Decimal Arithmetic for java.math
JSR 13 Public Review Draft
16th July 2001
Mike Cowlishaw
IBM Fellow
IBM UK Laboratories
mfc@uk.ibm.com
Version – 1.33
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction and rationale
1.1 Design concepts 5
1
2.0 Decimal Arithmetic Specification 7
2.1 The BigDecimal class 8
2.1.1 Fields 9
2.1.2 Constructors 10
2.1.3 Operator methods 13
2.1.4 Mathematical methods 17
2.1.5 Other methods 20
2.2 The MathContext class 26
2.2.1 Fields 27
2.2.2 Constructors 28
2.2.3 Methods 29
2.3 The RoundingMode class 31
2.3.1 Fields 31
2.3.2 Methods 33
2.4 Decimal arithmetic definition 34
2.4.1 Notation used in examples 34
2.4.2 Numeric strings 35
2.4.3 Precision 35
2.4.4 General rules for operators 36
2.4.5 Addition and subtraction 37
2.4.6 Multiplication 37
2.4.7 Division 38
2.4.8 Power 39
2.4.9 Integer division 40
2.4.10 Remainder 41
2.4.11 Numeric comparisons 41
2.4.12 Exponential notation 42
2.4.13 LostDigits checking 43
2.4.14 Exceptions and errors 43
3.0 Notes 45
3.1 Open questions 46
3.2 Implementation notes 47
3.3 Differences from the Java 1.2 BigDecimal class
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48
ii
3.4
4.0
Future extensions
Changes
Index
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49
50
54
iii
1.0
Introduction and rationale
The Java runtime environment includes a class (java.math.BigDecimal) for decimal
arithmetic. While suitable for simple financial calculations, it is missing a number of
features that are necessary for general-purpose decimal arithmetic. This document, the
Public Review Draft for JSR 13,1 describes the missing features and specifies an upwards
compatible enhancement to the BigDecimal class which makes the necessary additions.
Included in this document are:
•
an overview of the proposal (this section)
•
the concepts behind the design
•
the description of the proposed classes
•
a detailed definition of the arithmetic
•
notes and change history.
The requirements
Java currently provides classes (java.math.BigDecimal and java.math.BigInteger) for essentially unlimited precision arithmetic, and also supports native integer and binary floating
point arithmetic directly. Binary floating point is usually implemented by hardware, and
therefore is widely used for “numerically intensive” work where performance is critical.
However, with the growth in importance of applications where usability is the primary
concern, the anomalies of binary floating point arithmetic (such as the inability to represent common values such as 0.10 exactly) are increasingly troublesome.2 In financial
and commercial applications, especially, an arithmetic which can achieve exact decimal
results when required is essential. This is the original purpose of the BigDecimal class.
Unfortunately, the current BigDecimal class provides only a limited set of operations on
numbers which are in practice limited to those which can be represented conveniently
as “plain” numbers, with no exponent. There are, in addition, a number of problems with
conversions to and from other Java types. These, and the other problems with the
BigDecimal class, are listed overleaf.
1
Java Specification Request 13; see:
http://jcp.org/jsr/detail/013.jsp
2
See, for example, Floating point issues, C. Sweeney, at:
http://www.truebasic.com/tech08.html
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Problems with the BigDecimal class:
1.
The unlimited precision (exact) arithmetic is suitable for some tasks (such as calculating taxes or balancing a check book), but is inconvenient and awkward for many
common applications.
For example, calculating the total amount repaid on a mortgage over 20 years is
difficult, requiring several steps which do not involve exact arithmetic and which
may require explicit rounding. For this task (and many others) an arithmetic that
allows working to a chosen precision is both simpler and more convenient.
2.
Several operators commonly used in applications are missing, specifically integer
division, remainder, and exponentiation to an integer power (as required for
straightforward calculation of the mortgage repayment just described, for example).
3.
The string form of a BigDecimal cannot use exponential notation. This means that
very large or very small numbers are expressed using many digits – this makes them
expensive and difficult to handle. For many calculations an exponential or floating
point representation is desirable (and is potentially more efficient).
4.
The internal representation of a BigDecimal allows zero or positive scales, but does
not allow negative scales. (The scale of a number is a negative exponent – for
–6
example, 0.000005 is 5 with a scale of 6, or 5 × 10 .)
This means that small numbers can be represented efficiently, but large numbers
(such as those constructed from a numeric string with a large positive exponent) can
be extremely inefficient.
5.
The conversions from BigDecimal to Java integer types are lossy. Specifically, they
are treated as though they were a narrowing primitive conversion, even though there
is a change of base involved. This means that fractional parts of numbers can be
dropped without warning, and high order significant bits can also be lost without
warning (an error sometimes called “decapitation”).
In the proposal that follows, these deficiencies are addressed by adding an extended
floating point arithmetic and exponential notation to the BigDecimal class, in an
upwards-compatible and seamless manner. In addition, the set of base operators is
completed, negative scales are allowed, and new robust conversion methods are added.
The proposal
This proposal answers the primary requirements of the last section by adding support for
an extended decimal floating point arithmetic to the BigDecimal class. This is achieved
by simply adding a second parameter to the existing operator methods. The augmented
class conforms to the decimal arithmetic defined in the ANSI standard X3.274-1996,3
which has the following advantages:
•
3
Integers and scaled decimal numbers are a proper subset of the numbers used for
the extended floating point arithmetic. Conversions to and from a decimal integer
class are not necessary in order to carry out integer and currency calculations.
American National Standard for Information Technology – Programming Language REXX, X3.274-1996,
American National Standards Institute, New York, 1996.
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•
The arithmetic was designed as a full-function decimal extended floating point
arithmetic, directly implementing the rules that people are taught at school.
For example, number length information is not lost, so trailing zeros can be correctly
preserved in most operations: 1.20 times 2 gives 2.40, not 2.4. This behavior is
essential both for usability and to maintain compatibility with the existing
BigDecimal class.
•
Being a true decimal arithmetic, exact results are given when expected from everyday experience (for instance, 0.9/10 gives 0.09, not 0.089999996).
•
The precision of the arithmetic is freely selectable by the user, not limited to a choice
from one or two alternatives; where necessary, calculations may be made using
thousands of digits. The operator definitions, and current implementations, impose
no upper limit on precision (although in practice, memory or processor constraints
will bound some calculations).
•
The arithmetic operations are reliable; there is no “wrap” of integers at certain sizes,
and undefined or out-of-range results immediately throw exceptions.
•
The concept of a context for operations is explicit. This allows application-global
rules (such as precision and rounding) to be easily implemented and modified. This
aids testing and error analysis, as well as simplifying programming.
•
A large range of numbers are supported; by definition, exponents in the range of at
least E-999999999 through E+999999999 are supported, with a standard precision
of nine decimal digits. Both scientific (where one digit is shown before the decimal
point) and engineering (where the power of ten is a multiple of three) exponential
notations are supported.
•
The arithmetic was developed over several years, based directly on user feedback
and requirements, and in consultation with professional mathematicians and data
processing experts. It has been heavily used for over 18 years without problems, and
was reviewed in depth and ratified by the X3J18 committee for ANSI. Recent
work4 has shown that the arithmetic can be extended to allow compliance with
ANSI/IEEE standard 854-1987.5
•
Numerous public-domain and commercial implementations of the arithmetic exist.
IBM has implementations in C, C++, various Assembler languages, and for Java.
This arithmetic has been further enhanced by supporting a variety of rounding algorithms, as already defined in Java 1.1 for the java.math.BigDecimal class.
A prototype of the proposed enhanced BigDecimal class has been specified6 and has been
fully implemented, including javadoc comments following Java guidelines and an appropriate set of test cases.
It is a small class (at approximately 23,000 bytes, including line number tables, it is
smaller than the BigInteger class in Java 1.2), and does not use any native methods.
The class is based on code that has been in use since 1996, and which has been packaged
as a BigDecimal class since June 1998. It has been available on the IBM alphaWorks
4
5
6
See: http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/
IEEE 854-1987 – IEEE Standard for Radix-Independent Floating-Point Arithmetic, The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, 1987.
See: http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimalj/
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site since late 1998, and as open source since 1999. It has been shipped with all IBM
Java development kits since version 1.1.8 (March 1999).
In addition to enhancing the BigDecimal class, the detail in this document also proposes
adding two small new classes to Java. The new classes would most logically be added to
the java.math package in the Java Runtime Environment.
The changes to the current Java API therefore affect only three classes; BigDecimal
(which is enhanced from the current specification), MathContext (which is new), and
RoundingMode (which is new):
BigDecimal
Instantiates a decimal number, and includes:
1.
Constructors and methods for creating a BigDecimal number from the primitive
Java types, and from strings and BigInteger object. Four constructors and one
method have been added.
2.
Operator methods, for the usual arithmetic operators, including comparisons.
Four new operators have been added, and all operator methods have a second
version which specifies a context.
3.
A selection of mathematical methods.
4.
Other methods, including standard Java methods (equals, hashCode, etc.), and
conversions to primitive types and String (intValueExact, floatValue, toString,
signum, etc.). Eight methods have been added, mostly to effect robust (errordetecting) conversions.
MathContext
A very small class, used for defining a context for arithmetic, as described in the next
section.
RoundingMode
An even smaller class, which enumerates the possible rounding modes permitted for
operations.
A version of these classes are available in the package com.ibm.math (that is, as the classes
Comments on them and on this
draft are welcome. Please send comments to Mike Cowlishaw, mfc@uk.ibm.com.
com.ibm.math.BigDecimal and com.ibm.math.MathContext).
Acknowledgements
Very many people have contributed to the arithmetic described in this document, especially the IBM REXX language committee, the IBM Vienna Compiler group, and the X3
(now NCITS) J18 technical committee. Special thanks for their contributions to the
current design are due to Joshua Bloch, Dirk Bosmans, Joe Darcy, Brian Marks, Dave
Raggett, and Pamela Taylor.
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1.1
Design concepts
The decimal arithmetic defined here was designed with people in mind, and necessarily
has a paramount guiding principle – computers must provide an arithmetic that works
in the same way as the arithmetic that people learn at school.
Many people are unaware that the algorithms taught for “manual” decimal arithmetic
are quite different in different countries, but fortunately (and not surprisingly) the end
results differ primarily only in details of rounding and presentation.
The arithmetic described here was based on an extensive study of decimal arithmetic and
was then evolved over several years (1978-1982) in response to feedback from thousands
of users in more than forty countries. Later minor refinements were made during the
process of ANSI standardization.
In the past nineteen years the arithmetic has been used successfully for hundreds of
thousands of applications covering the entire spectrum of computing; among other fields,
that spectrum includes operating system scripting, text processing, commercial data
processing, engineering, scientific analysis, and pure mathematics research. From this
experience we are confident that the various defaults and other design choices are sound.
Fundamental concepts
When people carry out arithmetic operations, such as adding or multiplying two numbers
together, they commonly use decimal arithmetic where the decimal point “floats” as
required, and the result that they eventually write down depends on three items:
1.
the specific operation carried out
2.
the explicit information in the operand or operands
3.
the information from the implied context in which the calculation is carried out (the
precision required, etc.).
The information explicit in the written representation of an operand is more than that
conventionally encoded for floating point arithmetic. Specifically, there is:
•
an optional sign (only significant when negative)
•
a numeric part, or decimal–part, which may include a decimal point (which is only
significant if followed by any digits)
•
an optional exponent, which denotes a power of ten by which the numeric is multiplied (significant if both the numeric and exponent are non-zero).
