Redakcja tekstów obcojęzycznych (4)
Punctuation
First, let’s play a game and identify punctuation marks:
http://www.sporcle.com/games/beforever/click_punctuation
Have a look at the picture: Punctuation list.png
Look at the list for a while. The teacher will then ask you to close the picture and check what
you remember.
Apostrophe
- possession
- contractions
Possession
What’s the plural of:
-
child - _______________
-
woman - _____________
-
man - _______________
How would you add apostrophe?
Singular nouns ending in s or z:
the effects of the catharsis vs the catharsis’ effects
for goodness' sake
for appearance' sake for conscience' sake
for old times’ sake
What’s the rule for the list below?
Try your hand at this: http://www.ang.pl/cwiczenia/760
my sister’s-in-law car OR my sister-in-law’s car
King’s of Spain daughter OR King of Spain’s daughter
a man of letters’ erudition OR a man of letters’s erudition
the Queen of Netherlands’s request OR the Queen of Netherlands’ request
What’s the difference?
vs
I came to Jane – I was at Jane OR I was at Jane’s
I visited the doctor - ______________________
This is her bike – this bike is her’s OR hers
This is your laptop – this laptop is yours OR your’s
Jesus’s, Jesus’, Jesu’s
What’s the diference between these groups of names?
vs
French names:
NOTE: both Lorilleux's (not Lorilleuxs') cats, the two Dumas's (not Dumass') novels.
Observe the italics:
The Times’s staff, Finnegans Wake’s allusions OR The Times’s staff, Finnegans Wake’s
allusions
Thirty-Year War OR Thirty Years War OR Thirty Years’ War OR Thirty Years’s War
Place names:
NOTE: The Queen’s College, Oxford vs Queens’ College, Cambridge
Plurals
greengrocer’s apostrophe: lettuce’s, cauli’s
non-standard uses:
Other uses:
But: cello, phone, plane
What are the missing letters?
Ev’ry ma’am was learn’d in rhet’ric.
Poetry and old typography:
belov'd, bless'd, curs'd, legg'd vs belovèd, blessèd, cursèd, leggèd
COMMA
Compare the three sets of sentences:
1
2
3
Common error:
How to improve the above?
But:
COMPARE:
Exercise – what’s the difference?
We’ll go to Cornwall, perhaps in the spring.
We’ll go to Cornwall perhaps, in the spring.
Again she refused to speak.
Again, she refused to speak.
Can you identify the subject and verb below?
What to do with it?
Comma=omission
Compare:
vs
Oxford comma
Avoid ambiguity:
2,016,523,354
Dear Sir,…
$2,2010.50
Yours faithfully,…
Brown, Tom
Pooh, Winnie the
Great Clearendon street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, UK
Paris, France vs Paris in France
Ridgewood, New Jersey
Wednesday, 12 August 1960
12 August 1960 vs August 12, 1960
Semicolon
and, or, nor, for, but
Complement/parallel function
Emphasis
Semicolon + comma = stronger division
Clarify relationships when commas used:
Punctus elevatus:
https://medievalfragments.wordpress.com/2014/05/24/the-punctus-and-his-friends-medievalpunctuation/
Colon
namely, that is, as, for example, for instance, because, as follows, therefore
Colon, semicolon and linking words
Direct/paraphrased speech:
Are colons below correct?
Another Victorian author worth studying is: Thackeray.
vs
Other Victorian authors worth studying include: Thackeray, Trollope, and Dickens.
He took care to:
(a) copy all the papers,
(b) circulate them to the relevant departments, and
(c) record the whole transaction in triplicate.
Full point
They stocked mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, etc.
She was awarded a D.Phil. rather than a Ph.D.
OR
They stocked mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, etc..
She was awarded a D.Phil. rather than a Ph.D..
Dates: 12.11.2015
Time: 5.13 p.m.
Ellipsis
I only said, 'If we could . . .'.
In British English every sequence of words before or after four points should be functionally
complete.
? and !
Interruption, pause, irony, rhetorical
= etc.
Question mark
Did she really say that?
You’e coming, aren't you?
Would you kindly let us know whether to expect you?
I wonder if I might ask you to open the window?
vs
May I take this opportunity to wish you all a safe journey.
Will everyone please stand to toast the bride and groom.
Do you want more lardycake? Buns? Muffins?
You will be back before lunch, right? About noon? Good.
vs
Where now? they wonder.
He pondered why me? till his head hurt.
Direct speech:
‘Why not?’ she wondered.
She wondered, ‘Why not?’
