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SOC101 REVIEWS FOR CHAPTER 1-20
Dr. Ji
SOC 101
Review List for Chapter 1
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Note:
This review provides you with some of the terms, definitions, events, names of
sociologists, and others associated to the course covered. However, they are not inclusive
or comprehensive but just part of the content. Students who wish to obtain good results in
their test scores, are strongly advised to read all pages of the chapter.
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Terms
Sociological perspective, social context, sociological imagination, social problems,
individual problems, social sciences, sociology, Industrial Revolution, American
Revolution, French Revolution, technology, global village, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim,
August Comte, social statics, social dynamics, positivism, social forces, social
integration, class conflict, bourgeoisie, proletariat, capitalism, working class, George
Mead, Symbolic Interactionism, symbols, Talcott Parsons, Structural Functionalism,
institutions, statuses, roles, functions, manifest functions, latent functions, dysfunctions,
Max Weber, social facts, verstehen
Concepts
Sociology-scientific study of human behavior
Social theory- a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and
how they work.
Goal of science-explain social phenomena and make generalizations
Pure sociology-discover life in human group but not change
Applied sociology- apply sociology to solve social problems
Karl Marx-founder of Conflict Theory, bourgeoisie, proletariat, means of production,
Emile Durkheim-social facts (pattern of behavior), social integration, suicide, anomie,
Max Weber-Protestant ethic & capitalism, objectivity & value-free, Verstehen (insight
understanding)
C. Wright Mills- sociological imagination, personal problems, social problems
August Comte-father of sociology, coined the term of sociology, positivism, objective
observation
George Herbert Mead-development of Symbolic Interactionism, society= everyday
interaction of individuals
Talcott Parsons- Structural Functionalism, Structure-interlocking social organization
(institutions, statuses, roles, etc), functions-meet people’s needs
Robert Merton-manifest function (intended), latent function (unintended), dysfunction
(negative)
Functionalist and Conflict theorists tend to focus on large-scale patterns of society
(Macro-level) while Symbolic interactionalists pay attention to the face-to-face (microlevel)
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Manifest function- intended function
Latent function- unintended function
Dysfunction-negative and hurtful function
Discussion
What is sociology and what is a theory?
Who are the earlier sociologists and what about their sociological perspectives?
What are the differences between Functionalist, Conflict Theorist, and Symbolic
Interactionist’s perspectives?
Dr. Ji
Soc101
Review List for Chapter 2 Culture
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Terms
Culture, language, values, norms, beliefs, mores, folkways, taboo, behaviors, material
objects, material culture, nonmaterial culture, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, cultural
shock, cultural change, gathering & hunting, herding and horticulture, agriculture,
industrialism, post industrial, symbols, culture specific, cultural transmission, The SapirWhorf Hypothesis, sanction, pluralistic society, subcultures, countercultures, ideal
culture, real culture, cultural diffusion, cultural leveling, gestures(culture specific).
Concepts
Material culture-all tangible products of a society, cars, clothing, housings, TVs, planes,
etc.
Nonmaterial culture-all intangible products of a society, laws, ideas, values, beliefs,
norm, etc
Cultural relativism-understand a people from the framework of its own culture.
Ethnocentrism-using one=s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of individual
or society
Cultural shock= the disorientation people experience when they come in contact with a
fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted
assumptions about life.
Gestures=using one=s body to communicate/culture specific.
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis= language determines our consciousness and our
perceptions of life around us.
Values= standards by which people define good and bad, beautiful and ugly.
Norms= the expected behaviors that develop out of a society=s values.
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Three types of norms= mores, folkways, and taboos.
Mores= of great significance. The norms that are strictly enforced
Folkways= of little moral significance. The norms that are not strictly enforced
Taboos= norms that are strongly prohibited because they bring about revulsion if
violated.
Subculture= a group that has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time
their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society.
Counterculture= groups whose values and norms are in opposition to mainstream culture.
Ideal culture= the ideal values and norms of a people, the goals held out fro them.
Real culture= the norms and values that people actually follow.
Cultural universals= a value, norm, pr other cultural trait that is found in every group.
Cultural diffusion= the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another.
People in one group adapt some part of another group=s material and/or nonmaterial
culture.
Cultural leveling= the process by which cultures become more similar to each other as a
result of travel and communication.
Discussion
What are culture and its components?
What are values and social norms?
What are the differences between subculture and counterculture?
What are the dominant values in the United States?
Discuss the terms of cultural diffusion, cultural leveling, ideal culture, and real culture.