The length of the numeric and original position of the decimal point are not encoded in
traditional binary floating point representations, yet they are essential information if the
expected result is to be obtained. For example, people expect trailing zeros to be indicated properly in a result: the sum 1.57 + 2.03 should result in 3.60, not 3.6; however,
if the positional information has been lost during the operation it is no longer possible
to show the expected result.
Similarly, decimal arithmetic is in fact based on an extended floating point model, not a
fixed point or fixed scale model (indeed, this is the original basis for the concepts behind
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binary floating point). Fixed point decimal arithmetic packages such as ADAR7 or the
BigDecimal class in Java 1.1 are therefore only useful for a subset of the problems for
which arithmetic is used.
The information contained in the context of a calculation is also important. It usually
applies to an entire sequence of operations, rather than to a single operation, and is not
associated with individual operands. In practice, sensible defaults can be provided,
though provision for user control is necessary for many applications.
The most important contextual information is the desired precision for the calculation.
This can range from rather small values (such as six digits) through very large values
(hundreds or thousands of digits) for certain problems in Mathematics and Physics. Most
decimal arithmetics implemented to date (for example, the decimal arithmetic in the
Atari OS,8 or in implementations of the IEEE 854-1987 standard referred to earlier)
typically offer just one or two pre-selected alternatives for precision. Again, this does not
match the user model of decimal arithmetic; one designed for people to use must provide
a wide range of available precisions.
The provision of context for arithmetic operations is therefore a necessary precondition
if the desired results are to be achieved, just as a “locale” is needed for operations
involving text.
This proposal provides for explicit control over three aspects of the context: the required
precision – the point at which rounding is applied, the rounding algorithm to be used when
digits have to be discarded, and whether lost digits checking is to be applied. Other items
could be included as future extensions (see page 49).
Embodiment of the concepts
The two kinds of information described (operands and context) are conveniently and
naturally represented by two classes for Java: one that represents decimal numbers and
implements the operations on those numbers, and one that simply represents the context
for decimal arithmetic operations. It is proposed that these classes be called BigDecimal
and MathContext respectively. The BigDecimal class enhances the original class of that
name by adding floating point arithmetic. A further class, RoundingMode, provides a
type-safe enumeration of the rounding modes supported by the other two classes.
The standard settings for the context have been tuned to satisfy the expectations of the
majority of users, and have withstood the test of time well. In the majority of cases,
therefore, the standard MathContext object is all that is required.
7
“Ada Decimal Arithmetic and Representations”
See An Ada Decimal Arithmetic Capability, Brosgol et al. 1993.
http://www.cdrom.com/pub/ada/swcomps/adar/
8
See, for example, The [Atari] Floating Point Arithmetic Package, C. Lisowski.
http://intrepid.mcs.kent.edu/%7Eclisowsk/8bit/atr11.html
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2.0
Decimal Arithmetic Specification
This section defines the BigDecimal class, the MathContext class, the RoundingMode
class, and the arithmetic rules used by the BigDecimal class.
The specification is complete, except that the specific Exception thrown for some routine
errors is assumed to follow the usual Java conventions.
Character set
Throughout this specification, the glyphs shown in examples and other notations are
taken from the Latin-1 subset of Unicode (that is, are in the range '\u0020' through
'\u007f'). Specifically, the glyphs in the following list represent the Unicode characters
shown to their right:
+
'\u002b'
-
'\u002d' (hyphen)
.
'\u002e'
0 through 9
'\u0030' through '\u0039'
E
'\u0045'
e
'\u0065'
These are used in the examples and in string representations of BigDecimal numbers.
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2.1
The BigDecimal class
public class BigDecimal
extends java.lang.Number
implements java.lang.Serializable, java.lang.Comparable
The BigDecimal class provides immutable arbitrary-precision decimal numbers. The
methods of the BigDecimal class provide operations for unlimited precision and standard
arithmetic, comparison, conversions, and hashing.
The BigDecimal class also provides direct conversions to and from String and character
array objects, as well as conversions to and from the Java primitive types and BigInteger.
Except in some cases when the target is a Java primitive type, or is BigInteger, these
conversions are exact.
It is assumed that the representation of a BigDecimal will continue to be a BigInteger and
a scale, where the scale is simply a negated exponent (that is, a positive scale has the
same meaning as the negative exponent of the same absolute value). The range of permissible values for the scale is Integer.MIN_VALUE through Integer.MAX_VALUE.
In the descriptions of constructors and methods that follow, the value of a BigDecimal
number object is shown as the result of invoking the toString() method on the object.
This is defined in such a way that there is a one-to-one mapping between the String
representation of a BigDecimal, as produced by the toString() method, and its internal
representation.
Operations on BigDecimal numbers are controlled by a MathContext object (see page
26), which provides precision and other information. Settings which are compatible with
the existing BigDecimal class are used if no MathContext object is provided.
Object reference parameters must never be null; if such a reference is found, a
NullPointerException will be thrown.
The names of methods in this class follow the existing conventions established for the
java.lang.Number, java.math.BigInteger, and java.math.BigDecimal classes in Java 1.1 and later
releases.
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2.1.1
Fields
The following constant (static and final) fields are provided by the BigDecimal class.
ZERO
A BigDecimal object whose value is exactly 0, with a scale of 0.
ONE
A BigDecimal object whose value is exactly 1, with a scale of 0.
TEN
A BigDecimal object whose value is exactly 10, with a scale of 0.
In addition, the constant fields describing rounding modes (those whose name starts with
ROUND_) from the Java 1.1 BigDecimal class are preserved.9
9
These fields are preserved to maintain upwards compatibility.
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2.1.2
Constructors
These constructors create an object of type BigDecimal from some other object or primitive value. In all cases, including construction from a double value, sufficient digits are
used to represent the numeric value of the original data exactly.
Every constructor has a second form which takes a MathContext object as an additional
parameter following the other parameters. If this form is used and the inputRounding
setting is true, then the operand is rounded according to the digits and roundingMode
settings. The lostDigits setting may be used to check for the loss of significant digits
during rounding.
For example, in addition to the BigDecimal(char[]) constructor there is a constructor with
the signature BigDecimal(char[], MathContext).
BigDecimal(char[])
Constructs a BigDecimal as though the character array had been copied to a String
and the BigDecimal(String) constructor (see page 11) had then been used. The
parameter must not be null.
BigDecimal(char[], int, int)
Constructs a BigDecimal from a subarray of characters. The first parameter is the
array in which the subarray is to be found, and the other parameters specify its
offset and length respectively.
The BigDecimal is constructed as though the subarray had been copied to a String
and the BigDecimal(String) constructor (see page 11) had then been used. The first
parameter must not be null, and the requested subarray must be wholly contained
within the array.
BigDecimal(double)
Constructs a BigDecimal which is an exact decimal representation of the 64-bit
signed binary floating point parameter. If the parameter is infinite, or is not a
number (NaN), a NumberFormatException is thrown.
Note: This constructor provides an exact conversion, so does not give the same
result as converting the double to a String using the Double.toString(double) method
and then using the BigDecimal(String) constructor. For that result, use the static
valueOf(double) method (see page 25) to construct a BigDecimal from a double (or
from a float).
BigDecimal(int)
Constructs a BigDecimal which is the exact decimal representation of the 32-bit
signed binary integer parameter.
The BigDecimal is constructed as though the integer had been converted to a String
using the Integer.toString(int) method and the BigDecimal(String) constructor (see page
11) had then been used.
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BigDecimal(java.math.BigInteger)
Constructs a BigDecimal which is the exact decimal representation of the BigInteger
parameter, with a scale of 0. The parameter must not be null.
The BigDecimal is constructed as though the BigInteger had been converted to a
String using the BigInteger.toString() method and the BigDecimal(String) constructor
(this page) had then been used.
BigDecimal(java.math.BigInteger, int)
Constructs a BigDecimal which is the exact decimal representation of the
BigInteger, scaled by the second parameter (the scale). The value of the BigDecimal
is the value of the BigInteger divided by ten to the power of the scale (in other words,
the value of the BigInteger multiplied by ten to the power of the negated scale, or
–scale
BigInteger × 10
).
The BigDecimal is constructed as though the BigInteger had been converted to a
String using the BigInteger.toString() method and the BigDecimal(String) constructor
(this page) had then been used, and then the scale of the internal representation is
set to the value of the second parameter. The scale may be positive, zero, or negative, and the BigInteger parameter must not be null.
BigDecimal(java.lang.String)
Constructs a BigDecimal from the parameter, which must represent a valid numeric
string (see page 35). The parameter must not be null.
In summary, numbers in String form must have at least one digit, may have a
leading sign, may have a decimal point, and exponential notation may be used. They
follow conventional syntax, and may not contain blanks.
Some valid Strings from which a BigDecimal might be constructed are:
"0"
"12"
"–76"
"12.70"
"+0.003"
"17."
".5"
"4E+9"
"0.73e–7"
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
/*
Zero
*/
A whole number
*/
A signed whole number
*/
Some decimal places
*/
A plus sign is allowed, too. */
The same as 17
*/
The same as 0.5
*/
Exponential notation
*/
Exponential notation
*/
Specifically, the string must conform to the formal numeric string syntax (see page
35). If it has a leading “–” sign, the BigInteger in the resulting representation will
be negative unless its value is zero. Otherwise the BigInteger will be non-negative.
The decimal-part and exponent-part (if any) are then extracted from the string and
the exponent-part (following the indicator) is converted and negated to form the
integer scale which will be positive if the exponent-part was non-zero and began with
a “–” sign. If there is no exponent-part, the scale is initially set to 0.
If the decimal-part included a decimal point then the scale is increased by the count
of digits following the decimal point (which may be zero) and the decimal point is
removed. The remaining string of digits has any leading zeros removed (except for
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the rightmost digit) and is then converted (as though by the BigInteger(String)
constructor) to form the BigInteger.
A numeric string to BigDecimal conversion is always exact. If the absolute value
of the BigInteger or scale is too large then an ArithmeticException is thrown.
Examples:
For each string on the left, the resulting representation [BigInteger, scale] is shown
on the right.
"0"
"0.00"
"123"
"–123"
"1.23E3"
"1.23E+3"
"12.3E+7"
"12.0"
"12.3"
"0.00123"
"–1.23E–12"
"1234.5E–4"
"0E+7"
"–0"
[0,0]
[0,2]
[123,0]
[–123,0]
[123,–1]
[123,–1]
[123,–6]
[120,1]
[123,1]
[123,5]
[–123,14]
[12345,5]
[0,–7]
[0,0]
Any digits in the parameter must be decimal; that is:
java.lang.Character.digit(c, 10)
(where c is the character in question) would not return -1.
A NumberFormatException is thrown if the parameter is not a valid number or the
scale will not fit in an int.
BigDecimal(long)
Constructs a BigDecimal which is the exact decimal representation of the 64-bit
signed binary integer parameter.
The BigDecimal is constructed as though the integer had been converted to a String
using the Long.toString(long) method and the BigDecimal(String) constructor (see page
11) had then been used.
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2.1.3
Operator methods
These methods implement the standard arithmetic operators for BigDecimal objects.
Each of the methods here10 takes a MathContext (see page 26) object as a parameter,
which must not be null but which is optional in that a version of each of the methods is
provided which does not require the MathContext parameter. This is indicated below by
square brackets in the method prototypes.
The MathContext parameter provides the numeric settings for the operation (precision,
rounding mode, etc.). If the parameter is omitted, then the settings used are:11
digits=0 inputRounding=false lostDigits=false roundingMode=HALF_UP
If MathContext.STANDARD is provided for the parameter then the standard values of the
settings are used:
digits=9 inputRounding=true lostDigits=false roundingMode=HALF_UP
For monadic operators, only the optional MathContext parameter is present; the operation acts upon the current object.
For dyadic operators, a BigDecimal parameter is always present; it must not be null.
The operation acts with the current object being the left-hand operand and the
BigDecimal parameter being the right-hand operand.
For example, adding two BigDecimal objects referred to by the names award and extra
could be written as any of:
award.add(extra)
award.add(extra, MathContext.STANDARD)
award.add(extra, acontext)
(where acontext is a MathContext object), which would return a BigDecimal object which
is the result of adding award and extra under the appropriate context settings.
When a BigDecimal operator method is used, a set of rules define what the result will
be (and, by implication, how the result would be represented as a character string).
These rules are defined in the Decimal arithmetic section (see page 34), but in summary:
•
Results are normally calculated with up to some maximum number of significant
digits.
For example, if the MathContext parameter for an operation were
MathContext.STANDARD then the result would be rounded to 9 digits; the division of
2 by 3 would then result in 0.666666667.
You can change the standard setting of 9 significant digits by providing the operator
method with a suitable MathContext object. This lets you calculate using as many
digits as you need – thousands, if necessary.
Similarly, you can change the algorithm used for rounding from the default
“classic” algorithm.
10
11
Except for two forms of the divide method, which are preserved from the original BigDecimal class.
This performs exact arithmetic with unlimited precision (except for division), as defined for the original
BigDecimal class in Java.
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13
•
Alternatively, unlimited precision arithmetic can be selected by using a MathContext
parameter of MathContext.UNLIMITED. In this case, the result will be exact except
for division (which may be rounded to a specific scale), and will be the same as the
equivalent Java 1.1 BigDecimal methods.
•
For all operators, except pow, the result of the operation after any operand preparation is that which would result from calculating an exact result (which in theory
could be infinitely long for division) and then rounding to the specified precision.
•
In standard arithmetic (that is, when the digits setting is non-zero), a zero result is
always expressed as the single digit '0' (that is, with no sign, decimal point, or
exponent part).
•
Except for the division and power operators in standard arithmetic, trailing zeros
are preserved (this is in contrast to binary floating point operations and most electronic calculators, which lose the information about trailing zeros in the fractional
part of results).
So, for example:
'2.40'.add('2')
'2.40'.subtract('2')
'2.40'.multiply('2')
'2.40'.divide('2', MathContext.STANDARD)
=>
=>
=>
=>
'4.40'
'0.40'
'4.80'
'1.2'
This preservation of trailing zeros is desirable for most calculations (including
financial calculations).
If necessary, trailing zeros may be easily removed using division by ONE.
•
The toString method may be used to inspect a BigDecimal number. This uses scientific exponential notation when appropriate, determined by the scale. The alternative toEngineeringString method can be used to produce engineering exponential
notation for BigDecimal numbers.
The descriptions of the operator methods follow.
abs([MathContext])
Returns the absolute value of the BigDecimal number. If the current object is zero
or positive, then the same result as invoking the plus method (see page 16) with the
same parameter is returned. Otherwise, the same result as invoking the negate
method (see page 16) with the same parameter is returned.
add(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Implements the addition (+) operator (see page 37), and returns the result as a
BigDecimal object.
compareTo(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Implements comparison, using numeric comparison (see page 41), and returns a result
of type int. The result will be:
-1 if the current object is less than the first parameter
0 if the current object is equal to the first parameter
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1 if the current object is greater than the first parameter.
A compareTo(Object) method (see page 20) is also provided.
divide(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Implements the division (/) operator (see page 38), and returns the result as a
BigDecimal object.
divide(BigDecimal, int)
Implements the division (/) operator (see page 38) using the settings:
digits=0 inputRounding=false lostDigits=false roundingMode=rounding_mode
(where
rounding_mode
is
the
RoundingMode
object
corresponding
to
the
BigDecimal.ROUND_ constant passed as the second parameter), and returns the
result as a BigDecimal object.
The length of the fractional part (the scale) of the result will be the same as the scale
of the current object, if the latter were formatted without exponential notation.
An IllegalArgumentException is thrown if rounding_mode is not a valid mode.
divide(BigDecimal, int, int)
Implements the division (/) operator (see page 38) using the settings:
digits=0 inputRounding=false lostDigits=false roundingMode=rounding_mode
(where
rounding_mode is the RoundingMode object corresponding to the
BigDecimal.ROUND_ constant passed as the third parameter), and returns the result
as a BigDecimal object.
The length of the fractional part (the scale) of the result is specified by the second
parameter. This parameter may be positive, zero, or negative; in all cases, the result
is rounded or extended (as necessary) so the scale of the result is equal to the value
of the parameter.
An IllegalArgumentException is thrown if rounding_mode is not a valid mode.
divideInteger(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Implements the integer division operator (see page 40), and returns the result as a
BigDecimal object.
max(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Returns the larger of the current object and the first parameter.
If calling the compareTo method (see page 14) with the same parameters would
return 1 or 0, then the result of calling the plus method on the current object (using
the same MathContext parameter) is returned. Otherwise, the result of calling the
plus method on the first parameter object (using the same MathContext parameter)
is returned.
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min(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Returns the smaller of the current object and the first parameter.
If calling the compareTo method (see page 14) with the same parameters would
return –1 or 0, then the result of calling the plus method on the current object (using
the same MathContext parameter) is returned. Otherwise, the result of calling the
plus method on the first parameter object (using the same MathContext parameter)
is returned.
multiply(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Implements the multiply (*) operator (see page 37), and returns the result as a
BigDecimal object.
negate([MathContext])
Implements the negation (Prefix –) operator (see page 37), and returns the result
as a BigDecimal object.
plus([MathContext])
Implements the plus (Prefix +) operator (see page 37), and returns the result as a
BigDecimal object.
Note: This method is provided for symmetry with negate (this page) and also for
tracing, etc. When a context is supplied, its effect is identical to the round method
(see page 22).
pow(int[, MathContext])
Implements the power operator (see page 39), and returns the result as a BigDecimal
object.
The first parameter is the power to which the current number will be raised; it must
be in the range -999999999 through 999999999. If no MathContext parameter is
specified (or its digits property is 0) the power must be zero or positive. If any of
these conditions is not met, an ArithmeticException is thrown.
See also the pow(BigDecimal, MathContext) method (see page 18).
remainder(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Implements the remainder operator (see page 41), and returns the result as a
BigDecimal object. (This is not the modulo operator – the result may be negative.)
subtract(BigDecimal[, MathContext])
Implements the subtract (–) operator (see page 37), and returns the result as a
BigDecimal object.
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2.1.4
Mathematical methods
Note to reviewers: it may not be possible to implement all of these methods in time for the
first release of the code, in which case priority will be given to the exponential, logarithmic,
pow, and sqrt methods.
These methods implement mathematical functions for BigDecimal objects; they all follow
the following rules:
1.
The methods all return a BigDecimal object.
2.
The methods do not, in general, produce exact results; this specification requires
only that they return a result that is “correct to last digit” (that is, correct to +/– 1
unit in the last place, or ulp). Implementations are therefore not required to use the
specified rounding mode to determine the final digit.
3.
All the methods take a MathContext (see page 26) object as a parameter, which must
not be null. The MathContext parameter provides the numeric settings for the
operation, in particular the precision requested for the result. A positive precision
(digits setting) must be supplied; an IllegalArgumentException is thrown if digits
has the value 0.
4.
Angular parameters and results for trigonometrical methods are given in radians
(not degrees) unless otherwise stated, following the precedent of the java.lang.Math
class.
5.
If a result would be undefined (“Not a Number”) or infinite, the method call is in
error and an ArithmeticException is thrown.
6.
If a result would be –0, a BigDecimal object of value 0 is returned.
Methods which are static and take only a MathContext object are known as constant
methods. They return the value of a constant, such as pi, to the requested precision. All
other mathematical methods use the current BigDecimal object as their first or only
parameter.
For example (this example has not been tested):
MathContext def=MathContext.STANDARD;
BigDecimal pi=BigDecimal.pi(def);
BigDecimal two=new BigDecimal(2);
BigDecimal x=pi.divide(two, def).sin(def);
System.out.println(x);
should display the value 1 (or a value very close to 1).
The descriptions of the mathematical methods follow.
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acos(MathContext)
Returns the arc cosine of the BigDecimal number.
asin(MathContext)
Returns the arc sine of the BigDecimal number.
atan(MathContext)
Returns the arc tangent of the BigDecimal number.
cos(MathContext)
Returns the cosine of the BigDecimal number.
e(MathContext)
This method is static. It returns the value of the constant e, the base of natural
logarithms.
exp(MathContext)
Returns the value of the exponential function which raises e (the base of natural
logarithms) to the power of the BigDecimal number.
exp10(MathContext)
Returns the value of 10 raised to the power of the BigDecimal number.
log(MathContext)
Returns the natural logarithm of the BigDecimal number.
log10(MathContext)
Returns the base ten logarithm of the BigDecimal number.
pi(MathContext)
This method is static. It returns the value of the constant pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.
pow(BigDecimal, MathContext)
Returns the result of raising the BigDecimal number to the power of the first
parameter.
See also the pow(int[, MathContext]) method (see page 16).
sin(MathContext)
Returns the sine of the BigDecimal number.
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sqrt(MathContext)
Returns the square root of the BigDecimal number.
tan(MathContext)
Returns the tangent of the BigDecimal number.
toDegrees(MathContext)
Returns a BigDecimal number whose value is approximately equal to the current
number converted from radians to degrees. Note that this is not an exact conversion;
the term
new BigDecimal(90).toRadians(def).cos(def)
will not necessarily exactly equal 0.
toRadians(MathContext)
Returns a BigDecimal number whose value is approximately equal to the current
number converted from degrees to radians. Note that this is not an exact conversion.
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2.1.5
Other methods
These methods provide the traditional Java methods for the class, along with conversions
to primitive types, scaling, and other useful methods.
byteValueExact()
Converts the BigDecimal to type byte. If the BigDecimal has a non-zero fractional
part or is out of the possible range for a byte (8-bit signed integer) result then an
ArithmeticException is thrown.
Note: The inherited method Number.byteValue() is also available; if that method is
used, then if the BigDecimal is out of the possible range for a byte (8-bit signed
integer) result then only the low-order 8 bits are used. (That is, the number may be
decapitated) To avoid unexpected errors when these conditions occur, use the
byteValueExact() method instead.
compareTo(java.lang.Object)
Compares the BigDecimal with the value of the parameter, and returns a result of
type int.
If the parameter is null, or is not an instance of the BigDecimal type, an exception
is thrown. Otherwise, the parameter is cast to type BigDecimal and the value of
compareTo(BigDecimal) using the cast parameter is returned.
The compareTo(BigDecimal[, MathContext]) method (see page 14) should be used when
the type of the parameter is known or when a MathContext is needed.
Implements Comparable.compareTo(java.lang.Object).
doubleValue()
Converts the BigDecimal to type double.
