Alex Coco, Rishi V., Carol Ann Pacete, and Sid Modha
Applying the Rhetorical Triangle
On the Rainy River
Topic: Tim’s attempt to avoid and personal indecision over the Vietnam War
Author: Tim O’Brien
Audience: The older generation of Americans who had lived through the Vietnam War but had
not been drafted
Topic-Audience Relationship:
The audience, the older generation of Americans, is extremely familiar with Vietnam War
and many of the other struggles that the United States have engaged in over the past fifty years.
However, these Americans, who were never drafted, are unfamiliar with the personal indecision
and internal turmoil of the Americans sent into the heart of these conflicts, particularly the fear of
the young men drafted into the Vietnam War. These Americans never knew how it felt to be
“Amid the chaos and the horror of a war that makes you appreciate all you don't have, and all
you may lose forever” (Conan). Tim O’Brien’s carefully crafted topic in On the Rainy River gives
the American public insight into this aspect of the Vietnam War and all conflicts. By telling his
internal conflict to the audience using pathos, O’Brien is able to make his story extremely
receptive, even if the exact details are fabricated. Throughout the chapter, O’Brien mentions his
emotion strain to gain the sympathy of the reader, stating that “And
so I sat in the bow of the boat and cried” (O’Brien 57). By giving the
reader an exclusive view into his troubled heart, O’Brien is able to
connect to the daily, personal indecision of many Americans. By
giving his audience the ability to empathize with his topic, O’Brien is
extremely effective in showing the common American public the
heartaches of the Vietnam War and the personal indecision of
fighting for America or embarrassingly escaping into Canada for
safety.
Topic-Author Relationship:
Written from a first-person perspective, On the Rainy River and its topic has an
extremely close connection with the author, Tim O’Brien. O’Brien experienced first-hand the
emotional battle and retreat to Canada explained in the chapter. In turn, this interesting
relationship gives the reader an almost first-hand account of the topic. O’Brien is an extreme
expert on this difficult portion of his life, explaining to the reader details that would be left unsaid
in a biography. For example, O’Brien writes, “I felt something break open in my chest. . . . But it
was real, I know that much, it was a physical rupture- a cracking-leaking-popping feeling”
(O’Brien 44). However, O’Brien may not be telling the topic in a completely objective manner.
Several details in this chapter, including the one above, seem to be fabricated for dramatic
effect. Several literary experts have agreed; “Attempting to further confuse fiction with nonfiction
Tim O’Brien gave his storyteller the name ‘Tim O’Brien’” (“Tim O’Brien Author ‘The Things They
Carried’”). In order to increase the suspense and internal conflict of this chapter, O’Brien
sacrifices a small amount of truth, slighting his audience.
Author-Audience Relationship:
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As Americans who have lived through the Vietnam War, Tim O’Brien and his audience of
older Americans are somewhat related, both experiencing the drastic, far-reaching effects of the
Vietnam War. However, O’Brien’s direct experience in the Vietnam War sets him apart from his
audience, as O’Brien has felt and truly understands the horrors and sadness of war. Unlike his
audience, O’Brien carries, “The memories of the ghosts of a place called Vietnam — the people
of Vietnam, my fellow soldiers . . . I carry the weight of responsibility, and a sense of abiding
guilt” (Conan) Through his novel, O’Brien is able to use these experiences to create an unequal
social relationship with his audience. The audience, ignorant of war-time emotion, is eager to
hear the O’Brien’s internal and external conflicts surrounding the Vietnam War, instantly
assuming the credibility of O’Brien’s claims. This allows O’Brien, at times, to
blend fact and fiction to elicit emotion from his audience, slightly affecting the
audience’s overall perception of the Vietnam War. O’Brien uses this facet of
storytelling actually to correct previous notions concerning the Vietnam War.
O’Brien wants his older audience to see that, while Vietnam was a unmoral
conflict, the common American infantryman were not brutes; like O’Brien,
these soldiers had emotion, an extreme fear of going to war, and were typical
young adults. O’Brien’s ability to clearly communicate the average life of the
Vietnam soldier to the older American public that lived through the war makes
his writing beautiful, earning him “a Guggenheim fellowship, a National Book Award, an award
from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and two National Endowment for the Arts
fellowships” (“The Big Read | The Things They Carried”)
A Group Collaboration!
Applying the Rhetorical Triangle
The Man I Killed
Topic: Tim’s recollection of the Vietnamese man that he killed
Author: Tim O’Brien
Audience: The common, literate American public
Topic-Audience Relationship:
The audience, the common, literate American public, is extremely familiar with Vietnam
War. Unlike other wars that the US was involved in, there was extensive media coverage of the
War in Vietnam. The introduction of television sets in the average American household means
that thousands of families had access to news coverage during the war. Between 1959 and
1970, the percentage of households in the U.S. with at least one TV went from 88 percent to 96
percent (Living History Farm). By 1970, there were around 700 UHF and VHF television
stations; today there are 1,300 (Living History Farm). By 1970, TV stations and networks raked
in $3.6 billion in ad revenues; today, that figure is over $60 billion (Living History Farm) . The
American public witnessed first-hand the horrors of the war and the devastation it caused.
Furthermore, society has noticed that soldiers who return from fighting become severely
depressed and apathetic. Months of constant violence meant that these soldiers became
accustomed to death. The chapter begins with O’Brien’s description of the man he killed.
O’Brien recalls how “his jaw was in his throat, his upper lip and teeth were gone, his one eye
was shut, his other eye was a star-shaped hole, his eyebrows were thin and arched like a
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woman’s” (O’Brien 118) The reader notices that there is not one ounce of emotion in O'Brien
recollection. If anything, the soldiers derive a sense of dark humor from the sight of the dead
man. Upon seeing the body, Azar exclaimed “O, man, you fuckin’ trashed the fucker” (O’Brien
119). Seeing the soldiers acting so nonchalant towards the sight of the dead man is a big
surprise to the reader, for any ordinary person would be startled, frightened even, at the sight of
a dead body. To O’Brien, the body is merely an object, a relic of the war that was going on
around him. Through this chapter, the reader learns more about the personal trauma that a
soldier experiences during the war. The reader learns how the soldiers become stripped of
emotion, regarding everything with indifference. The reader sees that the really casualty of the
war is the soldiers’ emotions. Tim O’Brien insists that “It’s partly a story about what happens to
men in a war, but more deeply it touches people to actually look at their own lives and
childhoods.” Basically, O’Brien is connecting his experience (the topic of the chapter) to his
readers, establishing a close emotional bond between them. The reader recalls moments when
he or she remained apathetic or emotionless during an emotional event, such as a funeral.
Topic-Author Relationship:
Written through first-person narrative, The Man I killed and its topic has an extremely
close connection with the author, Tim O’Brien. O’Brien experienced first-hand the violence and
loss of innocent life while serving in Vietnam. In turn, this close relationship between the author
and the topic provide the reader with a clear understanding of the topic. During his time in
Vietnam, being surrounded by death all the time leads O’Brien to develop a morbid curiosity
about death. While gazing at the body, O’Brien observes that “His chest was sunken and poorly
muscled - a scholar maybe. And for years, despite his family’s poverty, the man I killed would
have been determined to continue his education in mathematics” (O’Brien 122) The audience
sees firsthand how the war has begun to transform the soldiers mentally. While O’Brien initially
feared the prospect of death, the war completely changed this
perspective. In fact, the only soldier who seems to have any respect
for death is Kiowa. While the other soldiers speculate about the
nature of the man who was killed, Kiowa insisted they they “stop
staring” (O’Brien 122). His curiosity about the man he killed can be
likened to a baby playing with a new toy. Perhaps the most
endearing aspect of a the war on the soldiers was the transformation
of who they viewed life, particularly, death. It is only through the
details provided by Tim O’Brien directly that the reader can
understand the scope of the influence that the war as had on the
soldiers. However, rather than suppress his emotions and downplay
the significance of the things he saw, O’Brien does the opposite.
Rather than deny the significance of what he saw, O’Brien opens up
his heart, letting the reader know exactly how he felt during the
events that he describes. Tim O’Brien asserts that “A true war story is never moral. It does not
instruct, nor encourage virtue, nor suggest models of proper human behavior, nor restrain men
from doing the things men have always done. As a first rule of thumb, therefore, you can tell a
true war story by its absolute and uncompromising allegiance to obscenity and evil”. It is
obvious that Tim O’Brien values honesty dearly, even when discussing a personal event.
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Author-Audience Relationship:
American society has weathered the results of countless wars and international conflicts.
Therefore, both Tim O’Brien and American society as a whole share the tragedy of war. When
asked to compare the war in Afghanistan to Vietnam, O’Brien noted that “These are wars in
which there are no uniforms, no front, no rear. Who’s the enemy? What do you shoot back at?
Whom do you trust? At the bottom, all wars are the same because they involve death and
maiming and wounding, and grieving mothers, fathers, sons and daughters.” Since Tim O’Brien
is a war veteran, he has had direct contact with this violence. He knows the true nature of war,
which the majority of the audience does not. The audience is therefore on unequal footing with
O’Brien. It initially appears that this lack of understanding between O’Brien and his audience is a
bad thing. How are a group to relate to something that they have experienced. However, the
audience’s lack of knowledge only makes them more eager to hear more about war from Tim
O’Brien. In the world of corrupt media, the coverage of the Vietnam war was extremely biased.
American news stations chose to only broadcast information from a certain perspective,
downplaying the legitimacy of the war and blaming the United States for instigating it. The
American public has a skewed perspective of the Vietnam War. Therefore, they are eager to
learn about the war from a soldier’s perspective. Therefore, Tim O’Brien derives a great deal of
ethos from this relationship. While it seems that the different experiences of author and
audience set them apart, it is this relationship that gives the author his credibility. Such is the
extent of Tim O’Brien’s ability to convey his emotions to the audience, that when you close the
book, you believe you know O’Brien very well. It is this ability to connect with the audience and
appear credible that led The Things They Carried to win the National Magazine Award for short
stories.
By Sid
Applying the Rhetorical Triangle
The Lives of the Dead
Topic: Tim’s personal opinion on the dead and how they live on; a recollection of his first love
Author: Tim O’Brien
Audience: The common, literate American public
Topic-Audience Relationship:
The audience can have a very personal opinion about death. Everyone has experienced
death. No matter what age or ethnicity. The readers can relate to death and how Tim feels
about it. When O’Brien writes, “Laying in my bed at night, I made up elaborate stories to bring
Linda alive in my sleep. I invented my own dreams. It sounds impossible, I know, but I did it.”
(O’Brien 230), the audience can relate to that feeling. Death and sorrow are two, universal
feelings that almost every single human being experience.The audience would be able to
connect with the topic of death and preserving memories of the dead from what O’Brien writes
in the chapter. For example, when O’Brien writes, “We kept the dead alive with stories.” (O’Brien
226) and goes into detail about how he kept each soldiers’ memory alive, the audience would
able to relate to that easily. The audience can come to the conclusion that O’Brien is a man who
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remembers the dead. The audience could also come to the conclusion that war has a profound
effect on soldiers, both physically and mentally. Even during today’s war in the Middle East,
soldiers continue to fight, die and suffer. When they come home, they’re never quite “whole.”
They can go through PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)and experience things that they
don’t necessarily want to occur. This stress is caused by a
variety of reasons,one of them being loss. By loss,a person
could lose money or (more importantly) lose someone.
O’Brien, being the latter of the two, lost Linda which never
really kept him whole. It was something that he didn’t like to
talk about too much, even during war.
Topic-Author Relationship:
O’Brien feels strongly about this topic. One could
notice his care and feelings for the topic from the very
details he spreads throughout the entire chapters. When he describes his memories of Linda,
he doesn’t leave out a lot of detail. When he writes, “As he passed Linda’s desk, he dropped the
pencil and squatted down to get it. When he came up, his left hand slipped behind her back.
There was a half-second hesitation. Maybe he was trying to stop himself;maybe then, just
briefly, he felt some small approximation of guilt.” (O’Brien 222), it is very apparent that O’Brien
cares about the topic to a point where he is willing to go into it with great detail. The reader can
tell that he’s not just shamming his audience with fake feelings and overly-emotional “fluff.” The
author is going for the real deal. He explains about what happened with thorough detail. He
doesn’t try to play a cheap trick and make a tear-jerking passage. O’Brien wants to really flesh
out this subject. He ends with this chapter because he’s had enough of talking about the war.
He’d rather focus on personality a little bit more and wants to flesh out the aspect of life. He
even states in his May 2010 interview with Sonya Larson, “It’s partly a story about what
happens to men in a war,but it more touches people to actually look at their own lives and
childhoods.The reason the book ends not in war, but with little Linda dying of brain cancer, is
that that chapter is meant to move us away from the war to the lives of all of us.”
Author-Audience Relationship:
The audience can tell that the author is very passionate about the topic he is writing
about. The topic being death and the ways to remember those who died. O’Brien and the
readers would be able to form a connection through this topic. As mentioned before, everyone
experiences death in their lifetime. Death is a terrible thing. People to do many things in order to
cope with it. Escapism and other methods are used by people daily to get away from their
problems.Those readers who have experienced this type of loss and have tried to escape
sorrow can relate directly to O’Brien. For example, when O’Brien writes, “And at nighttime, I’d
slide into sleep knowing that Linda would be there waiting for me.” (O’Brien 231), the reader can
see that as a child, he wanted to at least “pretend” that Linda was alive so that he could
ESCAPE the fact that she was really dead. The society of the United States has always been
exposed to the ideas of war, loss and death.As mentioned before, the majority of the audience
can relate to the topic of death that O’Brien brings up in this chapter. O’Brien himself states at
“The Things Writers Carry” talk at Davidson University, “You don’t need to go to war, climb a
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mountain, have cancer to be a writer. A life itself will deliver plenty of sorrow, tragedy and
betrayal and grief; you don’t have to go looking for it.
By: Rishi
Applying the Rhetorical Triangle
The Things They Carried
Topic: The things soldiers had to carry with them while at war.
Author: Tim O’Brien
Audience: The common, literate American public
Topic-Audience Relationship:
The audience is familiar with the Vietnam War and the struggles the United States had
to go through during that time period. Americans saw the tangibles soldiers carried, but they
were unable to see the burdens and struggles each soldier faced individually. The chapter The
Things They Carried shows the tangible and intangible things soldiers carried. By including this
chapter in the book, the American public is able to sympathize with the soldiers. They’re able to
feel the burden each item carried. O’Brien writes, “They carried all they could bear, and then
some, including a silent awe for the terrible power of the things they carried.” (O’Brien 7) By
telling the audience that the soldiers carried all that they could, the audience is able to
empathize with the soldiers. O’Brien uses pathos, logos, and ethos as ways to communicate
with the audience. O’Brien is credible since he was there while serving in the Vietnam War. He
knows first hand how it feels to be a soldier. He tells us, all soldiers, “Carried all the emotional
baggage of men who might die.” (O’Brien 20) O’Brien uses pathos in this chapter. He tells the
audience, “The things they carried were determined to some extent by superstition. Lieutenant
Cross carried his good-luck pebble. David Jensen carried a rabbit’s foot. ” (O’Brien 12) The
audience is able to sympathize with why each soldier carried the things they carried. O’Brien is
able to show the burdens war has put on the shoulders of the soldiers.
Topic-Author Relationship:
The topic and author in The Things They Carried are very closely related. Tim O’Brien
was a soldier fighting in the Vietnam War. Therefore, he knows first hand the toll the war put on
soldiers. O’Brien carried burdens of his own and saw the burdens other soldiers carried. He tells
us, “The things they carried were largely determined by necessity.” O’Brien names the
necessities each soldier carried. He also tells us, “These items weighed between 12 and 18
pounds.” As a soldier, O’Brien had to carry between 12 and 18 pounds of items as well as his
own belongings. Other soldiers, such as Mitchell Sanders, “carried the PRC-25 radio, a killer, 26
pounds with its battery.” In addition to the 12-18 pounds of items, Mitchell Sanders carried over
40 pounds of items on his back. Contrast to the tangible items, O’Brien tells us that soldiers,
“Carried these things inside, maintaining the masks of composure.” (O’Brien 21) He also says,
“They were afraid of dying but they were even more afraid to show it.” (O’Brien 19) The author
knows how it feels to carry everything from tangible to intangible items on his shoulder. He
knows what happened at the battlefield so therefore he is biased. I feel like O’Brien tried being
objective, but being a soldier in the war skewed the way he thought. He reports the facts by
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saying, “What they carried varied by mission.” However, the stories he tells the audience may
not have been 100 percent of the truth, and were only told for dramatic purposes only.
Author-Audience Relationship:
Tim O’Brien and the American people are related. O’Brien is able to share the hardships
soldiers faced while fighting in the war, as well as the hardships he himself had to face. Unlike
the audience, Tim O’Brien served in the Vietnam War. He experienced exactly how it felt to be a
soldier unlike the audience. The audience can only
sympathize with what the soldiers are going through.
They aren’t able to experience it for themselves.
Therefore, they know less than what actually
happened. Also, Americans back then wanted to hear
about the war. Since O’Brien was a soldier, people
want to hear about what happened during the war.
O’Brien obviously knew more about the war and since
Americans wanted to hear his stories, Americans were
willing to listen. They believed O’Brien is credible due to the fact that he served in the war and
was actually there. O’Brien tells the American people that a soldier named, “Norman Bowker,
otherwise a very gentle person, carried a thumb that had been presented to him as a gift by
Mitchell Sanders.” (O’Brien 12) The audience has no insight as to why Norman Bowker would
carry a thumb, and they don’t question why because they are eager to hear more stories about
what happened during the Vietnam War. The American people honor O’Brien because he
served in the war, and by sharing his stories he is seen sort of as a hero in the Americans eyes.
By: Carol Ann
Applying the Rhetorical Triangle
Church
Topic: Stark contradictions of the Vietnam War
Author: Tim O’Brien
Audience: The American public, particularly the younger generation, unaware of the horrors of
the Vietnam War
Topic-Audience Relationship:
Throughout Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried, the audience learns more about the
personal trauma and stress of the Vietnam conflict, complimenting their basic previous
knowledge about the war. However, the young audience is unable to understand the desperate
conditions of the Vietnam War which called for desperate measures. Many of these younger
Americans hold the American soldier at high standard, viewing the American infantryman as a
Patriot with a strict moral code. However, this chapter, Church, destroys this view, giving the
audience specific, previously unknown information concerning these terrible contradictions of
the Vietnam War. Unfamiliar to the horrors of war, the audience would be extremely receptive to
the messages of this chapter, eager to read a first-hand account of a specific company’s
actions. This is shown in an interview with O’Brien; “They [young Americans] bring such fervor
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to it that comes from their own lives, really” (Conan). O’Brien explains the contradictions of the
Vietnam War through a short story involving members of his company, particularly Henry
Dobbins and Kiowa. The company sets up camp in a religious pagoda, taking advantage of the
deserted building and its two remaining monks. Dobbins and Kiowa display differing points of
view that reveal the desperation of the Vietnam War; Dobbins is willing to transform a religious
haven into a military fortress, while Kiowa feels that the company’s actions are unmoral. In
addition, the company, despite ruining the lives of several Vietnamese, feels generous after
helping the two monks. Dobbins states, “All you can do is be nice. Treat them decent, you
know?” (O’Brien 117). Combined with pathos and logos, O’Brien is extremely effective in
explaining his message the audience. O’Brien hopes that the audience will make the logical
connection between the unmorality of camping in a church and the unmorality of fighting the
Vietnam War. This logical connection and contradiction is
almost stressed by the calm emotion of the chapter. By
writing “Each morning the two monks bought us buckets of
water.They giggled when we stripped down to bathe; they
smiled happily while we soaped up and splashed one
another” (113-114), O’Brien creates a tranquil mood,
emphasizing the difference between the serenity of religion
and the danger of war. This method helps clearly inform the
audience about O’Brien’s topic in this chapter.
Topic-Author Relationship:
The author, Tim O’Brien, is closely related to his
topic. Church is told from the eyes of O’Brien, as he experiences the events of the chapter firsthand as a soldier in Vietnam. O’Brien is able to relay exact details to the audience, stating
“When the two monks finished cleaning the machine gun, Henry Dobbins began reassembling
it, wiping off the excess oil, then he handed each of them a can of peaches and a chocolate bar”
(116). O’Brien is also severely affected by the events of this chapter; like Kiowa, O’Brien seems
uncomfortable using a church as a base of operations. Similar contradictions become the basis
of O’Brien’s novel, and O’Brien later expands upon the contradictions in story telling, killing, and
war-time patriotism. O’Brien wants to vividly display this topic to his audience. However, this
creates a small bias, as O’Brien is writing to achieve this purpose. This bias is especially seen in
this chapter, particularly when O’Brien is describing the monks and the soldiers. The monks are
described in a positive light, seen when the monks diligently serve the unfamiliar troops by
bringing them water and some food. However, the soldiers are described in a negatively to
purposely show a contrast between the Americans an Vietnamese. “They [the monks] would
help Dobbins disassemble and clean his machine gun, carefully brushing the parts with oil”
(O’Brien 114); Dobbins is having the peaceful monks clean the murderous weapon that shall be
used to kill their fellow Vietnamese. Similar bias is apparent throughout the chapter and novel,
clearly influenced by O’Brien’s wartime experiences.
Author-Audience Relationship:
As Americans who have lived through at least one American conflicts, Tim O’Brien and
his audience of young adults are distantly related, sharing the same fears and sadness of war.
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However, O’Brien’s direct experience in the Vietnam War sets him apart from his audience,
glorifying his experiences and life. In fact, O’Brien’s The Things They Carried has emerged as
an extremely popular read; “Nearly 50 groups or schools are participating in Westchester’s Big
Read [of The Things They Carried], and some high schools are incorporating The Things They
Carried in their spring curriculums” (Hodara).Through his novel, O’Brien is able to create an
unequal social relationship with his audience. The audience is eager to hear the O’Brien’s
internal and external conflicts surrounding the Vietnam War, instantly assuming the credibility of
O’Brien’s claims. This allows O’Brien, at times, to twist the personal facts and to blend fact and
fiction to arouse the sympathy of the audience, slightly affecting the audience’s overall
perception of the Vietnam War. O’Brien’s “credibility” makes him appear as a glorified war
veteran to his audience; however, O’Brien is not exactly what he
seems, as O’Brien was simply another American infantryman in
the Vietnam War. It is O’Brien’s ability to clearly communicate
his Vietnam experiences to the American public that makes him
appear special, creating his larger-than-life persona. This
persona is best exemplified in the emotional relationship O’Brien
is able to make with his young American audience; unlike nonfiction novelists, O’Brien is able to infuse pathos into The Things
They Carried, appealing to the young adult mind. Interestingly,
this emotional relationship allows O’Brien to exploit his social
relationship and drive home his purpose: showing the younger
generation the horrors and contradictions of the Vietnam War
that have permanently traumatized O’Brien.
By Coco
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About how life will deliver sorrow and other emotions. N.p..n.d.
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http://www.illyria.com/tobhp.html
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