Other uses
Doubt
Space needed:
Dates in doubt
Geoffrey Chaucer (?1340-1400)
Exclamation mark
Obvious use
(!) vs [!]
Hyphens and dashes
‘hard’ hyphen vs ‘soft’ hyphen
NOTE
vs
Compare and tell the difference
a stainless steel table vs a stainless-steel table
a little used car vs a little-used car
Italics and foreign phrases
Capitalized words
Prefixes and combining forms
Vowel/consonant collision
re-entry
non-negotiable
Confusion
re-form vs reform
recover vs re-cover
Prefixes
Names
Numbers
twenty-three, four hundred and sixty-eight, fifty-three thousand, two-thirds, four and fiveeights
Compass points
But:
southeaster northwester (of winds)
Other uses
Word division
there, watch, though, prayer, wrought
helped, passed, grasped
ph as in atmos-phere, gn as in poign-ant, ea as in crea-ture
-cious, -dal, -don, -gion, -gious, -sion, -tial, -tion
Avoid
Schwa
3 letters before and after the division
Exception – 2 letters before
Use existing hyphens
Counter-clockwise
Use etymology
Avoid mispronunciation
Chil-dren vs child-ren, dem-ocracy vs demo-cracy
carry-ing
admit-ting
chuck-ling
puz-zling
Etymology useless
Avoid oddity
hyphen (-), en dash/rule (–), and em dash/rule (—).
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/HyphensEnDashesEmDashes/faq
0002.html
En rule
the 1939-45 war vs the war from 1939 to 1945
OR NO SPACE between the en rule and
parenthesis
the Lloyd-Jones theory vs the Lloyd-Jones–Scargill talks
Arab–American vs Arab-American
Or use *
Dash (em rule)
Also possible to use en rule and space on either side
Introduce a phrase at the end of a sentence or replace an introductory colon
Em rule
spaced to indicate the omission of a word, and closed up to indicate the omission of part of a
word
Closed up for interruption in dialogue
Brackets – umbrella term
Match the brackets to their names:
()
[]
{}
<>
square brackets
angle brackets
parentheses
braces/curly brackets
Parentheses for digressions, explanations, glosses, and translations:
Square brackets: comments, corrections, interpolations, parenthetical notes, or translations
that a subsequent author or editor has appended to an original text.
In translations:
Braces
Punctuation with brackets
How much can you put between em rules and in parentheses
vs
Nested brackets
The Chrysler Building ( (1928-30) architect William van Alen (not Allen) )
vs
The Chrysler Building ( [1928-30] architect William van Alen [not Allen] )
Solidus
This symbol ( / ): the slash, stroke, oblique, virgule, diagonal, and shilling mark
either/or, his/her, on/off, masculine/feminine/neutral
Abbreviations, such as A/C (account), Bs/L (bills of lading), c/o (care of), I/O (input-output),
N/A (not applicable), N/V (non-vintage), W/Cdr (wing commander), W/D (withdrawal), and
U/w (under-writer), and 24/7 (twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week).
It is used to enclose phonemic transcriptions and pronunciations in dictionaries.
a complex in-text fraction is usually set in font-size numerals, such as 99/100
the fiscal year 2000/1
Especially US
dates: 5/2/90: what’s the ambiguity?
Vertical
The vertical rule (|): the upright rule or the vertical
specific uses as a technical symbol in specialist subjects, such as computing, mathematics.
separation of lines (poems, plays, correspondence, libretti, or inscriptions)
Quotation marks
vs
NOTE:
Quotation marks and punctuation – common-sense approach
When the requirements of the quotation and the main sentence differ, use the stronger mark.
When to use both?
The original passage might read:
When a sentence-long quotation is used as an explanation or specimen,
the full point usually does not fall within the closing quotation mark:
Direct speech
NOTE:
In reporting extended passages of speech, use an opening quotation mark at the beginning of
each new paragraph, but a closing one only at the end of the last.
Italic
emphasis
https://medievalfragments.wordpress.com/2014/05/24/the-punctus-and-his-friends-medievalpunctuation/
Apostrophes: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/exercises/3/3/10
http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/e24f28d035934454cd8aeb98d1e2958e1b55f129.swf
http://www.bbc.co.uk/skillswise/english
http://www.iboard.co.uk/activity/Punctuate-Me-Super-Heroes-Complex-Speech-2485
http://www.gamequarium.com/punctuation.html
https://www.englishclub.com/writing/punctuation-song.htm
http://www.nationalpunctuationday.com/