The double produced is identical to result of expressing the BigDecimal as a String
and then converting it using the Double(String) constructor; this can result in values
of Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY, Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY, or underflowed values.
Implements Number.doubleValue().
equals(java.lang.Object)
Compares the BigDecimal with the value of the parameter, and returns a result of
type boolean.
If the parameter is null, or is not an instance of the BigDecimal type, or is not
exactly equal to the current BigDecimal object, then false is returned. Otherwise,
true is returned.
“Exactly equal”, here, means that the String representations of the BigDecimal
numbers, using the toString method, are identical (they have the same characters in
the same sequence).
The compareTo(BigDecimal[, MathContext]) method (see page 14) should be used for
more general numeric comparisons.
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Overrides Object.equals(java.lang.Object).
floatValue()
Converts the BigDecimal to type float.
The float produced is identical to result of expressing the BigDecimal as a String and
then converting it using the Float(String) constructor; this can result in values of
Float.NEGATIVE_INFINITY or Float.POSITIVE_INFINITY.
Implements Number.floatValue().
hashCode()
Returns a hashcode of type int for the object. This hashcode is suitable for use by
the java.util.Hashtable class.
Overrides Object.hashCode().
intValue()
Converts the BigDecimal to type int. If the BigDecimal has a non-zero fractional
part it is discarded. If the BigDecimal is out of the possible range for an int (32-bit
signed integer) result then only the low-order 32 bits are used. (That is, the number
may be decapitated) To avoid unexpected errors when these conditions occur, use
the intValueExact() method instead.
Implements Number.intValue().
intValueExact()
Converts the BigDecimal to type int. If the BigDecimal has a non-zero fractional
part or is out of the possible range for an int (32-bit signed integer) result then an
ArithmeticException is thrown.
longValue()
Converts the BigDecimal to type long. If the BigDecimal has a non-zero fractional
part it is discarded. If the BigDecimal is out of the possible range for a long (64-bit
signed integer) result then only the low-order 64 bits are used. (That is, the number
may be decapitated) To avoid unexpected errors when these conditions occur, use
the longValueExact() method instead.
Implements Number.longValue().
longValueExact()
Converts the BigDecimal to type long. If the BigDecimal has a non-zero fractional
part or is out of the possible range for a long (64-bit signed integer) result then an
ArithmeticException is thrown.
movePointLeft(int)
Returns a BigDecimal whose decimal point has been moved to the left by the number
of positions, n, given by the parameter. That is, it returns:
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this.multiply(TEN.pow(new BigDecimal(–n)))
n may be negative, in which case the method returns the same result as
movePointRight(-n).
movePointRight(int)
Returns a BigDecimal whose decimal point has been moved to the right by the
number of positions, n, given by the parameter. That is, it returns:
this.multiply(TEN.pow(new BigDecimal(n)))
n may be negative, in which case the method returns the same result as
movePointLeft(-n).
round(MathContext)
Returns a BigDecimal rounded according to the MathContext settings.
If the digits setting is 0 then no rounding takes place.
If the inputRounding setting is true, then the lostDigits setting may be used to check
for the loss of significant digits during rounding.
Note: The effect of this method is identical to that of the plus method (see page 16)
when the latter has a supplied context.
scale()
Returns an int which is the scale of the number (that is, the scale part of the
internal representation). If zero or positive, the scale is the number of digits in the
fractional part of the number if the number were formatted without exponential
notation. A negative scale indicates that the unscaled value of the number is
multiplied by ten to the power of the negation of the scale. For example, a scale of
–3 means the unscaled value is multiplied by 1000.
setScale(int, RoundingMode)
or
setScale(int[,int])
Returns a BigDecimal whose scale is given by the first parameter.
If the scale is the same as or greater than the scale of the current BigDecimal then
trailing zeros will be added as necessary.
If the scale is less than the scale of the current BigDecimal, then trailing digits will
be removed, and the RoundingMode given by the second parameter is used to
determine if the remaining digits are affected by a carry.
If the second parameter is an int, the rounding mode used is the RoundingMode
object corresponding to the BigDecimal.ROUND_ constant passed as the second
parameter.12 In this case, an IllegalArgumentException is thrown if the int does
not correspond to a valid rounding mode.
12
This form of the method is preserved for upwards compatibility with the original BigDecimal class.
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If there is no second parameter then RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY is used, which
means that an ArithmeticException is thrown if any discarded digits are non-zero.
Note that the scale may be positive, zero, or negative; in all cases, the unscaled value
is rounded or extended (as necessary) so the scale of the result is equal to the
requested scale.
shortValueExact()
Converts the BigDecimal to type short. If the BigDecimal has a non-zero fractional
part or is out of the possible range for a short (16-bit signed) result then an
ArithmeticException is thrown.
Note: The inherited method Number.shortValue() is also available; if that method is
used, then if the BigDecimal is out of the possible range for a short (16-bit signed
integer) result then only the low-order 16 bits are used. (That is, the number may
be decapitated) To avoid unexpected errors when these conditions occur, use the
shortValueExact() method instead.
signum()
Returns an int value that represents the sign of the BigDecimal. This will be -1 if
the BigDecimal is negative, 0 if it is zero, or 1 if it is positive. That is, the result
will be the same as using the compareTo method to compare the BigDecimal with the
constant BigDecimal.ZERO.
toBigInteger()
Returns the number as an object of type java.math.BigInteger. Any fractional part
is truncated (discarded).
toBigIntegerExact()
Returns the number as an object of type java.math.BigInteger. If the BigDecimal
has a non-zero fractional part then an ArithmeticException is thrown.
toCharArray()
Returns the BigDecimal as a character array of type char[], as though the sequence
toString().toCharArray() had been used.
toEngineeringString()
Returns a string of type java.lang.String that exactly represents the BigDecimal,
as described for the toString method below, except that if exponential notation is
used, the power of ten is adjusted to be a multiple of three (engineering notation)
so that the integer part will be in the range 1 through 999.
toString()
Returns the standard string of type java.lang.String that exactly represents the
BigDecimal, using scientific notation if an exponent is needed.
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Specifically, assuming a BigInteger and scale representation, the absolute value of the
BigInteger is first converted to a string in base ten using the characters 0 through 9
with no leading zeros (except if its value is zero, in which case a single “0” character
is used).
Next, an adjusted exponent is calculated; this is the negated scale, plus the number of
characters in the converted BigInteger, less one. That is, –scale+(ilength–1), where
ilength is the length of the absolute value of the BigInteger in decimal digits.
If the scale is greater than or equal to zero and the adjusted exponent is greater than
or equal to –6, the number will be converted to a character form without using
exponential notation. In this case, if the scale is zero then no decimal point is added
and if the scale is positive a decimal point will be inserted with the scale specifying
the number of characters to the right of the decimal point. “0” characters are added
to the left of the converted BigInteger as necessary. If no character precedes the
decimal point after this insertion then a conventional “0” character is prefixed.
Otherwise (that is, if the scale is negative, or the adjusted exponent is less than –6),
the number will be converted to a character form using exponential notation. In this
case, if the converted BigInteger has more than one digit a decimal point is inserted
after the first digit. An exponent in character form is then suffixed to the converted
BigInteger (perhaps with inserted decimal point); this comprises the letter “E” followed immediately by the adjusted exponent converted to a character form. The latter
is in base ten, using the characters 0 through 9 with no leading zeros, always prefixed by a sign character (“–” if the adjusted exponent is negative, “+” otherwise).
Finally, the entire string is prefixed by a minus sign character (“–”, the Unicode
hyphen) if the BigInteger is less than zero. No sign character is prefixed if the
BigInteger is zero or positive.
Examples:
For each representation [BigInteger, scale] on the left, the resulting string is shown
on the right.
[123,0]
[–123,0]
[123,–1]
[123,–3]
[123,1]
[123,5]
[123,10]
[–123,12]
"123"
"–123"
"1.23E+3"
"1.23E+5"
"12.3"
"0.00123"
"1.23E–8"
"–1.23E–10"
Notes:
1.
There is a one-to-one mapping between the internal representation of a
BigDecimal number and the result of this conversion. That is, every representation has a unique String representation as a result of using toString. Further,
if that String representation is converted back to a BigDecimal number using
the String constructor (see page 11), then the original representation will be
recovered.
2.
The string produced for a given number is always the same; it is not affected
by locale. This means that it can be used as a canonical string representation
for exchanging decimal data, or as a key for a Hashtable, etc. Locale-sensitive
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number formatting and parsing is handled by the java.text.NumberFormat
class and its subclasses.13
3.
The toEngineeringString method (see page 23) may be used for presenting numbers with exponents in engineering notation, and the setScale method (see page
22) may be used for rounding a BigDecimal so it has a known number of digits
after the decimal point.
Overrides Object.toString().
unscaledValue()
Returns the number as a BigInteger after removing the scale. That is, the BigInteger
part of the internl representation is returned.
valueOf(double)
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is the decimal representation of the 64-bit signed
binary floating point parameter.
The BigDecimal is constructed as though the double had been converted to a String
using the Double.toString() method and the BigDecimal(String) constructor (see page
11) had then been used.
This is a static method. A NumberFormatException is thrown if the parameter is
infinite, or is not a number (NaN).
valueOf(long[,int])
Returns a BigDecimal whose value is the first parameter, val, optionally adjusted
by a second parameter, scale. The default scale is 0.
The result is equal (in the sense of the equals method) to the result of:
new BigDecimal(new BigInteger(Long.toString(val)),scale)
This is a static method. The scale may be positive, zero, or negative.
13
Earlier drafts of this document included the format method from the com.ibm.math BigDecimal class,
but this has been removed as it was felt that the setscale method provided the primary function for
which it had been used in the past.
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2.2
The MathContext class
public final class MathContext
implements java.lang.Serializable
The MathContext immutable class encapsulates context settings which describe certain
rules for numerical operations.
The settings (properties) comprise
digits
the number of digits (precision) to be used for an operation
inputRounding true if input operands are to be rounded if they have more than digits
digits
lostDigits
true if checking for lost digits (see page 43) during input rounding is
enabled
roundingMode an object which specifies the algorithm to be used for rounding.
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2.2.1
Fields
These fields are static and final (constants). They define commonly-used combinations
of MathContext settings.
STANDARD
A MathContext object whose settings have the values required for standard arithmetic.
The values of the settings are:
digits=9 inputRounding=true lostDigits=false roundingMode=HALF_UP
UNLIMITED
A MathContext object whose settings have the values required for unlimited precision arithmetic. These settings give the same results as the methods with no
MathContext parameter (as in the original Java 1.1 BigDecimal class).
The values of the settings are:
digits=0 inputRounding=false lostDigits=false roundingMode=HALF_UP
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2.2.2
Constructors
These constructors are used to specify the settings (properties) of a MathContext object.
The permitted values for the settings are:
digits
must be non-negative
inputRounding must be true or false unless digits is 0, in which case it must be false
lostDigits
must be true or false unless inputRounding is false, in which case it must
be false
roundingMode must refer to one of the fields of the RoundingMode class.
If any parameter to a constructor has a value that is not in the permitted range for the
corresponding setting then an IllegalArgumentException is thrown; the properties of a
MathContext object are thus guaranteed to have valid values.
Four constructors are provided:
MathContext(int)
Constructs a MathContext object which has its digits property set to the value of the
first parameter, its inputRounding property set to true (unless digits is 0), its lostDigits
property set to false, and its roundingMode property set to RoundingMode.HALF_UP.