Dr. Ji
SOC101
Review Chapter 3 Socialization
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Terms
Feral children, isolation, peer group, institutionalization, deprivation, heredity, social
environment, personality, socialization, nature, nurture, gender, ascribed status, achieved status,
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self, mind, significant others, id, ego, superego, agents, re-socialization, first group, secondary
group, looking glass-self, total institution, life course,
Concepts
Peer group= people of the same age and sharing common interests.
Ascribed statuses=positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily in life
Achieved statuses=positions that are earned or involve some efforts on the individual part
Studies of isolated and institutionalized children point out the importance of intimate early social
interaction in acquiring the basic “human” traits we take for granted
Charles Horton Cooley=we develop a self-concept when we interact with others
“Looking-glass self”= describe the process by which we develop a sense of self (Charles Horton
Cooley coined the term)
George Herbert Mead =we acquire a sense of self when we learn to take the role of the other
Significant others= Mead’s term, meaning people who have significant influence on you such as
parents, siblings, relatives, friends, colleagues, etc.
Role taking- four stages to develop: imitation, playing, game, and generalized others stages.
Piaget-the development of reasoning skills (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational,
and formal operational)
Development of personality =Id, Ego, Superego by Freud.
Id-the inborn drive for self gratification such as cries of hunger or pain; basic demanding needs
and pleasure seeking aspect of our personality (food, safety, sex, etc.)
Superego-the moral component of our personality. It is the conscience. It represents culture
within us-the norms and values. It gives us sense of guilty when break social rules and pride when
we follow them. It is our social self.
Ego-the balancing force between the ID and the demands of society that suppress it
Agents of socialization=people who influence our self-concept, attitudes, and behaviors.
Sex=biologically determined, male or female.
Gender=socially determined distribution of work, income, position simply based on who are
males or females.
Agents of socialization=family, religion, school, day care, peer groups, mass media, internet, etc.
Resocialization=process of learning new norms, values and behaviors.
The “looking-glass self”= Our sense of self is developed from interaction with others. The self is
socially created.
Total institution- a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and controlled by
officials who run the place (prison, military, mental institutions, etc.)
Life course-the sequence of events experienced from birth to death (childhood, adolescence,
young adulthood, the middle years, later middle years, early older, & later older).
Discussion
What are socialization and human nature (nature or nurture)?
What is self and why is self the result of conversation between I and me based on Mead?
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Discuss the four stages of role taking – imitation, play, game, and generalized others based on
Mead.
How does Charles Horton Cooley’s “Looking Glass Self” illustrate the formulation of a person’s
self-concept?
How does Sigmund Freud use the concept of “ID, The Super Ego, and The Ego” to illustrate the
development of personality?
What are the stages in the life course?
Dr. Ji
Soc101
Review List for Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Terms
Macrosociological & microsociological perspectives, social institutions, social structure, roles,
social class, culture, groups, status, achieved status, ascribed status, status symbol, master status,
status set, status inconsistency, voluntary & involuntary memberships, social cohesion,
mechanical & organic solidarity, Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft, stereotypes, role strain, role
conflict, ethnomethodology, dramaturgy, front stage, back stage, social setting, sign-vehicles,
Thomas Theorem
Concepts
Macrosociology-broader feature of social structure (functionalist and conflict perspectives)
Microsociology-face-to-face social interaction (symbolic perspective)
Social structure-framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups
to one another, which give direction to and set limits on behavior
Social class-consists of large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and
education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige.
Status-position one occupies; status set-all the statuses or positions one occupies;
Ascribed statuses- inheriting at birth or receiving involuntarily later in life;
Achieved statuses- obtained at least in part through individual effort
Master status (sex, race, disabled, ethnicity)-primary relative to and overshadow all other statuses
Status inconsistency-a contradiction or mismatch between statuses.
Roles comprise the expectations, obligations, privileges,behaviors attached to a social position
Groups consist of people who regularly interact with one another and, usually, share similar
values, norms, and expectations.
Voluntary membership-social group one chooses to belong such as sports club, music band, etc.
Involuntary memberships- social groups involved in an involuntary association with other
membership but one has little option to belong such as family, gender, ethnic groups, etc.
Social institutions (family, education, religion, the law, politics, economics, science, medicine,
the military, mass media)- are the organized ways that each society develops to meet its basic
needs of society.
Mechanical solidarity-a shared consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the
similar tasks.
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Organic solidarity-based on interdependence brought about by the division of labor
Gemeinschaft- based on traditional society in which life is intimate and people share a sense of
togetherness
Gesellschaft- characterized by modern industrialized society in which life is impersonal, shortterm relationships, self-interests, and impersonal association.
Stereotypes-simplified generalization about people or things, often biased point of views about
people or things. Assumptions about what people or things are like.
Role strain-conflict one feels within the same role
Role conflict-what is expected of us is incompatible with what is expected of us in another role.
Social cohesion-the degree to which members of society feel united by shared values and bonds
Social setting-place where action takes place
Manner-attitudes when playing roles
Sign-vehicles-social settings, our appearance and manner, which are used to communicate
information about ourselves
Thomas Theorem-if people define situations real, they are real in their consequences.
Discussion
Define social structure and discuss its significance.
List social institutions and their functions?
What are the statuses, master status, roles, role strains, role conflicts, the differences between
ascribed and achieved statuses, and the difference between a status and a role?
What are groups, voluntary and involuntary memberships, and the significance of groups?
What are social cohesion, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity based on Email Durkheim?
What is the difference between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft as termed by Ferdinand Tonnis?
What is the Thomas Theorem?
Dr. Ji
Soc101
Review List for Chapter 5 Ideal Research Model
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Basic Terms
Hypothesis, research method, variable, operational definition, validity, reliability, survey,
participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, unobtrusive measures, experiments,
replication, population, sample, random sample, stratified random sample, interviews, mail
questionnaires, generalizability, mean, median, mode, biased sample, biased questions, the
Hawthorne Experiment, quantitative methods, qualitative method
Basic Concepts
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A hypothesis predicts a relationship between or among variables, according to predictions from a
theory.
A variable=a factor thought to be significant for human behavior and varies from one case to
another.
Research method=any of the six methods used to conduct social research: survey, participant
observation, secondary analysis, documents, unobtrusive measures, and experiments.
Reliability refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.
Random sample, everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study
A correlation coefficient measures the strength of the relationship between two variables.
A spurious correlation=a relationship between variables is explained away by a third variable.
Operational definition=the actual indicator used in a measured hypothesis.
Validity=the extent to which an operational definition measures what it was intended to measure.
Reliability= the extent to which research produces consistent results.
Surveys=collecting data by asking people a series of questions.
Participant observation=collecting data by watching people’s behavior.
Secondary analysis=analyzing data collected by others.
Documents= written sources such as books, newspapers, diaries, bank records, police reports or
files, etc.
Unobtrusive measures=observing the behaviors of people who do not know they are being
watched and studied.
Experiments=the use of control group and experimental group to test the causation relationship
between dependent and independent variables.
Replication=Repeating of the same study to see if similar results can come out.
Population=a total membership of a defined class of people. All cases of the targeted group
Sample= a subset of cases selected from a population.
Random sample=a sample in which every one has the same chances of being selected.
Stratified random sample= specific subgroups of the targeted population in which everyone has
an equal chance of being included.
Generalizability= the extent to which findings from one sample can be generalized to a larger
population.
Mode=the mostly frequently occurring scores
Median = the middle point dividing scores in two half: one half above the point and another half
below the point
Mean =mathematical average
The Hawthorne Experiment=people were found to change their behavior because they realize
they were being studied, not due to any variables being introduced to the experiment.
Quantitative research methods= research in which the emphasis is placed on precise
measurement, the use of statistics and numbers.
Qualitative research methods=research in which the emphasis is placed on observing, describing,
interpreting people’s behavior.
Dr. Ji
Soc101
Review List Chapter 6 Societies to Social Networks
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Terms
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Group, hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, industrial, post-industrial, Agricultural,
division of labor, Alienation, secondary group, clique, community, primary, out-group,
secondary group, reference group, a double standard, monopolies, dyads, triads, triangles,
expressive, laissez-faire, instrumental, authoritarian
Concepts
Society=consists of people who share a culture and a territory.
Hunting and gathering societies=societies with the fewest social divisions, the most egalitarian
group of all societies, and the simplest society.
Pastoral society-based on pasturing of animals and nomadic in nature
Horticultural society=based on cultivation of plants leading to permanent settlement
Agricultural society=invention of the plow, creation of surplus food, dawn of civilization
Industrial society=invention of steam engine, manual labor placed by machines, inequality
increases
Postindustrial society-invention of the microchips, featuring in technology, information, and
services
Group= members having something in common and believe that what they have in common
makes a difference.
Aggregates=individuals temporarily share same physical space (drivers in a traffic jam)
Category=people having similar characteristics, not necessarily interacting to each other
A primary group=characterized by an intimate, a long-term, face-to-face association and
cooperation
Secondary group=characterized by larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, more formal,
and more impersonal
In-Groups=groups toward which we feel loyalty such as police or army unit
Out-Group=groups toward which we feel antagonisms such as the “three KKK”-Ku Klux Klan.
Reference groups=groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves such as families, classmates,
coworkers, teachers, etc.
Cliques=a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
Electronic community=individuals who interact with one another on the Internet
Social networks=the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together
Group dynamics = the ways in which individuals affect groups and groups affect individuals
Small group=a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members
Dyad =the smallest possible group consisting of two people, the most unstable group because of
its size
Triad=a group of three people, the larger the group, the more complex the relationships in
between
Types of leaders: Instrumental leader=task-oriented leader trying to keep the group moving to
reach the goal. Expressive leader=socio-emotional leader trying to increasing harmony and
minimizing conflicts in a group.
Leadership style: Authoritarian=leading by giving orders. Democratic= leading by trying to gain
a consensus. Laissez-faire= leading by giving highly permissive
Anomie=generally occurs when people feel a sense of detachment and of not belonging
Discussion
What are a group, and the difference between a group and a society?
Discuss the five types of societies and four revolutions with the technology invented.
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Discuss types of groups in societies and their significance related.
What are group dynamics and the differences between a Dyad and a Triad.
What are the types of leaders and leadership styles?
Dr. Ji
Review Chapters 9-11
SOC101
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Review for Chapter 9 Global Stratification
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Terms
Social stratification, hierarchy, elites, slavery, caste, estate, social class, social mobility, open
class, closed caste, endogamous social relations, exogamous social relations, means of
production, bourgeoisie, proletariat, components of social class, property, prestige, power, scarce
resources, stratification universal, functionalist perspectives, conflict perspectives, status quo,
ideology versus force, social networks, global stratification, colonialism, world system theory,
dependency theory, culture of poverty, neocolonialism, multinational corporations,
Concepts
Social stratification=the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative
power, property, and prestige.
Elites=top leaders of a society whose decisions influence the whole of its people, consisting of
politicians, military leaders, and leaders in big corporations.
Slavery=ownership of people by others
Caste=status is determined by birth and life long
Estate=consisting three groups” the nobility, the clergyman, and the commoners.
Class-primarily based on possession of money. Can move up or down the social class ladders.
Bourgeoisie=capitalist who own means of production
Proletarian=working class who sell their labors to capitalists
Colonialism=the process by which one nation takes over another nation usually for the purpose of
exploiting its labor and natural resources.
World System Theory=world is divided by four interconnected nations: the first is core nations
that are the most advanced industrialized; second is periphery nations that trade with the core; the
third is periphery fringe nations that sell crops to the first; and the fourth is the external areas that
left behind development have few connection with the first.
Culture of Poverty=having a culture that the way of life that perpetuates poverty from generation
to generation.
Neocolonialism=the economic and political dominance of the least industrialized countries by the
most industrialized nations. The least developed dependent on the most developed.
Multinational Corporations=companies that operate across national boundaries, helping maintain
the global dominance of the most industrialized nations.
Ideology=a system of beliefs
Weber’s three components of social class” property, power, and prestige
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Immanuel Wallerstein’s world systems, core, semi-periphery/trade, periphery/crops, external/left
behind
Globalization=process in which extensive movement of capital and ideas among world nations
Discussion
What is stratification?
How many systems of social stratification are there?
Why is social stratification universal?
What are the causes/theories of global stratification?
Compare Karl Marx and Max Weber’s explanations of social class system.
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Review for Chapter 10 Social Class in the United States
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Terms
Social class, power, wealth, status symbols, status inconsistency, power elite, prestige, haves and
havenots, endogamy, consequences of social class, technology, family life, politics, religion,
health care, mental illness, capitalist, upper middle, lower middle, working class, working poor,
underclass, structural/exchange/mobility, intergenerational mobility, feminization of poverty,
culture of poverty, social structure, individual characteristics, deferred gratification, personal
problems, social problems.
Concepts
Social class=Weber/a large number of people who rank closely to one another
Status inconsistency=a situation in which individuals are ranked high on some dimensions of
social class and low on other dimensions.
Power=the ability to carry out your will in spite of resistance.
Power elite=Mill’s term/the top people in US corporations, military and politics who make the
nation’s major decision.
Prestige=respect or regard
High prestige occupations are characterized by higher education, more pay, more abstract
thought, and greater autonomy.
Capitalist=having power, wealth, and prestige, either from old money or new money, investors
and heirs.
Upper middle=most shaped by education, working as managers and having some authority.
Lower middle=having job slightly more prestigious with income slightly higher than working
class
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Working class=having less education, relatively unskilled & lower income, working as
blue/white-collar Working poor=mostly high school dropouts, unskilled, low-paying, temporary
or seasonal jobs, dependent upon food stamps
Underclass=less/no education, little/ no access to job market, live in inner city, temporary jobs,
low-paying, unstable, homeless, dependent upon welfare and food stamps.
Intergenerational mobility=upward or downward movement in social class by family members
from one generation to the next.
Structural mobility=upward or downward social mobility of individuals caused by changes in
technology or social movement, such as computers created thousands of jobs for some while
many being laid off because their skills are out-dated.
Exchange mobility=approximately same numbers of people move up and down the social ladder
so that the result of the mobility is roughly on balance.
Feminization of poverty=a trend in US poverty whereby most poor families are headed by
women
Culture of poverty=based on the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor are
fundamentally different from other people in the society
Social structure=the framework that surrounds us, consisting of relationships of people and
groups to one another, which gives direction to and set limits on behavior.
Deferred gratification=giving up something in the present for the sake of greater gains in future.
Personal problems=faced by insignificant group of people or persons. Only a small proportion of
people are affected in society.
Social problems=affect a large group of people in society such as unemployment due to terrorism,
divorce rate, lay off workers due to changes in technology, etc.
Discussion
Which social class model sounds more reasonable, Karl Marx’s or Max Weber’s? Why?
Do you agree with the six-social-class model as proposed by Gilbert and Kahl?
What are the consequences of social class?
What is social mobility? What are the differences between generational mobility, social structural
mobility, and exchange mobility?
Why are people poor, due to individual characteristics or due to social structure?
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Review for Chapter 11 Sex and Gender
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Basic Terms
Sex, gender, biological characteristics, social characteristics, gender stratification,
anthropology, culture, nature and nurture, sex typed activities, minority group, female
inequality, reproduction, patriarchal society, feminism, the National Women=s Party
(NWP), sexism, physical abuse, glass ceiling, Mommy Track, sexual harassment, abuse
of power, domestic violence, stereotypes,
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Basic Concepts
Sex=biological characteristics that distinguish females and males, consisting primary and
secondary sex characteristics
Gender=social characteristics that a society considers are proper behaviors for males and
females
Gender stratification=the unequal access to power, prestige, and property based on a
person=s sex
Patriarchy= a society in which men dominate women
Matriarchy=a society in which women dominate men
Sex typing=the association of behaviors with one sex or the other
Feminism=the philosophy that men and women should be politically, economically, and
socially equal and that biology is not destiny
Minority group= a group that is discriminated against on the basis of its members=
physical or cultural characteristics
Sexual harassment= the abuse of one=s position of authority to force unwanted sexual
demands on someone.
Masculinity= trait that are associated with men such as aggressiveness, independence,
dominance, predisposition to math and sciences, etc.
Femininity=traits that are associated with women such as passiveness, dependence,
predisposition to arts and literature, etc.
Feminism=men and women should be politically, economically, and socially equal and
organized activity on behalf of this principle
NWP=the National Women’s Party, established in 1916 to fight for equal right for
women
Gender defines what is masculine and feminine.
Mommy Track= emphasizes both career and family, less expectation of a woman but
encourage women more committed to family work
Fast track=high powered and demanding positions such as out-of town meetings so that
there is limited time out of work
Glass ceiling=top line beyond which women find it difficult to get promoted
Sexual harassment=the abuse of one’s position of authority to force unwanted sexual
demands on someone
Family violence=violence related to family maltreatment, physical and metal abuse,
rapes, verbal threats, neglect, etc. It includes child abuse, sibling abuse, spousal abuse,
elderly abuse, etc.
Discussion
Why do we say that gender is socially determined?
Why do we say females become a minority group?
What do you think of the argument that “the differences between males and females’
behavior are solely socially determined?”
What do you think of the argument that “the differences between males and females’
behavior are solely biologically determined?”
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Illustrate the global gender inequality.
SOC 101
Review List for Chapters 13, 15, 16, 18, and 20
Dr. Ji
SOC101
Review Chapter 13 The Elderly
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Basic Terms
Aging, genetic, biological, psychological, sociological, political, graying of America,
ageism, elderly abuse, social theories of aging, disengagement theory, activity theory,
social reconstruction, exchange theory, the political economy of aging, social security
cost, medicare, medicaid, intergenerational conflict, the Gray Panthers, nursing care,
elderly abuse, the sociology of death and dying hospices, suicide, age structure
Basic Concepts
Life span=refers to the maximum length of life of a species
Life course=refers to various stages of one’s life from birth to death
Life expectancy=the number of years that an average newborn can expect to live
Graying of America= a term that refers to the rising proportion of older people as a
percentage of the US population
Ageism=refers to prejudice, discrimination, and hostility against people because of their
age
Age cohort= people born at approximately the same time who pass through the life
course together
Age structure=refers to age compositions of a population, consisting of sex composition
and age composition, usually illustrated by an age pyramid
Dependency ratio=number of workers required to support dependent members of
65+&<15.
Institutional death=death when patients are dying in a hospital
Disengagement theory=the view that society prevents disruption by having the elderly
vacate (disengage from) their position of responsibility so the younger generation can
step into their shoes
Activity theory= the view that satisfaction during old age is related to a person=s level
and quality of activity
Social reconstruction=the concept of aging is socially constructed and can be
reconstructed by society.
Exchange theory=as the old possess fewer resources, continued interactions with older
people gets more costly. As a result, older people decrease their participation in social life
and only those who have necessary resources to sustain a relationship with other age
groups remain actively engaged in ongoing social affairs.
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The political economy of aging=drawn from Marxism that social programs directed
toward the elderly more beneficial to capitalist interests rather than to the elderly.
Focusing on the state and its relations to the economy in a capitalist society
Discussion
What are population aging and ageism?
What are the three patterns of age structure?
What are the differences between life expectancy, life span, life cycle, and life course?
What are the theories about population aging?
How do the three theoretical perspectives interpret population aging?
**********
Dr. Ji
Soc. 101
Review List for Chapter 15 Politics
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Basic Terms and Concepts
Micropolitics, macropolitics, politics, power, authority, coercion, forms of authority, written
rules, personal abilities/qualities, state, totalitarian regime, monarchies, democracies,
dictatorships, oligarchies, Democrats and Republicans, Libertarians, Reform Party, Lobbyists,
Political action committee, power elite, top corporate, military, political leaders, congress,
legislators, interest-group leaders, local opinion leaders, masses of people, unorganized,
exploited, mostly disinterested, terrorism, biological terrorism, peace keeper, government, labor,
consumers, big business, war, globalization of capitalism,
Basic Concepts
Micropolitics=the exercise of power in everyday life
Macropolitics=the exercise of large scale power over a large group
Politics=the process of establishing leadership through power, authority (legitimate power), and
coercion (illegitimate power).
Power=the ability to get your way in spite of the resistance of others
Authority= (legitimate power) have three forms: traditional, rational-legal, and charismatic
Authority is legitimized power. Authority permits legitimized violence
Coercion=power that people do not accept as just
Traditional authority=based on custom and declines with industrialization
Rational-legal authority=based on written rules, and essential in bureaucracies
Charismatic authority=based on personal abilities/qualities
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Monarchies=king or queen who passes rule to heirs
Democracies=power to the common people/Kratos to the demos
Dictatorships=an individual who dictates his/her will onto the people
Oligarchies=a dictatorship run by a small group of people
Lobbyists= people who are paid to influence legislation on behalf of their clients
Political Action Committee (PAC)=organization which solicits contributions from like-minded
donors for the purpose of influencing legislation.
Model of countervailing forces=competing power sectors may form coalitions to prevent the
uncontrolled expansion of another sector.
Wright Mill’s Model of Power in US= The top corporate, military, and political leaders
State=a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in some particular territory
Totalitarian=a form of government that exerts almost total control over the people
War=armed conflict between nations or politically distinct groups; although common, war is not
universal; nations go to war for a variety of reasons.
Terrorism=with hatred that span generations and with opposing groups escalating hostilities. To
kill, kidnap, bombing, murder, and threat.
Cost of war= trillions of dollars, millions of lives, suffering and hardships, fear and paranoia of
the masses, the end of mankind.
Biological terrorism=thinking the unthinkable; the bomb is not the only weapon of mass
destruction; biologicals could kill millions in days; such weapons are possible even for the poorer
nations.
Globalization of capitalism=the worldwide flow of information, capital, and goods
STUDENTS PRESENTATION TOPICS
1
What are the relationships between power, authority, and coercion?
2
What are the differences between the three forms of authority?
3
What are the distinctions of the four types of government?
4
What are the primary characteristics of the political system in America?
5
What is C. Wright Mills’ model of power elites in America?
6
Who really rules the United States?
7
How to distinguish power and authority?
8
What are the Functionalist and Conflict perspective on US political system?
9
What do you think of the roles of lobbyists and interest groups?
10
Are politics important? Why?
16
**********
Dr. Ji
SOC101
Review Chapter 16 The Family
______________________________________________________________________________
Basic Terms
Family, marriage, family forms, monogamy, polygamy, polygyny, polyandry, household, nuclear
family, extended family, family orientation, family of procreation, patriarchy, matriarchy,
endogamy, exogamy, patrilineal, matrilineal, egalitarianism, homogamy, heterogamy,
masculinity, femininity, marriage squeeze, two separate marriages, mate selection, descent,
inheritance, life course, life cycle, life span, life expectancy, empty nest, family structure, divorce
patterns, bargaining power, family violence, spousal abuse, marital rape, incest, battering rape,
perverted rape
Basic Concepts
Family=two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption.
Marriage=culturally approved relationship, usually between two individuals, that provides for a
degree of economic cooperation, intimacy, and sexual activity.
Family forms=refers to the marriage pattern of monogamy or polygamy
Monogamy=one spouse at one time
Polygamy= more than one spouse at one time. Polygamy has two types: polygyny that a man with
multiple wives and polyandry that a woman with multiple husbands.
Household=consists of people who occupy the same housing unit, apartment, house, etc.
Nuclear family=a family with husband, wife, and children
Extended family=all other relatives such aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. Live together
Family orientation=the family in which one grows up
Family of procreation=the family that is formed when a couple has their first child.
Function of a family= economic, recreation, socialization, sexual control, care for the sick and
elderly, and reproduction.
Conflict theory=family struggling for scare resources in time, energy, leisure, personal activities,
Symbolic interactionalism=wife and husband view marriages differently: two separate marriageshis and hers.
Descent=descendent from an ancient family, ancestor, tribe, or family tree.
Inheritance=property or wealth left by or handed down from parents, grandparents, etc.
Filter theory=mate selection through a filter based on: propinquity, social background, physical
attractiveness, compatibility, and balance sheet.
Life course=the stages of our life as we go from birth to death.
Life cycle=the stages of marital life from courtship, marriage, childbearing, and rearing to later
years.
Life span= longest life human can live, usually referring to a spices. More constant.
Life expectancy=actual average life estimated at one=s birth. More changeable.
Family violence=violence related to family maltreatment, physical and mental abuse, rape, verbal
threats, neglect, etc. It usually includes spousal abuse, child abuse, sibling abuse, and elderly
abuse.
Marital rape=forced sexual intercourse between husbands and wives. It consists of three types:
nonbattering rape, battering rape, and perverted rape.
Incest=-sexual intercourse between parents and children, siblings, or relatives.
17
TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
1
How do you define the term of a family?
2
How many family types are there in today’s American society?
3
Are families functioning well in the present American society?
4
Why some people view a marriage as a two marriages in one or a two separate
marriages-his and hers?
5
What are the advantages and disadvantages of dating system?
6
Why do Americans have higher divorce rate?
7
How do you view the family trend in present USA?
8
Are families declining?
9
How to obtain and maintain the family strength?
10
What are the factors that contribute to a happy marriage and happy family life?
**********
Dr. Ji
SOC101
Review Chapter 18 Religion
________________________________________________________________________
Terms
Religion, sacred, rituals, moral community, beliefs, function of religion, dysfunction of
religion, religious symbols, religious experience, community, the sigh of the oppressed
creature, the spirit of capitalism, the Protestant ethic, the rise of Calvinism, a reflection of
inequality, a legitimation of social inequalities, the opium of the people, state religion,
civil religion, cults, sects, church, ecclesia, denomination, evangelism, fundamentalism,
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, secularization of
religion and culture
Concepts
Religion- a system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, which is defined by
three elements: beliefs, practice, and a moral community
Beliefs- some things are sacred, forbidden, set off from the profane
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Sacred- Durkheim’s term for things set apart or forbidden, that inspire fear, awe,
reverence, or deep respect
Profane- Durkheim’s term for common elements of everyday life
Rituals- ceremonies or repetitive practices such as kneeling, praying, bowing, crossing
oneself, singing, lighting candles, etc. to help unite people into a moral community.
