The Birth of a Nation (1915)
Plot Overview
The plot of The Birth of a Nation revolves around two families living on either side of the
Mason-Dixon Line who become friends when their sons board together at school. The
Stonemans, the Northern family, live in Washington, D.C., and own a rural getaway in
Pennsylvania. The Honorable Austin Stoneman, an abolitionist politician, presides over
his family, which includes a delicate daughter named Elsie, a dandy prankster named
Phil, and a younger brother named Tod. The Camerons, the Southern family, preside
over a modest but idyllic plantation in Piedmont, South Carolina, where slaves pick
cotton in satisfaction and happily dance to entertain their masters. Margaret is the
refined older sister, while Flora, the younger sister, is dreamy and innocent. Of the three
Cameron brothers, Ben develops into the main character, defending the South’s ideals
at all costs. His two younger brothers are Wade and Duke.
Part I: The Civil War
The film is divided roughly into halves, with subsections drawing from a historical
chronology of the Civil War. After an initial prologue that blames the Civil War and
Reconstruction on the introduction of Africans to America, the Stoneman boys travel
south during the antebellum period to visit their old pals. Romances develop: Phil falls
for Margaret, and Ben falls for a daguerreotype of Elsie. Ben carries this picture of Elsie
with him until he finally meets her. Later, Dr. Cameron reads his family a newspaper
article stating that the South will secede from the Union if the North carries the next
elections. After the Stonemans leave, war breaks out, interrupting relations between the
families. One of Griffith’s historical facsimiles, or fictional documentations of actual
events (which will later include General Lee’s surrender and Lincoln’s assassination),
shows Lincoln signing for the first wave of volunteers.
Epic battles follow, spanning three years and showing the devastation the war wrecks
throughout the country, especially in the South. Exceptionally produced battle
sequences focus on both personal details and the bloody scale of the depredation. First,
a festive Piedmont ball celebrates the South’s early victory at Bull Run, and so the three
Cameron brothers head off to fight in good spirits. Griffith then spans two and a half
years with one cut, and Ben, battle-worn and still in the field, reads letters from home. A
predominantly black militia ransacks the defenseless Cameron home, while Ben dreams
of Elsie. Tragically, the two youngest sons of each family, Tod and Duke, suffer fatal
wounds at the same moment on the battlefield, dying in each other’s arms. General
Sherman begins his infamous march, destroying Georgia as he moves forward. Wade
Cameron dies in Atlanta, and the Union succeeds in pinching off what’s left of the
Confederacy’s meager food supply.
As the drama heightens, the two oldest brothers meet in battle. Though Ben’s
undermanned, underfed, and ravaged platoon cannot possibly win, he heroically
upholds the honor of the South. Risking his life and suffering a head wound, he
maniacally sprints to the Union trench and jams a Confederate flag down the gullet of a
cannon. Retreating to his own trench, he again risks his life to save a wounded Union
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soldier while Phil’s troops cheer. Eventually taken to a Union hospital in Washington,
D.C., Ben finally meets Elsie, who is volunteering there. Mrs. Cameron travels to visit
Ben and, upon learning he has been condemned to death under a bogus charge of
spying, personally appeals to President Lincoln, who graciously pardons Ben. On April
9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant, and Ben leaves for home. He returns to find his home
in disrepair, with little food and all the good clothing sold. He embraces Flora.
Meanwhile, the elder Stoneman tries to convince Lincoln to rule mercilessly over the
vanquished South, but Lincoln refuses, preferring instead diplomatic restitution. Five
days later, Lincoln is assassinated at Ford’s Theater, a historical event that in this movie
is witnessed by Phil and Elsie Stoneman, who are at the theater that night. The
Camerons deeply mourn the loss of their “best friend,” and Stoneman assumes power,
ending the first part of the film on a decidedly bleak and somber note.
Part II: Reconstruction
In Griffith’s version of the postwar era, all blacks who aren’t “faithful souls” team up with
carpetbaggers from the North to loot, pillage, and degrade the time-honored traditions of
Southern culture. Stoneman, a champion of black equality in the South, forces Senator
Charles Sumner (a historical figure) to acknowledge the legitimacy of Stoneman’s
mulatto protégé, Silas Lynch, who secretly lusts after Elsie and is sent down to organize
the emancipated slaves. Headquartered in Piedmont, Lynch instigates former slaves to
rise up against Southern whites in vengeance, teams effectively with the carpetbaggers,
and essentially oversees mob rule. Stoneman, in ill health, visits, bringing Elsie with
him. Ben refuses to shake Lynch’s hand. The two pairs of interfamily lovebirds try to
restart their romances with genteel garden walks, but memories of the war make
reuniting difficult. Margaret imagines a picture of Wade laid waste on a battlefield and
can no longer speak to Phil. Silas Lynch spies on Ben and Elsie, who eventually
succumb to their love.
In response to a horrific Election Day in which Lynch’s black supremacists intimidate the
whites on the streets and in the South Carolina legislature, Ben searches his soul and
finds inspiration in white children frightening black children by pretending to be ghosts
and hiding under white sheets. The Ku Klux Klan is born. Southern women secretly
make hundreds of thousands of uniforms bearing a woven St. Andrews Cross, and the
“Night Riders” start a new war against Lynch’s militia. Ben’s involvement in the Klan
crushes Elsie, but she does not sell him out. Flora consoles Elsie and then skips off into
the woods to fetch water from a spring. There, Gus, a newly promoted black officer,
approaches Flora and proffers marriage. Flora slaps him, and Gus begins to chase her
through the forest. Ben follows behind in search of Flora, having been told of her errand.
Gus reassures Flora that he intends her no harm, but Flora finds herself pinned on the
edge of a cliff. Threatening to jump rather than be touched by Gus, she either
accidentally falls or intentionally jumps off the cliff, where shortly after she dies in Ben’s
arms. A search commences for the fearful Gus. After a complex chase sequence, the
Klan eventually catches Gus and lynches him. They dump his body at Silas Lynch’s
door.
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When Lynch discovers the body the next morning, the film’s climax begins. The black
militia with its white sympathizers fight against the Klan. Some of the Camerons are
captured, but they are freed by faithful blacks. In flight, Dr. Cameron, Phil, and Margaret
come across a tiny shack in the woods owned by Union veterans, who invite them in
and make peace with the Camerons over their common hatred for renegade blacks.
Elsie runs to Lynch for help, but he tries to force her to marry him, promising to make
her queen of his “Black Empire.” When Austin Stoneman interrupts, Lynch confides to
him that he wants to marry his daughter. Exposing his own hypocrisy, Stoneman is
repulsed. The noble and well-supported Klan begins its lengthy and heroic mission to
rescue Elsie and the group in the cabin, now besieged by the black militia. The Klan
triumphs in both battles, saving one Union veteran the horror of bashing his own child’s
head to save the child from the black militia. Both couples are restored and united in
marriage, white supremacists strip power from blacks through intimidation tactics, and,
in a religious coda meant to symbolize the second coming of the “Prince of Peace,”
Jesus and his angels in the City of God stand in approval over the scene.
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