MathContext(int, boolean)
Constructs a MathContext object which has its digits property set to the value of the
first parameter, its inputRounding property set to the value of the second parameter,
its lostDigits property set to false, and its roundingMode property set to
RoundingMode.HALF_UP.
MathContext(int, boolean, boolean)
Constructs a MathContext object which has its digits property set to the value of the
first parameter, its inputRounding property set to the value of the second parameter,
its lostDigits property set to the value of the third parameter, and its roundingMode
property set to RoundingMode.HALF_UP.
MathContext(int, boolean, boolean, RoundingMode)
Constructs a MathContext object which has its digits property set to the value of the
first parameter, its inputRounding property set to the value of the second parameter,
its lostDigits property set to the value of the third parameter, and its roundingMode
property set to the value of the final parameter.
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2.2.3
Methods
The MathContext class has the following public methods:
equals(java.lang.Object)
Compares the MathContext with the value of the parameter, and returns a result
of type boolean.
If the parameter is null, or is not an instance of the MathContext type, or is not
exactly equal to the current MathContext object, then false is returned. Otherwise,
true is returned.
“Exactly equal”, here, means that the settings of the MathContext objects are identical (they have the same values).
Overrides Object.equals(java.lang.Object).
getDigits()
Returns a non-negative int which is the value of the digits setting of the
MathContext object.
getInputRounding()
Returns a boolean which is the value of the inputRounding setting of the
MathContext object.
getLostDigits()
Returns a boolean which is the value of the lostDigits setting of the MathContext
object.
getRoundingMode()
Returns an object of type RoundingMode which is the value of the roundingMode setting of the MathContext object. This will have the value of one of the constant fields
in the RoundingMode class.
hashCode()
Returns a hashcode of type int for the object. This hashcode is suitable for use by
the java.util.Hashtable class.
Overrides Object.hashCode().
toString()
Returns a String representing the settings of the MathContext object as four
blank-delimited words (separated by a single blank and with no leading or trailing
blanks), as follows:
1.
The string digits=, immediately followed by the value of digits as a numeric
string.
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2.
The string inputRounding=, immediately followed by the value of inputRounding
(“true” for true or “false” for false).
3.
The string lostDigits=, immediately followed by the value of lostDigits
(“true” for true or “false” for false).
4.
The string roundingMode=, immediately followed by the value of roundingMode
as a string. This will be the same as the name of the corresponding public
constant in the RoundingMode class.
For example:
digits=9 inputRounding=true lostDigits=false roundingMode=HALF_UP
Additional words may be appended to the result of toString in the future if more
properties are added to the MathContext class.
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2.3
The RoundingMode class
public final class RoundingMode
implements java.lang.Serializable
The RoundingMode immutable class specifies a rounding behavior for numerical operations
capable of discarding precision. Each rounding mode describes how the least significant
digit of the rounded result is to be calculated.
2.3.1
Fields
These fields are all static and final (constants). Each is a reference to a unique object
of type RoundingMode, which indicates a specific rounding algorithm.
Rounding is applied when an operand is too long (if inputRounding is true) or if a result
needs more digits of precision than are available; during rounding the digit to the left of
the first discarded digit may be incremented or decremented, depending on the rounding
algorithm selected.
CEILING
Signifies that if any of the discarded digits are non-zero then the result should be
rounded towards the next more positive digit.
DOWN
Signifies that all discarded digits are ignored (truncated). The result is neither
incremented nor decremented.
FLOOR
Signifies that if any of the discarded digits are non-zero then the result should be
rounded towards the next more negative digit.
HALF_DOWN
Signifies that if the discarded digits represent greater than half (0.5) the value of a
one in the next position then the result should be rounded up (away from zero).
Otherwise the discarded digits are ignored.
HALF_EVEN
Signifies that if the discarded digits represent greater than half (0.5) the value of a
one in the next position then the result should be rounded up (away from zero). If
they represent less than half, then the result should be rounded down.
Otherwise (they represent exactly half) the result is rounded down if its rightmost
digit is even, or rounded up if its rightmost digit is odd (to make an even digit).
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HALF_UP
Signifies that if the discarded digits represent greater than or equal to half (0.5) the
value of a one in the next position then the result should be rounded up (away from
zero). Otherwise the discarded digits are ignored.
UNNECESSARY
Signifies that rounding (potential loss of information) is not permitted. If any of the
discarded digits are non-zero then an ArithmeticException should be thrown.
UP
Signifies that if any of the discarded digits are non-zero then the result will be
rounded up (away from zero).
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2.3.2
Methods
The RoundingMode class has the following public methods:
equals(java.lang.Object)
Compares the RoundingMode with the value of the parameter, and returns a result
of type boolean.
If the parameter is null, or is not an instance of the RoundingMode type, or is not
exactly equal to the current RoundingMode object, then false is returned. Otherwise,
true is returned.
“Exactly equal”, here, means that the current object and the first parameter are the
same object (as the only possible RoundingMode objects are constants).
Overrides Object.equals(java.lang.Object).
hashCode()
Returns a hashcode of type int for the object. This hashcode is suitable for use by
the java.util.Hashtable class.
Overrides Object.hashCode().
toString()
Returns a String representing the RoundingMode object. This string is the same as
the name of the field which references the object (for example, "HALF_UP").
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33
2.4
Decimal arithmetic definition
This definition describes the arithmetic implemented for numbers of type BigDecimal (see
page 8). The arithmetic operations where a non-zero precision is specified are identical
to those defined in the ANSI standard X3.274-1996,14 where an algorithmic definition of
each operation may be found. When a precision of 0 (unlimited precision) is specified, the
operations follow the rules defined for the Java 1.1 BigDecimal class.
It is important to note that this definition describes results (objects of type BigDecimal)
only in terms of their external representation – that is, when viewed with the toString
method (see page 23). At any time between successive operations, a BigDecimal number
can be converted to a String (using toString) and then back to a BigDecimal without
affecting the the result of subsequent operations.
This rule guarantees that any hidden information in the internal representation of the
numbers15 can have no effect on results, and that the intermediate results of any calculation are always defined and inspectable.
2.4.1
Notation used in examples
(This section is informational.)
In the rest of this definition, a simplified notation is used to illustrate the use of operator
methods: a BigDecimal object is shown as the string that would result from calling its
toString method, suffixed by the letters “BD”, rather than as the corresponding constructor
and Java String. Also, the sequence ==> means “results in”. Thus,
12BD.add(7.00BD,def) ==> 19.00BD
means “new BigDecimal("12").add(new BigDecimal("7.00"),def) returns an instance
of the BigDecimal decimal class exactly equal to new BigDecimal("19.00")”, or, more
formally, it means that the term:
new BigDecimal("12").add(new BigDecimal("7.00"),def).equals(
new BigDecimal("19.00"))
evaluates to true.
Finally, in this example and in the examples below, the name def is assumed to be a
reference to the MathContext.STANDARD object (see page 27).
14
15
American National Standard for Information Technology – Programming Language REXX, X3.274-1996,
American National Standards Institute, New York, 1996. See also http://www.rexxla.org.
Such as cached hash values or digit counts.
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34
2.4.2
Numeric strings
A numeric string accepted by the BigDecimal(String) constructor (see page 11) is a character
string that includes one or more decimal digits, with an optional decimal point. The
decimal point may be embedded in the digits, or may be prefixed or suffixed to them.
The group of digits (and optional point) thus constructed may have an optional sign (“+”
or “–”) which must come before any digits or decimal point. No blanks or other white
space characters are permitted in a numeric string.
Formally:16
sign
digits
decimal–part
numeric–string
::=
::=
::=
::=
+ | –
digit [digit]...
digits . [digits] | [.] digits
[sign] decimal–part
where a digit is any decimal digit character, such that the value returned by
java.lang.Character.digit(c, 10)
(where c is the character in question) is not –1 and defines the value of the digit (0
through 9). Any decimal digit character outside the range '0' through '9' is treated as
though it were the corresponding character within that range.
Note that a single period alone is not a valid number.
Numeric strings may also include an exponent, as explained later (see page 42).
2.4.3
Precision
The maximum number of significant digits that can result from an arithmetic operation
is controlled by the digits setting in a MathContext object (see page 26).
If the digits setting is greater than 0, it defines the precision (number of significant digits)
to which arithmetic calculations will be carried out; results will be rounded to that precision, if necessary.
If the digits setting is 0, then the precision is not limited to a specific number of digits;
the precision used is implied by the operands depending on the specific operation, as
described below.
If MathContext.STANDARD is passed as a MathContext parameter, then the context is said
to be standard, and a precision of nine digits is used.
If no MathContext object is provided for an operation,17 then the digits setting used is 0
(that is, unlimited precision).
In the remainder of this section, the notation digits refers to the digits setting in use,
either from a MathContext object or by omission.
16
17
Where quotes surround terminal characters, “::=” means “is defined as”, “|” means “or”, “[]” encloses
an optional item, and “[]...” encloses an item which is repeated 0 or more times.
That is, when the form of the method that takes no MathContext is used.
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35
2.4.4
General rules for operators
The decimal arithmetic is effected by the operator methods (see page 13) of the BigDecimal
class. These methods may take a MathContext object as a parameter, and either return
a BigDecimal object result or, for the compareTo method only, an int value.
For all operators, except pow, the result of the operation is that which would result from
calculating an exact result (which could be infinitely long for division) and then rounding
to the specified precision or scale, if necessary.
The calculation of the result of an operation depends on the value of digits. If digits
is not 0, an extended floating point operation takes place; if 0, an unlimited precision
operation is effected. Specifically, if digits is
not 0
If the operand or operands (the numbers being operated upon) have more than
digits significant digits, then, if the inputRounding setting is true, they are
rounded to digits digits, using the selected rounding mode, before being used
in the computation.18
The operation is then carried out as though the exact mathematical result is
computed; this exact result is rounded to digits digits according to the selected
rounding mode. Algorithms which achieve this result are described under the
individual operations below.
After rounding, a positive exponent is reduced to 0 (by multiplying the integer by
exponent
) if the resulting integer would have no more than precision digits.19 The
10
final result will have the same value as the exact result, rounded to digits digits, for all operations except raising to a power. The latter can occasionally be
off by one unit in the last place (one ulp).
0
The precision used for the calculation is not limited in length, and in this case
rounding is unnecessary, except for the results of the division and power operators.
By default, all rounding is done in the “classical” manner, in that the extra (guard) digit
is inspected and values of 5 through 9 are rounded up, and values of 0 through 4 are
rounded down. Alternative rounding algorithms (such as even/odd rounding) may be
selected by changing the roundingMode setting of the MathContext object used for an
operation.20
In results, the scale of a number is determined from the exact result of the operation as
described below unless the number is rounded, or the number is zero and digits is
non-zero (implying a standard arithmetic operation), in which latter case the scale is set
to 0.
18
19
20
If the rounding of operands is undesirable, then either a digits setting of 0 can be used, or an
inputRounding setting of false can be used, or the lostDigits setting (see page 43) of the provided
MathContext object can be used to cause an exception to be thrown if rounding would be applied.
This rule is redundant, in that it is implicit in the definitions of the operators. It is only stated here
because it can be convenient to apply the rule after the computation instead of during it. The rule preserves integers, as specified by ANSI X3.274, and in particular ensures that the results of the divide and
divide–integer operations are identical when the result is an exact integer.
Or by using the explicit rounding mode parameter on the two divide methods from the original BigDecimal
class.
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36
2.4.5
Addition and subtraction
(The BigDecimal add, subtract, plus, and negate methods.)
For add and subtract:
If either number is zero and the digits setting is non-zero then the other number, rounded
to digits digits if necessary, is used as the result (with sign and scale adjustment as
appropriate). Otherwise, the two numbers are aligned at their units digit and are then
extended on the right and left as necessary to use all the digits of both numbers.21 The
numbers are then added or subtracted as appropriate.
For example, the addition
xxxx.xxxBD.add(yy.yyyyyBD, context)
(where “x” and “y” are any decimal digits) becomes:
xxxx.xxx00
+ 00yy.yyyyy
zzzz.zzzzz
If digits is not 0 the result is then rounded to digits digits if necessary, taking into
account any extra (carry) digit on the left after an addition, but otherwise counting from
the position corresponding to the most significant digit of the terms being added or subtracted. Finally, any insignificant leading zeros are removed.
The monadic (plus and negate) methods are evaluated using the same rules; the terms
a.plus() and b.negate() (where a and b refer to any BigDecimal objects) are calculated
as BigDecimal.ZERO.add(a) and BigDecimal.ZERO.subtract(b) respectively (using the
original MathContext parameter, if any).
Examples:
12BD.add(7.00BD)
1.3BD.subtract(1.07BD)
1.3BD.subtract(2.07BD)
+1.3BD.plus()
–1.3BD.plus()
+1.3BD.negate()
–1.3BD.negate()
2.4.6
==>
==>
==>
==>
==>
==>
==>
19.00BD
0.23BD
–0.77BD
1.3BD
–1.3BD
–1.3BD
1.3BD
Multiplication
(The BigDecimal multiply method.)
The numbers are multiplied together (“long multiplication”) resulting in a number which
may be as long as the sum of the lengths of the two operands. For example:
xxx.xxxBD.multiply(yy.yyyyyBD, context)
21
In practice, only digits+1 digits need to be computed when digits is non-zero; the appropriate
rounding can be deduced at that point with reference to the residue if necessary.
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37
becomes:
zzzzz.zzzzzzzzBD
If digits is not 0 the result is then rounded to digits digits if necessary, counting from
the first significant digit of the result.
Examples:
1.20BD.multiply(3BD)
7BD.multiply(3BD)
0.9BD.multiply(0.8BD)
2.4.7
==>
==>
==>
3.60BD
21BD
0.72BD
Division
(The BigDecimal divide methods.)
For the division:
yyyBD.divide(xxxxxBD, context)
the following steps are taken: first, the number yyyBD is extended with zeros on the right
until it is larger than the number xxxxxBD (with note being taken of the change in the
power of ten that this implies). Thus in this example, yyyBD might become yyy00BD.
Traditional long division then takes place, which can be written:
zzzz
xxxxx ) yyy00
The length of the result (zzzzBD) is such that the rightmost “z” will be at least as far right
as the rightmost digit of the (extended) “y” number in the example. During the division,
the “y” number will be extended further as necessary, and the “z” number (which will
not include any leading zeros) is also extended as necessary until the division is complete.
If digits is not 0, the “z” number may increase up to digits+1 digits, at which point it
is rounded to digits digits (taking into account any residue) to form the result.
If digits is 0, the “z” number is increased until its scale (digits after the decimal point)
is the same as the scale of the original “y” number (or the explicitly specified scale for the
divide method that takes a scale parameter). An additional digit is then computed (as
though the scale were larger by one); this digit is then used, if required, to round the
“z” number (taking into account any residue) to form the result.
Finally, if the digits setting is non-zero, any insignificant trailing zeros are removed.
That is, if the scale is not zero and the unscaled value is a multiple of a power of ten then
the unscaled value is divided by that power of ten and the scale decreased accordingly.
If the scale was positive it will not be decreased below zero.
Examples:
1BD.divide(3BD,def)
2BD.divide(3BD,def)
5BD.divide(2BD,def)
1BD.divide(10BD,def)
12BD.divide(12BD,def)
8.0BD.divide(2BD,def)
Version 1.33
==>
==>
==>
==>
==>
==>
0.333333333BD
0.666666667BD
2.5BD
0.1BD
1BD
4BD
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
38
2.4.8
Power
(The BigDecimal pow(int[,MathContext]) methods.)
The power operator raises a number (the left-hand operand) to a whole number power
(the right-hand operand).
If digits is not 0, the right-hand operand must be a whole number whose integer part
has no more digits than digits and whose fractional part (if any) is all zeros before any
rounding. It may be positive, negative, or zero; if negative, the absolute value of the
power is used, and then the result is inverted (divided into 1).
If digits is 0, the right-hand operand must be a non-negative whole number whose
fractional part (if any) is all zeros.
For calculating the power, the number is effectively multiplied by itself for the number
of times expressed by the power, and finally trailing zeros are removed (as though the
result were divided by one).
In practice (see note below for the reasons), the power is calculated by the process of
left-to-right binary reduction. For “x.pow(n)”: “n” is converted to binary, and a temporary accumulator is set to 1. If “n” has the value 0 then the initial calculation is complete.
Otherwise each bit (starting at the first non-zero bit) is inspected from left to right. If
the current bit is 1 then the accumulator is multiplied by “x”. If all bits have now been
inspected then the initial calculation is complete, otherwise the accumulator is squared
by multiplication and the next bit is inspected. When the initial calculation is complete,
the temporary result is divided into 1 if the power was negative.
The multiplications and division are done under the normal arithmetic operation and
rounding rules, using the context supplied for the operation, except that if digits is not
0, the multiplications (and the division, if needed) are carried out using a precision of
digits+elength+1 digits. Here, elength is the length in decimal digits of the integer
part of the whole number “n” (i.e., excluding any sign, fractional part, decimal point, or
insignificant leading zeros, as though the operation
n.abs().divideInteger(BigDecimal.ONE,context)
had been carried out using digits digits). The result is then rounded to digits digits.
If digits is 0, then the context is unchanged; the multiplications are carried out with
with digits set to 0 (that is, unlimited precision).
Finally, if the digits setting is non-zero, any insignificant trailing zeros are removed, as
for divide.
If, when raising to a negative power, an overflow or underflow occurs before the division
into 1, the message in the ArithmeticException will be adjusted to reflect the pending
division. That is, an overflow will cause a message implying Underflow, and an underflow will cause a message implying Overflow.
Examples:
2BD.pow(3BD,def)
2BD.pow(–3BD,def)
1.7BD.pow(8BD,def)
Version 1.33
==>
==>
==>
8BD
0.125BD
69.7575744BD
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
39
Notes
1.
A particular algorithm for calculating integer powers is described, since it is efficient
(though not optimal) and considerably reduces the number of actual multiplications
performed. It therefore gives better performance than the simpler definition of
repeated multiplication. Since results can occasionally differ from those of repeated
multiplication, the algorithm is defined here so that different implementations will
give identical results for the same operation on the same values. Other algorithms
for this (and other) operations may always be used, so long as they give identical
results to those described here.
2.
The precision specified for the intermediate calculations ensures that the final result
will differ by at most 1, in the least significant position, from the “true” result (given
that the operands are expressed precisely under the current setting of digits). Half
of this maximum error comes from the intermediate calculation, and half from the
final rounding.
3.
The pow(BigDecimal, MathContext) method (see page 18) allows raising numbers to a
power which is not an integer. Note that even when using identical operands the
result of the latter is permitted to differ from the result of the
pow(int[,MathContext]) method.
2.4.9
Integer division
(The BigDecimal divideInteger method.)
The integer divide operator divides two numbers and returns the integer part of the
result. The result returned is defined to be that which would result from repeatedly
subtracting the divisor from the dividend while the dividend is larger than the divisor.
During this subtraction, the absolute values of both the dividend and the divisor are used:
the sign of the final result is the same as that which would result if normal division were
used.
In other words, if the operands x and y were given to the divideInteger and remainder
methods, resulting in i and r respectively, then the identity
x = i × y + r
holds.
The result returned will have no fractional part (that is, its scale will be 0). If digits is
not 0 and the result cannot be expressed exactly within digits digits, the operation is
in error and will fail – that is, the result cannot have more digits than the value of digits
in effect for the operation.
For example, evaluating the term 10000000000BD.divideInteger(3BD,context) would
require ten digits to express the result exactly (3333333333BD) and would therefore fail
if digits were in the range 1 through 9.
Examples:
2BD.divideInteger(3BD,def) ==>
10BD.divideInteger(3BD,def) ==>
Version 1.33
0BD
3BD
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
40
2.4.10
Remainder
(The BigDecimal remainder method.)
The remainder operator will return the remainder from integer division, and is defined
as being the residue of the dividend after the operation of calculating integer division as
just described, then rounded to digits digits (if digits is not 0). The sign of the result,
if non-zero, is the same as that of the original dividend.
This operation will fail under the same conditions as integer division (that is, if integer
division on the same two terms would fail, the remainder cannot be calculated).
Examples:
2.1BD.remainder(3BD,def)
10BD.remainder(3BD,def)
–10BD.remainder(3BD,def)
10.2BD.remainder(1BD,def)
10BD.remainder(0.3BD,def)
3.6BD.remainder(1.3BD,def)
==>
==>
==>
==>
==>
==>
2.1BD
1BD
–1BD
0.2BD
0.1BD
1.0BD
Note: The integer divide and remainder operators are defined so that they may be calculated as a by-product of the standard division operation (described above). The division
process is ended as soon as the integer result is available; the residue of the dividend is
the remainder.
2.4.11
Numeric comparisons
The BigDecimal operator method compareTo (see page 14) is used for comparing
BigDecimal numbers; it returns an int value.
Numeric comparison, using this method, is effected by subtracting the two numbers
(calculating the difference, as though by using the subtract method with the same
parameter or parameters) and then returning the sign of the result (–1 if the result is
negative, 0 if the result is zero, or 1 if the result is positive). For example, the operation:
a.compareTo(b,c)
returns the same result as:
a.subtract(b,c).signum()
It is therefore the difference between two numbers, when subtracted under the rules for
decimal subtraction, that determines their equality.
When the signs of the operands are different the signums of the operands (–1, 0, or 1)
are used for the comparison instead of the operands themselves.22
22
This rule removes the possibility of an arithmetic overflow during a numeric comparison.
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41
2.4.12
Exponential notation
The definition of numeric strings above (see page 35) describes “plain” numbers, in the
sense that the character strings that describe numbers can be very long.
Examples:
10000000000BD.multiply(10000000000BD) ==> 100000000000000000000BD
0.00000000001BD.multiply(0.00000000001BD) ==> 0.0000000000000000000001BD
For both large and small numbers, however, some form of exponential notation is useful,
both to make such long numbers more readable and to make evaluation possible in
extreme cases. In addition, exponential notation is normally used whenever the plain
form would give misleading information. For example, if digits were set to 5 in the
MathContext object referred to as context then:
54321BD.multiply(54321BD,context)
would round the multiplication to five digits and hence give the result 2950800000BD if
plain form were to be used. This is potentially misleading, as it could be understood that
the exact result is a multiple of 100000; instead, the result will by default be expressed
in exponential notation, in this case as 2.9508E+9BD. That is, its unscaled value would
be 29508 and its scale would be -5.
The definition of numeric–string (see above) is therefore extended by replacing the final
rule (numeric–string) by the following:
indicator
::=
exponent–part ::=
numeric–string ::=
e | E
indicator [sign] digits
[sign] decimal–part [exponent–part]
In other words, the decimal part of a number may be followed by an “E” (indicating an
exponential part), an optional sign, and an integer following the sign that represents a
power of ten that is to be applied. The “E” may be in uppercase or lowercase. Note that
no blanks are permitted within this part of a number, but the integer may have leading
zeros.
Examples:
The following all result in 0:
12E+11BD.compareTo(1200000000000BD,def)
12E–5BD.compareTo(0.00012BD,def)
12e4BD.compareTo(120000BD,def)
All valid numeric strings, expressed as a String, may be used to construct a BigDecimal
object. The results of calculations will be expressed with a non-zero scale depending on
their value and the value of digits at the time of the calculation: if the number of places
needed before the decimal point exceeds digits (and digits is not 0), then a negative
scale is used to indicate the excess. Similarly, if the number contains any fractional part,
a positive scale will be used. Integers that were an exact result, therefore, have a scale
of 0.
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42
2.4.13
LostDigits checking
In some applications, it is desirable to check that significant information is not being lost
by rounding of input data. As it is inefficient to do this explicitly, especially if precisions
vary and there are many sources of input data, this definition provides for automatic
checking of this condition.
When enabled by the lostDigits setting of the provided MathContext object (see page 26)
being true, then if digits is not 0 then the operator methods first check that the number
of significant digits in all their BigDecimal operands is less than or equal to the digits
setting of the provided MathContext object; if this condition is not met, then an exception
is thrown.
Note that trailing zeros are in this case are not significant; if digits had the value 5,
then none of
0.12345BD
123.45BD
12345BD
12345.0000BD
1234500000BD
would throw an exception (whereas 12345.1BD or 1234500001BD would).
2.4.14
Exceptions and errors
The following exceptions and errors may be thrown during arithmetic:
•
Divide exception
An ArithmeticException will be thrown if division by zero was attempted, or if the
integer result of an integer divide or remainder operation had too many digits.
•
Overflow/Underflow
An ArithmeticException will be thrown if the exponential part of a result (from an
operation that is not an attempt to divide by zero) would exceed the range that can
be handled by the implementation when the result is represented according to the
current or implied MathContext. The message associated with the Exception object
is used to distinguish Overflow from Underflow.
•
Lost digits
An ArithmeticException will be thrown if an operand to an operator method has
more significant digits than digits, digits is not 0, and lostDigits checking is enabled (see above).
•
Unexpected rounding
An ArithmeticException will be thrown if an operand or the result of an operation
requires rounding (that is, non-zero digits are to be discarded) and the current
rounding algorithm is RoundingMode.UNNECESSARY, which indicates that no rounding
is expected or should be permitted.
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43
•
Insufficient storage
Storage is needed for calculations and intermediate results, and on occasion an
arithmetic operation may fail due to lack of storage. This is considered an operating
environment error as usual, rather than an arithmetical exception, and an
OutOfMemoryError would be thrown.
In addition, other runtime exceptions may be thrown when invalid parameters are passed
to a method in the BigDecimal or MathContext classes.
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44
3.0
Notes
This section documents open questions and other items relevant to, but not part of, this
proposal. It includes:
•
open questions
•
notes which may aid implementation of the specification
•
a list of differences from the Java 1.2 BigDecimal class
•
some possible future extensions.
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45
3.1
Open questions
As of this draft there are no open questions.
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46
3.2
Implementation notes
This section records suggestions for optimizations which could improve performance of
the enhanced BigDecimal and MathContext classes.
1.
For faster testing for rounding, an upper bound of, or an accurate count of, the
number of decimal digits in the significand (BigInteger) in BigDecimals could be
cached in the BigDecimal object. This number could be serialized (saved in the
object’s canonical form).
2.
could be cached as a BigInteger
Also to aid tests for rounding, the constant 10
in MathContext objects. This BigInteger could be held statically, and allocated when
first needed. It could be weakly referenced.
3.
The digits, inputRounding, lostDigits, and roundingMode properties of the MathContext
class could have underlying fields which are shared (given package-private access)
so that the BigDecimal class can refer to them without method call overhead.
4.
In all cases (except the pow methods), the requirements for correctly rounded results
for the operator methods can be satisified using no more than twice the specified
precision, plus 1, and taking account of any residue for the purposes of rounding.
digits-1
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47
3.3 Differences from the Java 1.2 BigDecimal
class
The BigDecimal class proposed in this document is an upwards compatible enhancement
of the original BigDecimal class except for a change in the behavior of the toString method
which now always uses exponential notation if the absolute value of the number is nonzero and less than 0.000001
The following additional differences are noted:
1.
Negative scales are permitted. The scale method can therefore now return a negative result.
2.
The string constructors accept a superset of the number representations allowed
before. Notably, exponential notation (e.g., "1.5E+12") is now permitted (as in Java
1.3).
3.
The max and min methods now define which object is returned when the numbers
compare equal, as per ANSI X3.274-1996. (The current object is returned.)
4.
In some cases it appears that the BigDecimal documentation does not fully define
the operation of methods (for example, if null is passed to methods that take objects
as parameters). This definition may therefore differ from the actual BigDecimal
operations in these cases (but no program should be relying on them).
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48
3.4
Future extensions
The design of the classes in this proposal permit the future extensions listed here. It is
not proposed that any of these be added as part of the work for JSR-13.
NaN, -0, and Infinity
In everyday arithmetic, undefined and infinite results are considered errors, and the
current design reflects this by raising an exception for these circumstances.
BigDecimals could be extended to permit the representation of Not-a-Number (NaN)
values, minus zero, and +/- Infinity.
These values could be allowed when enabled by a property in the MathContext
object, and represented using an additional field in BigDecimal objects. Similarly,
other features from IEEE 854 could be enabled.23
Combined divideInteger/remainder method
A combined divideInteger and remainder method could be added, for better performance.
Additional mathematical methods
The mathematical methods atan2 (arc tangent of y/x), IEEEremainder (remainder from
nearest integer), and random (pseudo-random number) from the Math class are not
included in the specification. They could be added as future extensions.
Similarly, the rounding methods (ceil, floor, rint, and round) from the Math class are
omitted, because a rounding mechanism is already integrated into the BigDecimal
class. They could be added to simplify the conversion of existing libraries.
True scaled arithmetic
The concept of “pure” scaled fixed point arithmetic, where the final result is always
rounded or extended to a specific scale, could be extended to all operator methods
simply by adding a new property to the MathContext class. This property would
indicate that results should be calculated to give an exact result with a scale (instead
of a precision) of digits digits.
These results can be achieved in the current design by using the setScale method
(see page 22).
Fuzzy comparisons
The ANSI standard from which this proposal is derived includes provision for “fuzzy
comparisons” (numeric fuzz), where numeric comparisons are carried out at a lower
precision than other numeric operations.
This concept could be added, controlled by a property in the MathContext class, but
has been omitted from this proposal as it was rarely used (possibly because the need
for such comparisons is much reduced in a decimal arithmetic).
23
See the Extended Specification at: http://www2.hursley.ibm.com/decimal/
Version 1.33
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
49
4.0
Changes
Since January 2000 (draft 1.07) this specification is the common source for both the
BigDecimal class documentation (whose documents are identified as “versions”, as
are no longer drafts) and the working draft for JSR (Java Specification Request) 13.
section documents changes since draft 1.07; earlier changes are documented in the
BigDecimal class documentation.
IBM
they
This
IBM
The classes in the proposal are here called the number class and the context class because
their names have changed over time.
Changes in Draft 1.07 (17 January 2000)
This draft forms the “Strawman” design for the java.math implementation, as discussed
with Joshua Bloch on 10 and 13 January 2000.
The design changes allow the existing serializable form of the java.math.BigDecimal
class to be preserved, using a negative scale to represent positive exponential notation.
Changes in the context class:
1.
The form property and its associated constants and getForm method has been
removed.24
2.
The constructors have been revised to omit the form argument.
3.
The result of the toString method now has no form= word.
Changes in the number class:
24
1.
Negative scales are now possible. A number with a negative scale is deemed
to be imprecise, and will be converted to a String using exponential notation.
The scale method can now return a negative number.
2.
The BigDecimal constructed from a String with an exponent will now only
continue to have an exponent if imprecision is implied (that is, if normalized to
an integer and a scale the scale will be negative) or if its absolute value is less
than 0.000001.
3.
The format method now uses a boolean for specifying the form of exponential
notation to be used.
The digits setting is now used to imply unlimited precision or standard arithmetic, when zero or non-zero
respectively.
Version 1.33
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
50
4.
The toString method now formats a number with an exponent in engineering
notation, and the conditions for using exponential notation have been simplified.25
5.
The new toScientificString method formats a number with an exponent in scientific notation.
Changes in the arithmetic definition:
1.
The removal of the form setting means that floating point actions (such as the
treatment of zeros) now depends on the digits setting (that is, digits=0 implies
the old form=PLAIN setting).
Changes in Version 1.08 (18 June 2000)
The BigDecimal(double) constructor is no longer deprecated. It provides an exact conversion from double to BigDecimal, which is not available elsewhere.
Changes in Draft 1.10 (4 December 2000)
This draft is the initial discussion document for the JSR 13 Expert Group to consider.
The changes from earlier drafts are primarily editorial, aligning the text more towards
the representation used in the BigDecimal class. Specific changes are as follows.
General changes:
1.
The default exponential format has been changed from Engineering to Scientific, throughout, because this format allows a one-to-one mapping between the
String form and the internal representation.
2.
The “Open Questions” section in the Notes section (see page 45) consolidates
questions for the Expert Group to consider.
3.
A new “Implementation notes” section has been added in the Notes section.
Changes in the number class:
1.
Corrections and clarifications have been made to the definitions of the String
constructor and toString method.
2.
The divide, setScale, and valueof(long,int) methods are now permitted to accept
negative scales. Similarly, certain constructors can produce BigDecimals with
negative scales.
3.
The toScientificString method has been replaced by the toEngineeringString
method, as the toString method now uses scientific exponential notation.
Changes in the arithmetic definition:
25
1.
The definition of numeric string has been rewritten to permit easier crossreferencing (the meaning of the definition has not changed).
2.
The definition of the operators has been clarified where necessary to indicate
that all results are the results of exact operations (rounded when necessary).
Note this is a change of behavior from the existing BigDecimal class for non-zero numbers whose
absolute value is less than 0.000001.
Version 1.33
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
51
Changes in Draft 1.14 (31 January 2001)
This draft is the second discussion document for the JSR 13 Expert Group. The changes
are:
1.
All references to the arithmetic provided by the Java 1.1–1.3 BigDecimal class are
now called unlimited precision arithmetic, and all references to the ANSI X3.274
extended floating point arithmetic are called standard arithmetic. The term “floating
point” is avoided except where referring to the primitive float and double types.
2.
The change history prior to draft 1.07 has been removed.
3.
Numerous clarifications, editorial changes, and cosmetic changes as suggested by
the Expert Group have been effected.
4.
The “Open Questions” section has been revised to reflect the discussions of the
Expert Group, and to add new open questions (notably the addition of mathematical
functions).
5.
The “future extensions” section has been re-ordered to reflect the preferences of the
Expert Group.
Changes in Draft 1.17 (19 February 2001)
This draft is the third discussion document for the JSR 13 Expert Group.
are:
The changes
1.
The shared fields in the context class are no longer part of the specification. The
suggestion that they be shared has been added to the implementation notes.
2.
The range of permissible values for scale is now defined.
3.
A MathContext.UNLIMITED constant has been added.
4.
The Unicode characters for the glyphs used in the BigDecimal class are specified in
a new Character set section (see page 7).
5.
In the examples in the arithmetic definition section, the suffix BD is used to indicate
a BigDecimal constant.
6.
A new section, Mathematical methods (see page 17), has been added.
7.
Additional clarifications, editorial changes, and cosmetic changes as suggested by
the Expert Group have been effected.
Changes in Draft 1.20 (4 April 2001)
This draft is the fourth discussion document for the JSR 13 Expert Group. The changes
are:
1.
The DEFAULT field of the context class has been renamed STANDARD, to make its
purpose clearer.
2.
Each constructor in the number class now has a second form which takes a context
object, which allows input rounding and lost digits checking.
3.
The equals and hashCode methods have been added to the context class.
Version 1.33
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
52
4.
The toString method of the context class now produces true and false for boolean
settings (instead of 1 and 0).
5.
The pow method of the number class has been split to two methods: one which
explicitly takes and int as its first parameter, and the other which carries out a
general “raise to the power” operation.
6.
The format methods of the number class have been removed.
7.
The inputRounding property has been added to the context class. If true, input
operands to methods which use a context object are rounded; if false, they are not.
8.
Additional clarifications, editorial changes, and cosmetic changes as suggested by
the Expert Group have been effected.
Changes in Draft 1.24 (23 April 2001)
This draft is the fifth discussion document for the JSR 13 Expert Group.
are:
The changes
1.
The minimum value of the scale has been changed to Integer.MIN_VALUE.
2.
A new round(MathContext) method has been added.
3.
The RoundingMode class has been added. This provides a type-safe enumeration of
the rounding modes. The MathContext class has been altered to use the new class,
and the setScale method has a new form which uses the new class.
4.
The permissible values for the parameters to the MathContext constructors are now
specified.
5.
Additional clarifications, editorial changes, and cosmetic changes as suggested by
the Expert Group have been effected.
Changes in Draft 1.33 (16 July 2001)
This draft is the Public Review Draft for JSR 13. The changes are:
1.
Internet URL updated to point to the new Java JCP site.
2.
Additional editorial matter and rationale added in response to comments on the
Community Draft.
Version 1.33
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
53
Index
operators 36
overflow 43
precision 35
rounding 43
underflow 43
ArithmeticException
asin method 18
atan method 18
- character 7
. (period)
character 7
in numbers 35
+ character 7
0
0 through 9 characters
B
7
A
abs method 14
acknowledgements 4
acos method 18
ADAR
decimal arithmetic 6
add method 14
addition
definition 37
adjusted exponent 24
ANSI standard
for REXX 2, 34
IEEE 854-1987 3
X3.274-1996 2
arbitrary precision arithmetic
arithmetic 34-44
comparisons 41
decimal 1
errors 43
exceptions 43
lost digits 43
Version 1.33
43
34
BigDecimal
representation of 8
BigDecimal class 6
constants 9
constructors 10
description 8
fields 9
mathematical methods 17
operator methods 13
other methods 20
BigDecimal(BigInteger) constructor 11
BigDecimal(BigInteger,int)
constructor 11
BigDecimal(char[]) constructor 10
BigDecimal(char[],int,int) constructor 10
BigDecimal(double) constructor 10, 51
BigDecimal(int) constructor 10
BigDecimal(long) constructor 12
BigDecimal(String) constructor 11, 50
BigInteger 8
binary floating point 1
blank
in numbers 35
byteValueExact method 20
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
54
to binary 20
cos method 18
C
calculation
context of 5
operands of 5
operation 5
CEILING constant 31
character set 7
comparative methods 41
compareTo method 14, 20
comparison
fuzzy 49
of numbers 41
concepts 5
concrete representation of BigDecimal 8
constant
CEILING 31
DOWN 31
FLOOR 31
HALF_DOWN 31
HALF_EVEN 31
HALF_UP 32
ONE 9
STANDARD 27
TEN 9
UNLIMITED 27
UNNECESSARY 32
UP 32
ZERO 9
constant methods 17
constructor
BigDecimal(BigInteger) 11
BigDecimal(BigInteger,int) 11
BigDecimal(char[]) 10
BigDecimal(char[],int,int) 10
BigDecimal(double) 10, 51
BigDecimal(int) 10
BigDecimal(long) 12
BigDecimal(String) 11
MathContext(int) 28
MathContext(int,boolean) 28
MathContext(int,boolean,boolean,
RoundingMode) 28
MathContext(int,boolean,boolean) 28
context
See also MathContext class
of calculation 5
conversion
from binary 10
Version 1.33
D
decapitation 2
decimal
part of a number 5, 35, 42
point 35
decimal arithmetic 1, 34-44
Atari 6
concepts 5
for Ada 6
decimal digits
in numbers 35
default MathContext 35
degrees 17
digit
definition 35
in numbers 35
digits property 26
divide method 15
divideInteger method 15
division
by zero 43
definition 38
dot
in numbers 35
doubleValue method 20
DOWN constant 31
E
e
18
character 7
method 18
E character 7
E-notation
definition 42
enumeration, RoundingMode
equals method 20, 29, 33
errors during arithmetic 43
examples 17
addition 37
division 38, 40
exponentiation 39
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
31
55
multiplication 38
notation 34
remainder 41
exceptions
divide 43
during arithmetic 43
lost digits 43
lostDigits 43
overflow 43
underflow 43
unnecessary rounding 43
exp
method 18
exp10
method 18
exponent
adjusted 24
part of a number 42
part of an operand 5
exponential notation 11
definition 42
exponentiation
definition 39
extensions 49
F
fixed point arithmetic
See unlimited precision
floating point arithmetic
See also standard arithmetic
binary 1
floatValue method 21
FLOOR constant 31
form property 50
formatting numbers
to String 23
functions, mathematical 4, 17
functions, transcendental 4, 17
future extensions 49
fuzzy comparisons 49
Version 1.33
G
general-purpose arithmetic 27, 34
getDigits method 29
getInputRounding method 29
getLostDigits method 29
getRoundingMode method 29
glyphs 7
H
HALF_DOWN constant 31
HALF_EVEN constant 31
HALF_UP constant 32
hashCode method 21, 29, 33
I
IEEE standard 854-1987 3
implementation notes 47
infinity 49
inputRounding
property 26, 53
integer
preservation 36
integer arithmetic 34-44
integer division
definition 40
intValue method 21
intValueExact method 21
J
Java
arithmetic 1
floating point 1
runtime 1
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
56
L
layout of numbers 23
log
method 18
log10
method 18
longValue method 21
longValueExact method
lostDigits
checking 36, 43
property 26
21
M
mantissa of exponential numbers 42
math methods 4, 17
MathContext
class description 26
constructors 28
fields 27
methods 29
standard 35
MathContext class 6
MathContext(int) constructor 28
MathContext(int,boolean) constructor 28
MathContext(int,boolean,boolean,
RoundingMode) constructor 28
MathContext(int,boolean,boolean)
constructor 28
mathematical methods 17-19, 49
max method 15
method
abs 14
acos 18
add 14
asin 18
atan 18
byteValueExact 20
compareTo 14, 20
cos 18
divide 15
divideInteger 15
doubleValue 20
e 18
equals 20, 29, 33
exp 18
Version 1.33
exp10 18
floatValue 21
getDigits 29
getInputRounding 29
getLostDigits 29
getRoundingMode 29
hashCode 21, 29, 33
intValue 21
intValueExact 21
log 18
log10 18
longValue 21
longValueExact 21
max 15
min 16
movePointLeft 21
movePointRight 22
multiply 16
negate 16
pi 18
plus 16
pow 16, 18
remainder 16
round 22
scale 22
setScale 22
shortValueExact 23
signum 23
sin 18
sqrt 19
subtract 16
tan 19
toBigInteger 23
toBigIntegerExact 23
toCharArray 23
toDegrees 19
toEngineeringString 23, 51
toRadians 19
toString 23, 29, 33
unscaledValue 25
valueOf(double) 25
valueOf(long) 25
methods
comparative 41
constant 17
mathematical 17-19
operator 36
transcendental 4, 17
min method 16
modulo
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
57
See remainder operator
movePointLeft method 21
movePointRight method 22
multiplication
definition 37
multiply method 16
N
NaN 49
negate method 16
negative scale 50
non-Arabic digits
in numbers 35
Not a Number 49
notes 45
implementation 47
numbers
arithmetic on 36
comparison of 41
definition 35, 42
from Strings 35
numeric
part of an operand 5
numeric string 51
definition 35
O
ONE constant 9
open questions 46
operand
of calculation 5
operation 5
operator methods
arithmetic 36
optimizations 47
OutOfMemoryError 44
overflow, arithmetic 43
Version 1.33
P
period
in numbers 35
pi 18
example 17
method 18
plain numbers 42
See also numbers
plus method 16
point
in numbers 35
pow (power) method 16, 18, 53
power operator
definition 39
powers of ten in numbers 42
precision
arbitrary 34
default 35
of a calculation 6
of arithmetic 35
standard 35
unlimited 14
property 26
CEILING 31
digits 26
DOWN 31
FLOOR 31
HALF_DOWN 31
HALF_EVEN 31
HALF_UP 32
inputRounding 26
lostDigits 26
ONE 9
roundingMode 26
STANDARD 27
TEN 9
UNLIMITED 27
UNNECESSARY 32
UP 32
ZERO 9
proposal 2
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
58
Q
questions, open
46
R
radians 17
remainder method 16
remainder operator
definition 41
representation of a BigDecimal
requirements 1
residue
See remainder operator
round method 22
rounding 13
checking 43
definition 36
exceptions from 43
unexpected 43
rounding behavior 31
RoundingMode 53
class description 31
fields 31
methods 33
roundingMode property 26
8
signum method 23
simple number
See numbers
sin method 18
specification 7
sqrt method 19
square root
See sqrt method
standard arithmetic 8, 14, 27, 34-44
STANDARD constant 27, 52
standard MathContext 35
string, numeric 35
subtract method 16
subtraction
definition 37
T
tan method 19
TEN constant 9
ten, powers of 42
toBigInteger method 23
toBigIntegerExact method 23
toCharArray method 23
toDegrees method 19
toEngineeringString method 23, 51
toRadians method 19
toScientificString method 51
toString method 23, 29, 33, 50
transcendental methods 4, 17
S
scale 2, 8, 22
method 22
negative 50
of a result 42
scaled arithmetic 2, 49
setScale method 22
shortValueExact method 23
sign
in numbers 35
of an operand 5
significand of exponential numbers 42
significant digits, in arithmetic 35
Version 1.33
U
ulp 17, 36
underflow, arithmetic 43
unexpected rounding 43
unicode characters 7
UNLIMITED constant 27
unlimited precision 2, 8, 14, 27, 34-44
UNNECESSARY constant 32
unnecessary rounding 43
unscaledValue method 25
UP constant 32
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
59
V
Z
valueOf(double) method 25
valueOf(long) method 25
ZERO constant 9
zero, division by 43
W
white space
in numbers
Version 1.33
35
Copyright (c) IBM Corporation 2001. All rights reserved.
60