Explain who the Good Samaritan Law protects. Describe the rights of victims vs. the rights of the responder(s). Give examples of behavior and practices that could result in liability or negligence. Explain the “Code of Ethics” as it relates to the health care environment. Explain the role of confidentiality as it relates to the health care industry. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.2: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.2d: Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.4: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.8: Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Standard 7- HCO 7.0 Evaluate personal interests and strengths for compatibility with the skills and attitudes essential to the delivery of quality health care. Health Care Services Careers Health Care Settings HCO 7.1 Compare and contrast careers in the health services for their role in providing quality health care. Analyze skills, knowledge, licensure and/or certification needed to determine compatibility with personal interests, values, goals, and strengths in the following health care careers: o Diagnostics: Medical Laboratory, Medical Testing, Radiology, Ophthalmic Care o Therapeutic: Emergency Medical Services, Nursing, Mental Health, Pharmacy, Respiratory Care, Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, Dental Care, Animal Health Care, Alternative Medicine, Physician, Assistant, Med-Assist o Health Informatics: Health Information, Medical Office (insurance specialist, manager, billing) o Support Services: Biomedical Technology, Central Supply/Processing, Dietetics HCO 7.2 Compare and contrast health facilities for their impact on the health care industry. Examine health care facilities for their role in the health care industry. o Hospitals o Long-Term Care o Practitioner's Office o Clinics o Laboratories o Emergency Medical Services (EMS) o Home Health Care o Rehabilitation o Hospice C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.1: Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts, attending to the precise details of explanations or descriptions. C.C.S.S.RST.9-10.9- Compare and contrast finding presented in a text to those from other sources, noting when the findings support of contradict previous explanations or accounts. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.2: Write informative/explanatory texts, including the narration of historical events, scientific procedures/experiments, or technical processes. C.C.S.S.W.9-10.2d: Use precise language and domain-specific vocabulary to manage the complexity of the topic and convey a style appropriate to the discipline and context as well as to the expertise of likely readers. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.4: Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.7: Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. C.C.S.S.WHST.9-10.8: Gather relevant information CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 Coping Skills Team Work & Diversity HCO 7.3 Employ strategies to resolve issues and problems that arise in a stressful environment in the health care industry. Identify common stressful situations in the health care setting that may impact physical, emotional and service ability of workers in the health care industry. Evaluate coping skills to deal with the strain of various situations related to illness. HCO 7.4 Demonstrate the ability to work collaboratively with persons from diverse backgrounds to deliver quality health care. Compare and contrast values, cultural sensitivity, beliefs and practices of different religions, cultures, generations, socioeconomic for their effect on delivery of quality health care. Evaluate diverse cultural values and how they affect one’s ability to work effectively on a team to administer quality patient care. from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.1d: Respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives, summarize points of agreement and disagreement, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views and understanding and make new connections in light of the evidence and reasoning presented. C.C.S.S.SL.9-10.1:Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9–10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. a. Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful, wellreasoned exchange of ideas. b. Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as needed. c. Propel conversations by posing and responding CTE Health Services Core Standards- Common Core Alignment September 26, 2013 to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or larger ideas; actively incorporate others into the discussion; and clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions.