Civil War Causes
I.
Reform Movements
A. Second Great Awakening brings about social reforms
1. Revivalism (p. 224-5)
a) Emphasized an individual’s responsibility for salvation and people
could improve themselves and society
(1) Rejection of Calvin’s ideas of predestination
b) Many people participated in revivals
(1) Religious gatherings designed to awaken religious faith
through impassioned preaching
c) Number of people belonging to churches increases
(1) 1 in 15 in 1800; 1 in 6 in 1850
2. Unitarian Movement (p. 225)
a) Meetings not as emotional as revivals
b) Emphasized reason and appeals to the conscience as the path to
perfection and believed conversion was a gradual process
c) Attracted a wealthy following in New England
d) Believed the individual could improve themselves and society
3. African-American Church (p. 225-6)
a) In south, slaves worshiped in the same churches as slaveholders
b) In east, many freed blacks worshiped in separate black churches
c) Richard Allen, a freed slave, established the Bethel African Church in
Pennsylvania; became the African Methodist Church
d) The church became the political, cultural, and social center for
African-Americans;
(1) Even provided services, such as education, that were denied to
free blacks
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e) The church gave members a deep inner faith, a strong sense of
community, and the spiritual support to oppose slavery
4. Transcendentalism (p. 226)
a) Alternative to traditional religion
b) Developed by Ralph Waldo Emerson
c) Philosophical and literary movement that emphasized living a simple
life and celebrated the truths found in nature and personal emotion and
imagination
d) Henry David Thoreau put the idea of self-reliance into practice
e) Emphasized the dignity of the individual
f) Fought for humanitarian reforms like abolition of slavery and
improved prison conditions
5. School Reforms (p. 227)
a) Horace Man was a leader in the movement
b) Many people began calling for tax-supported schools to provide more
consistency and compulsory attendance
6. Asylum and Prison Reform (p. 227-8)
a) Dorothea Dix was a leader for reforms for the mentally ill
b) Alarmed by the conditions of jails and how the mentally ill were
treated in jails
c) Idea of rehabilitation emphasized- idea that treatment might restore
sick or imprisoned person to a useful position in society
7. Abolitionists (p. 229-230)
a) Abolition: the movement to outlaw slavery
b) One of the most radical abolitionists was William Lloyd Garrison
(1) Established a paper, The Liberator, in 1831 which called for
immediate emancipation
(a) Emancipation: the feeing of slaves without payment to
slaveholders
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c) White abolitionists were joining with African-American abolitionists
beginning in the 1830s
d) Frederick Douglas was a slave that had been taught to read and write
by the wife of his owner
(1) He escaped to the north and began his own anti-slavery
newspaper called The North Star in 1847
(2) Hoped abolition could be reached without violence
8. Women’s Reform Movement
a) Women were expected to live under a custom called the cult of
domesticity where childcare and housework were the only acceptable
activities for women and which denied them participation in larger society
(1) cult of domesticity: belief that married women should restrict
their activities to their home and family
b) Women Abolitionists (p. 236)
(1) Sarah and Angelina Grimke
(2) Were denounced by many men
c) Working for Temperance (p. 236)
(1) Temperance Movement: the effort to prohibit the drinking of
alcohol
d) Education for Women (p. 237)
(1) Many females were not educated in the 1820s
(2) 1821, Emma Willard opened a school for girls in New York
that taught girls domestic skills, math, history, geography,
languages, art, music, writing and literature
(3) 1837, Mary Lyon opened a higher institution for women’s
learning; Mount Holyoke Female Seminary in Massachusetts
(4) 1837, Oberlin College in Ohio admitted four female students
and became the first coed college
(5) 1833, Prudence Crandall began educating only AfricanAmerican students
(a) Only open for 1 year due to local opposition
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e) Women and Health Reform (p. 237-8)
(1) One in three women had health problems in the 1850s due to
poor exercise, irregular bathing, and the regular use of corsets
(2) Amelia Bloomer developed a pattern for “bloomers;” loosefitting pants that tied at the ankles and was covered by a short skirt
(a) While many women made them, few wore them outside
due to men’s disgust that women would wear pants
9. Women’s Rights Movement (p. 238-9)
a) 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott decided to hold the
Seneca Falls Convention, a women’s rights convention
b) They composed an agenda and statement of grievances based on the
Declaration of Independence that they called the Declaration of
Sentiments
c) More than 300 men and women gathered at the convention and
unanimously approved all parts of the Declaration expect one; the right to
vote
10. African-American Reform Movements (p. 239)
a) African-American women found it especially hard to gain recognition
for their reform efforts
b) Sojourner Truth
(1) A slave by the name of Isabella Baumfree who changed her
name and sojourned (traveled) across the country arguing for
abolition
II. Sectionalism/States Rights
A. Sectionalism
1. Defined: placing the interests of one region over those of the nation as a
whole
B. Supreme Court increases federal power
1. Gibbons v. Ogden (p. 204-5)
a) New York legislature gave Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston
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exclusive rights to run steamboats on the rivers in NY
(1) Gave them a monopoly
(2) They charged boat operators to use the rivers
b) Fulton and Livingston licensed Aaron Ogden to run his steamship on a
line between NY and NJ
(1) Ogden believed he was the only one allowed to do so
c) Thomas Gibbons began using the same line claiming federal law
allowed him to do so
d) Odgen took Gibbons to court
e) 1824 the Supreme Court ruled the interstate commerce could be
regulated by the federal government only
(1) Since Odgen route crossed state lines, the exclusive right given
by NY was invalid
f) Ruling helped ensure the federal government had the power to regulate
anything that crosses state lines
(1) Nationalism now has a hold over the legal system
2. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 (p. 205)
a) Maryland had levied a heavy tax on the local branch of the US Bank
hoping to tax it out of existence
b) Supreme Court declared allowing such actions, state would be
overturning law passed by Congress
c) Court’s ruling supported the power of the national government over
state governments
3. More Supreme Court decisions under Chief Justice Marshall (p. 205)
a) Fletcher v. Peck, 1810
(1) The Supreme Court nullified a Georgia law regarding citizens
constitutional rights to enter into contracts
b) Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
(1) Court declared state of New Hampshire could not revise the
original charter it had granted to the college during colonial times
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because the charter was a contract and the Constitution did not
permit states to interfere with contracts
C. Tariff of Abominations, 1828 (p. 214-5)
1. Tariff imposed on British manufactured goods designed to protect the new
industries in the US
2. Helped North but hurt the South
3. Tariff reduced British exports to US and thus Britain imported less US cotton
a) South forced to buy more expensive northern goods
b) South felt the north was getting rich at the expense of the south
D. Nullification Theory
1. Devised by John C. Calhoun (SC)
2. Questioned the legality of applying some federal laws to sovereign states
3. Argued the US Constitution was a compact among sovereign states and if the
states were sovereign when they approved the Constitution, they were still
sovereign and had the right to determine if an act of Congress was constitutional
a) If not constitutional, then each state had the right to nullify (declare it
invalid) it within their borders
4. Calhoun personal believed if the federal government id not allow a state to
nullify a law, then the state had the right to withdrawal from the union
III. Effects of Market Revolution and Industrialization
A. Market Revolution (p. 255)
1. Early 1800s
2. Time when people bought and sold goods rather than making things for
themselves
a) South: farmers began to specialization as opposed to self-sufficiency
farming
b) North: textile mills and factories increased industrialization
3. Number of inventions were developed that improved industry and allowed
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industry to produce more
4. Included the emergence of railroads
5. Regions were becoming more linked which allowed regions to develop
regional specialties
a) Northeast Shipping
(1) Center of American commerce due to manufacturing done in
the factories
(2) Industrialized
b) Midwest Farming
(1) Land had to be made arable before it could be cultivated which
was made easier by machines
c) Southern Agriculture
(1) Relied on crops such as cotton, tobacco and rice
(2) Capital invested into land and slaves
6. Change in economic relationships between the regions created new markets
a) North produced textiles and the plows and other machines needed by
the Midwest and South
b) South made cotton for north and England
c) West produced grains and livestock which fed the north and England
IV. Differences between the North and South (p. 282-3)
A. Social Differences
1. North
a) Had an influx of immigrants fleeing famine and poverty in Europe
(1) Were opposed to slavery because they were viewed slaves as
an unfair labor competition
2. South
a) 1/3 of the nations population lived in the South in 1850
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b) Believed any restriction of slavery would lead to a social and
economic revolution
B. Economic Differences
1. North
a) Urban: industrialized with factories
2. South
a) Rural: plantations and small farms
b) Economy relied on cotton production
c) South slower to use the railroad in transporting goods compared to the
north
V.
Missouri Compromise/ Comprise of 1820 (207-8)
A. Background
1. Before1818, there were 10 free and 10 slave states; in 1818, Illinois was
admitted as the 11th free state; when Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819,
many Southerners thought Missouri would become the 11th slave state
2. NY Congressman James Tallmadge amended the bill to admit Missouri to the
Union to include a clause that says they will gradually free slaves
a) Bill passed in the House
3. The South blocked the bill’s passage
4. Meanwhile, Alabama was admitted as the 11th slave state
5. Now with a balance between slave and free states, Missouri’s fate was critical
to the maintaining of the Union
a) Southerner claimed the North was trying to eliminate slavery
b) Northerners claimed the South was plotting to extend slavery into new
territories
6. Tensions so high some were talking of civil war and end of the Union
B. Henry Clay managed to resolve the current crisis with a series of agreements called
the Missouri Compromise
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C. Terms of the Compromise
1. Maine was admitted as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state
2. The rest of the Louisiana Territory was split into two at the 36˚30’ north
parallel
a) Above this line, except Missouri, would be free states
b) Below the line, would be slave states
D. President Monroe signed the comprise in 1820
VI.
Comprise of 1850 (p. 284-287)
A. Series of Senate resolutions proposed by Henry Clay on January 29, 1850
B. Why needed?
1. Due to the California Gold Rush, California’s population rose quickly and
wrote a constitution that forbid slavery and asked for admittance to the Union
2. South wanted California to be a slave state since the majority of the state was
south of the 36˚30’ line of the Missouri Comprise
3. Tempers were hot in congress
a) South was threatening secession
(1) Secession: the formal withdrawal of a state from the union
b) Northern demanded the abolition of slavery in DC
c) The issue of California and the disputed border of Texas were on the
top of the agenda
(1) Texas was claiming ownership of the eastern portion of New
Mexico
C. Terms of the Comprise
1. To please north, comprise allowed California to be admitted to the Union as a
free state
2. To please south, comprise proposed a new and more effective fugitive slave
law
3. Agreeable to both:
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a) Popular sovereignty granted to residents of New Mexico and Utah
(1) Popular sovereignty: right of residents to vote for or against
slavery
b) Federal government would pay Texas $10 million to surrender its
claims to eastern portions of New Mexico
(1) North happy at this condition because this condition limited
slavery to its current borders in Texas
(2) South happy because it helped to defray Texas’ costs and debts
from the war with Mexico
D. Much debate surrounded the comprise on both sides
1. John C. Calhoun argued for the south’s case for slavery in the territories
2. Daniel Webster argued the case for national unity urging the north to pass
stricter fugitive slave laws and urging the south to stop treating secession
E. Clay, ill and sick, gave up the battle and left Washington in July after the Senate
rejected the comprise
F. Stephen Douglas (Illinois) picked up the battle for Clay
1. Clay had proposed the comprise as a package
2. Douglas knew that it would never pass this wa because almost all Senators
had a problem with at least one provision
3. Douglas introduced each provision one at a time hoping to gain a majority
rule on each provision
a) Allowed congressman to vote for, against or abstain from any single
provision
G. The Comprise is passed in September
1. President Zachary Taylor died on July 9; his successor, Millard Filmore, made
it clear he supported the comprise
2. South had retreated from its extremist view
3. Calhoun died
4. Clay convinced other southern leaders the provisions in the comprise were the
best the south would receive without radical action
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VII. Wilmot Proviso (p. 283-4)
A. Amendment to a military appropriations bill added by David Wilmot (D-PA) on
August 8, 1846
1. Amendment proposed an elimination of slavery in all territories the US may
gain from the war with Mexico
2. Practically, it meant that California, Utah, and New Mexico would never
allow slavery
B. Northern states supported the proviso not because they were abolitionists, but because
1. They were angry at the Southern Congressmen for not voting for internal
improvements
2. They did not want additional slave territories added to Congress because they
feared the extra slave state representatives would deny economic opportunities to
free workers in the north
C. Southern states opposed the proviso
1. Believed it raised complex constitutional issues
a) Slaves were property and the constitution protected property and such
laws would undermine constitutional protections
2. Believed territories belonged to all of the states and Congress had no right to
limit the spread of slavery
3. Feared the addition of new free states would swing the balance of power to the
north
D. House approved the measure but the Senate did not
E. Proviso was attached the a different bill and again, the House approved it but the
Senate did not
VIII. Kansas-Nebraska Act (p. 291-292)
A. Stephen Douglas was responsible for once again bringing up the struggle settled by
the Comprise of 1850
B. Background
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1. Douglas had been trying to organize the territory west of Iowa and Missouri
since 1844 and in 1854 he proposed dividing the area into two territories,
Nebraska and Kansas
2. He wanted to build a railroad to the east
3. He believed the continued expansion would unify his party (Democratic
Party) and the nation
4. He believed popular sovereignty provided the most fair and democratic way to
organize the new state governments
a) Popular sovereignty worked in New Mexico and Utah but Kansans and
Nebraska were north of the Missouri Compromise line and thus legally
closed to slavery
5. He believed the Nebraska Territory would enter as two states, one free and
one save thus maintaining the free-save balance in Congress
6. He also believed that slavery would not work in these areas because the crops
that would be grown on the open prairies would not rely on slave labor
7. He did not realize however how strong the North felt against slavery
8. He agreed to support the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and thus make
slavery legal north of the 36°30’ line in order to win southern support for his
railroad
C. The Act
1. January 23, 1854: Douglas introduced a bill in Congress to divide the
Nebraska Territory into two territories; Nebraska and Kansas
a) If passed, it would repeal the Missouri Compromise ad establish
popular sovereignty for both territories
D. Reaction
1. Debate was bitter
2. Northern congressman, including Charles Sumner of Massachusetts, saw the
bill as a Southern plot to turn the territories into slave states
3. The debate spilled from Congress to the general public
E. Passage
1. With the help of President Franklin Pierce, a Democrat elected in 1852,
helped Douglass get the bill passed in the Senate and House
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2. Passed in 1854
IX. Acts of Violence
A. The Fight for Kansas (p. 292-4)
1. With the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the fate of slavery in the
territories was left to popular sovereignty
2. Men poured into Kansas from the North and South to try to influence whether
Kansas became a slave or free state
a) Some went simply for new farm land
b) Many were emigrant aid societies that were formed to oppose slavery
in the territories by supplying rifles, animals, seed and farm equipment to
antislavery migrants
3. By March 1855, Kansas had enough settlers to hold an election for a state
legislature
a) Many pro-slavery men from Missouri, led by Senator David Atchison,
from Missouri (called ‘border ruffians’) crossed the border and voted
illegally in Kansas
4. A pro-slavery majority won the election and enacted a series of pro-slavery
acts
5. Abolitionists were outraged
B. Violence erupts
1. The Sack of Lawrence
a) Lawrence was a town in Kansas that had been established by
antislavery settles
b) A proslavery grand jury condemned the actions of the settlers and
ordered the sheriff to arrest them as traitors
c) May 21, 1856: an 800 person proslavery armed posse swept into the
town to carryout the will of the grand jury
(1) The posse burned down the antislavery headquarters, destroyed
two newspapers’ printing press, and looted houses and stores
d) Event dubbed “the sack of Lawrence”
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2. The Pottawatomie Massacre
a) New of Lawrence reached John Brown
(1) John Brown: and antislavery fanatic who believed God had
called on him to fight slavery; many believed him to be mentally
unbalanced
(2) He mistakenly believed the posse had killed 5 men and was set
on revenge
b) A group led by Brown and included his sons, pulled 5 men out of bed
in the proslavery settlement of Pottawatomie Creek
(1) They cut off the men’s hands and stabbed them with
broadswords
c) Massacre sparked dozens of incidents throughout Kansas
d) 200 people were killed
(1) Brown fled Kansas
e) People began calling the territory “Bloody Kansas” because it had
become a violent battleground
C. Violence in the Senate
1. May 19, 1856: Senator Charles Sumner (MA) delivered an impassioned
speech for two days that attacked his colleagues for their support of slavery
a) Was very abusive towards South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler for
his proslavery beliefs and making fun of his impaired speech
2. May 22: Butler’s nephew, Congressman Preston Brooks, walked into the
Senate chamber and to Sumner’s desk
a) Brooks made some comments and then struck Butler over the head
with his cane five or six times until the cane broke
b) Sumner went into shock and suffered brain damage; he did not return
to Congress for 3 years
3. Reactions
a) South applauded him and many sent him new canes; the city of
Charleston, South Carolina even sent him a cane with the engraving, “Hit
Him Again”
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b) Northerners condemned the act as another example of Southern
brutality and antagonism towards free speech
D. John Brown and Harpers Ferry (p. 302-3)
1. John Brown was studying slave uprisings that occurred in Ancient Rome felt
the US was ripe for such an uprising
2. October 16, 1859: Brown led a group of 18 men, black and white, into
Harpers Ferry, VA (now part of WV)
a) Aim was to seize the federal arsenal there and distribute the stolen
arms to slaves in the area to start a slave uprising
3. Local troops killed 8 of Brown’s men
4. US Marines led by Robert E. Lee stormed the location where Brown and his
men had barricaded themselves; killing 2 more men an capturing Brown
5. Brown was turned over to VA and tried for treason
6. On December 2, 1859 Brown was hanged for treason
a) Many people condemned his actions but there were extremists were on
both sides
(1) North
(a) Some northerners expressed admiration for Brown’s
actions
(b) Some considered him a martyr for the cause of freedom
(c) Guns fired salutes
(d) Crowds listened to fiery speeches denouncing slavery
(2) South
(a) Mobs of southerners attacked people they suspected of
holding antislavery views
(b) Were convinced northerners were plotting slave
uprisings across the country
(c) Many long-term Union supporters were calling for
secession
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X. Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 (p. 299-300)
A. Dred Scott was a slave whose owner took him from Missouri (salve state) to Illinois
and Wisconsin (free states) and back to Missouri
B. Scott sued his owner for his freedom on the grounds that living in a free state
(Illinois) and a free territory (Wisconsin) had man him a free man
C. Missouri State Supreme Court ruled in favor of Scott’s owner, John F. A. Sanford
D. Case was appealed to the US Supreme Court
E. 2 essential issues
1. Was Scott a citizen of the US?
a) If not, he could not have sued in a federal court and thus the case
would have been thrown out
2. Did residence in a free territory make Scott a free man, even though he
returned to a slave state?
F. Decision was handed down on March 6, 1857
G. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote the majority opinion
1. According to Taney’s interpretation of the Constitution, Scott lacked the legal
standing to sue in a federal court because he was not and could never be a citizen
2. African-Americans were “a subordinate and inferior class of beings… with no
rights which the white man was bound to respect”
3. Being in a free territory did not make a slave free
a) 5th Amendment protected property and for territories to exclude
slavery would deprive slave-owners of their property
4. Basically ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
a) 1st time since Marbury v. Madison that the Court ruled an act of
Congress was unconstitutional
5. The decision not only permitted the expansion of slavery, but guaranteed it
H. Two justices disagreed because several colonies and states had allowed blacks to vote
I. Reactions
1. Sectional passions exploded
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a) Northerners were talked of abuse of government power
b) Southerners were ecstatic
XI. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (p. 290-1)
A. Book published in 1853 by Harriet Beecher Stowe
B. Created strong reactions from North and South
C. An Immediate bestseller
D. Dozens of traveling theater companies performed dramatized version across the
country
E. The story told the message of slavery that was not just political but also a great
morale struggle
1. Showed slavery as evil and damaging to families, white and black
F. North increased protests against the Fugitive Slave Act
G. South criticized the book as an attack on the South; some southern authors wrote
novels that tried to show the book as a bunch of lies
XII. Election of 1860
A. The Candidates (p. 304)
1. Republicans supported Lincoln
a) Pledged to end the spread of slavery but would not interfere with them
or their slaves
2. Northern Democrats supported Douglas
a) Believed in popular sovereignty
3. Southern Democrats supported John C. Breckinridge
a) Supported the Dred Scott decision
4. Constitutional Union Party supported John Bell (TN)
a) Formed from the Know-Nothings, Whigs from the south, and
moderates from the north
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b) Ignored the issue of slavery
5. Lincoln won, but with less than half of the popular vote, and received no
electoral votes from the south
6. Had sectional, not national, support
7. Won every free state but didn’t even appear on the ballot in many southern
states
B. Southern Reaction (p. 304)
1. South viewed Lincoln as a “black Republican” and the greatest evil ever to
fallen the country
2. South viewed the struggle over slavery as a conflict between states’ rights and
federal government control
3. The south was convinced they had lost their voice in the national government
and decided to act
4. December 20, 1860 South Carolina seceded from the Union
C. Reasons (p.304-5)
1. Preservation of States rights
a) Some took this to mean the complete independence of Southern states
from federal government control
2. Continuance of the slave labor system
3. Fear that the end of their way of life was near and the only way to preserve
their lives was secession
D. Other States Followed (p. 305)
1. Mississippi seceded on January 9, 1861
2. Florida on January 10, 1861
3. Within weeks, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas seceded
E. The Confederate States of America (p. 305)
1. February 4, 1861: Delegates from the secessionists states met in Montgomery,
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Alabama and formed the Confederate States of America
2. Confederate Constitution resembled the US Constitution with some
differences
a) Protected and recognized slavery in new territories
b) Stressed each state’s sovereignty and independence
(1) This would end up causing problems and hindering unity
during the war
3. January 9, delegates elected former Senator Jefferson Davis (MS) President
and former Congressman Alexander Stephens (GA) Vice President
F. Where Are We Going? (p. 305)
1. As Lincoln’s inauguration drew near, people wondered about the fate of the
nation:
a) 7 slave states had succeeded; 8 remained
(1) People wondered if they would succeeded too
2. President Buchannan said secession was illegal, but that it was also illegal for
him to do anything about it
3. DC was a Southern City with secessionists in Congress, all federal
departments, and the president’s cabinet
a) Many people resigned their positions within the government
(1) Many people thought the federal government was melting
away
4. The south had threaten secession so much that when it happened, no one was
surprised, but the question remained: Would the North let the South leave the
Union without a fight?
XIII. Ft. Sumner
A. Confederate Actions (p. 312)
1. Confederate soldiers began taking over federal institutions, courthouses, post
offices, and forts, shortly after forming the Confederacy
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2. By time of Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861, only 4 southern forts
remained in Union hands
a) Most important was Ft. Sumter on an island in the Charleston harbor
3. On March 5, Lincoln received word that the Confederacy was demanding the
Union surrender Fort Sumner or face attack
4. Lincoln had a dilemma:
a) He could order the US Navy to force its way into Charleston harbor
and reinforce the fort which would make him responsible for starting
hostilities between the North and South which might prompt the reaming
slave states to secede
b) If he order the fort evacuated, he would be treating the Confederacy as
a legitimate foreign nation with the right to evict foreigners from its
territory which would anger the Republican Party, weaken his
administration, and endanger the Union by encouraging foreign
governments to recognize the Confederacy
B. Shots Fired (p. 313)
1. Lincoln did not reinforce or evacuate the fort; he only sent in food
2. Now Davis faced a dilemma
a) He could do nothing which would hurt the image of the Confederacy
as a sovereign nation which might prompt some Confederates to rejoin the
Union
b) If he ordered an attack, he would turn peaceful secession to war
3. At 4:30 am on April 12 Confederate soldiers started bombing the fort until the
Union Commander surrendered
a) Many people watched and cheered
C. Results (p. 313)
1. News united the North
2. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 3 months
a) Volunteers rushed to serve the Union
(1) Iowa: 20 times the quota volunteered; Indiana: 2 times
3. Lincoln’s request angered the South
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a) April 17: Virginia seceded because they were unwilling to fight
against the South
(1) Virginia leaving was bad for the Union because Virginia was
one of the largest states, population wise, was very industrialized,
especially with ironworks and navy, and was very prestigious
because 7 former presidents had been Virginians
b) May: Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee seceded
4. The western counties of Virginia were antislavery so they seceded from
Virginia and were admitted to the Union in 1863 as West Virginia
5. In the end, 11 states seceded but four slave states remained; Maryland,
Kentucky, Delaware, and Missouri
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