Moral community- a community based on a common moral belief
Religious experience- a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in
contact with God
Function of religion- meaning of life, emotional support, social solidarity, everyday life
guideline, social control, adaptation, support for the government, social change
Dysfunction of religion- war and religious persecution
State religion- a government sponsored religion
Civil religion- Robert Bellah’s term for religion that is such an established feature of a
country’s life that its history and social institutions become sanctified by being associated
with God
Born again- a description of a life-transforming religious experience that people feel they
have become new persons
Modernization- the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies
Spirit of capitalism- Weber’s term for the desire to accumulate capital as duty – not to
spend it, but as an end in itself- and to constantly reinvest it
Protestant ethic- Weber’s term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life,
accompanied by hard work and frugality
Fundamentalism- the belief that true religion is threatened by modernism and that the
faith as it was originally practiced should be restored
Religious symbols- items used to provide identity and social solidarity for their members
in a given religious belief
Cults- a new religion with few followers, whose teachings put it at odds with the
dominant culture and religion
Sects- a group larger than a cult that still feels substantially hostility from and toward
society
Church - a moral community of believers or a type of religious organization; one of the
three elements of a religion
Ecclesia- also called state religion; a religious group so integrated into the dominant
culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off.
Evangelism- an attempt to win converts
Charisma-more commonly referring to an outstanding “magnetic’ personality; literally,
an extraordinary gift from God.
Denomination- a “brand name” within a major religion, for example, Methodist or
Baptist
Discussion Questions
What are religion and its elements?
What are the functions and dysfunctions of religion?
19
How do Functionalists, Conflict Theorists, and Symbolic Interactionists’ view religion?
What are the major types of religions in the world?
What are the types of religious groups?
Describe the characteristics of religion in the United States?
**********
Dr. Ji
SOC101
Review Chapter 20 Population and Urbanization
________________________________________________________________________
______
Basic Terms
Demography, Malthusian Theorem, the new Malthusians, the anti-Malthusians, growth
exponential, concentric zone model, sector model, multiple-nuclei model, demographic
transition, alienation, community, cosmopolites, ghettos, haves and have nots,
monocentric city, polycentric city, inner suburbs, urban fringe, suburbs, population
pyramid, population projections, population increase, birth rate, death rate, migration,
demographic equation, population shrinkage, crude birth rate, crude death rate,
dependency ratio, net migration, gross migration, zero population growth, urbanization
Basic Concepts
Demography=the scientific study of population
Malthus Theorem=population grows geometrically from 2 to4, to 8 to 16 and so forth; the
food supply increases only arithmetically from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4, and so on. If birth
unchecked, population growth will surpass the food supply. Then the consequences will
be famines, starvation, wars, and diseases.
The New Malthusians=population follows an exponential curve. It is doubled during
roughly same interval of time and then suddenly accelerates
Anti-Malthusians=population do not just reproduce until there is nothing left to go
around. Growth rates tend to balance over time. No evidence feasible to verify Malthus
theory.
Demographic transition=population will transit through three stages from the long run: 1)
high birth and death rates, slow grow; 2) death rate starts declining while birth rate
remains high, high growth rate; 3) birth rate starts to decline while death rate continues to
be low, leading to low growth rate. This theory is based on the population experience in
some European countries.
Alienation= a shift from Gemeinschaft (the sense of community, traditional social control
to the) Gesellshaft (the impersonality, indifferent, modern society.
Community=a place where people identify with, where they sense that they belong and
that others care what happens to them.
Concentric zone model=cities that are formed surrounding one center
20
Sector model=cities that contain several sectors
Multiple-Nuclei model=cities that combine the characteristics of concentric and sector
models with multiple centers and sectors.
Monocentric city= a city with single centric center that consists of central city, suburbs
and urban fringe
Polycentric city=a city with multiple centric centers that include central city, inner
suburbs, and urban fringe; between inner suburbs and urban fringe lie out suburbs where
there are many mini-cities.
Inner suburbs=place immediately surrounding the central city
Urban fringe=the most external place surround a city
Cosmopolites=city=s students, intellectuals, professionals, musicians, artists, and
entertainers, coming to downtown for opportunities and benefits.
Haves and have nots=the rich and the poor
Population pyramid=a graphic representation of a population structure by age and sex
Population projection= estimates for future population.
Population increase=the difference between birth rate and death rate plus net migration
Demographic equation = birth - death + net migration
Crude birth rate=the ratio between number of live birth and total population in a given
area,
Zero population growth=a condition in which women bear only enough children to
reproduce population
Population shrinkage=the process by which a country=s population becomes smaller due
to declining birth rate and low immigration
TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
1
What is the Demographic Transition Theory?
2
Describe the stages of the demographic transition
3
What are the three components of population changes?
4
What is the demographic equation/balancing equation?
5
What is the Malthusian theory?
6
Describe the US urban growth patterns.
7
Describe the models of urban growth.
8
What information can you get from a population pyramid