Government
Economics
Culture
Acropolis
Fortress with walls
Agora
Marketplace and meeting area
Alphabet
Twenty-four letters used to create words
Army
Trained soldiers with helmet,
brestplate, shield, sword, spear,
and use of war chariot
Boats, Merchants, Sailors
Merchant and Fishing ships for
the Mediterranean Sea with sails,
not used for battle
Stone Buildings and Columns
Building made of stone and marble. Columns used
to support and decorate: Ionic, Doric, &
Corinthian.
Assembly
Gathering of citizens to discuss
issues
Craftworkers
Created impressive clay plates,
dishes, goblets and vases
Beautification
Braided hair, used lipstick, eye shadow, perfume,
mirror
City-State
Independent rule of the city and
surrounding farmlands
Pulleys and Screw
Inventions of Archimedes to help
move goods and water
Health: Doctors, Medicine, Water
Hippocrates wrote an oath for doctors to promise
to uphold which is still used today; doctors
promoted good health and exercise, used prayer
and herbal medicine; there were two systems for
water, clean water and drainage were kept
separate to prevent the spread of disease.
Courts and Jury
Guilt and innocence was
determined by juries of over 200
people. Citizens served on the
jury by lottery or volunteered.
Democracy
Rule by the people; all citizens
voted on all issues began by
Solon and Cleisthenes
Oligarchy
In Sparta, rule by few people
Siege Weapons
Battering ram, tower, catapult,
crossbow
War Ships
Trireme (three levels of oars),
slim, with bronze bow for
ramming opponents
Epic Poetry
Long tales about wars and travels
Mythology and Temples
Belief in many gods and goddesses; each city had
a patron god or goddess; temples where large and
beautiful they where made up of lime stone and
marble, main example is Parthenon
Education: History, Mathematics, Philosophy,
Science
Expanded education where students started at age
seven and learned how to gather and analyze facts
to present accurate picture, ideas of geometry, the
study of knowledge, truth, right and wrong, and
the study of animals, astronomy and the natural
world
Olympics
Olympics were held every 4 years to honor Zeus,
the King of Gods. The Olympics involved races
and sports that were held outside. First established
in 776 BC.
Theater & Plays
Open-air theatres held 10,000 people. They had
musical instruments and dancing; stories about
gods and legendary heroes; tragedy and comedy
Government
Economics
Culture
Census
A count of the country’s people;
helped the government ensure
all the people paid taxes.
Aqueducts
Piped water from
mountains to cities;
raised on bridges when
necessary; pipes lead
the water to public
fountains, private
homes, and public
baths. The waste went
to underground sewers.
Public Water: Aqueduct, Baths, Fountains, Toilets
Hot and cold water, large pools of water; water was
heated and circulated, hot air traveled under the
raised floor and up through vents; water circulated to
fountains for public drinking, water also carried
public waste from toilets.
Roads & Bridges
A vast network of paved
roads bound the empire
together; smooth and
straight and build to
last; more than 50,000
mile; they had own
drainage system
Calendar
Organized system of keeping track of days and months
Republic: Consuls, Senate,
Tribune, Dictator
Elected government including
two elected chief rulers(C);
elected advisors (S); elected
representatives of poor with
power to veto (T); monarch in
times of emergency (D)
Emperor
Monarch of Romans during the
empire, advised by Senate
Courts and Laws
In 450BC the laws of the
Twelve Tables lay the
foundation of Roman Law;
developed a legal system with
courts, judges, jurors, and
lawyers; judges were elected;
served for life; Roman laws
were created so that a person is
innocent until proven guilty;
punishment included payment,
slavery, execution, or fights in
the Colosseum
Legion
Highly trained, organized and
disciplined soldiers with shield,
helmet, chest armor, swords,
spears, javelins, and bows
Siege Weapon
Ballista (large catapult),
Onager (sling catapult),
Catapulta (fired arrows),
Strategies
Shopping Centers
Three stories created by
the emperor Traianus
Lighthouse
Light to guide ships
**Used Concrete in
construction of
building **
Beautification
Men cut hair and shaved; mirrors and combs,
perfume, face powder
Christianity
Religion based on Jesus Christ, spread by Paul,
messages taught through parables
Domes & Arches
Domes were stone roofs to buildings; Arches were
used to build and support bridges and aqueducts.
Feast Days:
Celebrations in honor of the gods.
Food Preparation
Use of ovens and spices
Health
Surgical tools; many people died during surgery due
to lack of knowledge of the body; used herbal
medicine and amputation
Temple and Mythology
Belief in many gods and goddesses; temples where
large and beautiful they where made up of lime stone
and marble, main example is Pantheon
Latin and Numerals
The language of the Romans, the bases of Italian,
Spanish, and French languages; Roman Numerals
Poetry
Lengthy stories about the glories and history of Rome
Stadiums: Colosseum, Gladiators, Circus
Maximus
Huge amphitheaters (250,000 people) for fights to the
death or chariot racing. Gladiators (slaves,
prisoners, criminals) would fight to the death or fight
wild animals; emperor could grant life for fallen
gladiator with “thumbs up”