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Biology Fall Semester Study Guide
Vocabulary:
Biology
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
pH
experiment
control group
independent variable
dependent variable
theory
atom
element
compound
molecule
ion
cohesion
adhesion
solution
acid
base
carbohydrate
monosccharide
lipid
protein
amino acid
nucleic acid
nucleotide
DNA
RNA
ATP
Energy
Activation energy
Enzyme
Substrate
Active site
Light microscope
Electron microscope
Magnification
Resolution
Scanning
tunneling
microscope
Cell theory
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Electron transport
chain
NADPH
Carbon dioxide
fixation
Calvin cycle
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Glycolysis
NADH
Krebs cycle
FADH2
Fermentation
Gamete
Binary fission
Gene
Chromosome
Chromatid
Centromere
Homologous
chromosome
Diploid
Haploid
Zygote
Autosome
Sex chromosome
Karyotype
Cell cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Cancer
Spindle
Meiosis
Crossing-over
Independent
assortment
Spermatogenesis
Sperm
Oogenesis
Ovum
Asexual
reproduction
Clone
Sexual
reproduction
Life cycle
Fertilization
Sporophyte
Spore
Gametophyte
Heredity
Cytoskeleton
Ribosome
Prokaryote
Cell wall
Flagellum
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Organelle
Cilium
Phospholipid
Lipid bilayer
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Vesicle
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Central vacuole
Passive transport
Concentration
gradient
Equilibrium
Diffusion
Osmosis
Hypertonic
solution
Hypotonic
solution
Isotonic solution
Ion channel
Carrier protein
Facilitated
diffusion
Active
transport
Sodiumpotassium
pump
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Receptor
protein
Second
messenger
Photosynthesis
Autotroph
Heterotroph
Cellular
respiration
Pigment
Chlorophyll
Carotenoid
Thylakoid
Genetics
Monohybrid
cross
True-breeding
P generation
F1 generation
F2 generation
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Genotype
Phenotype
Law of
segregation
Law of
independent
assortment
Punnett square
Test cross
Probability
Pedigree
Sex-linked trait
Polygenic trait
Incomplete
dominance
Codominance
Multiple alleles
Vaccine
Virulent
Transformation
Bacteriophage
Double helix
Nucleotide
Deoxyribose
Base-pairing rules
Complementary
DNA replication
DNA helicase
Replication fork
DNA polymerase
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Biology Fall Semester Study Guide
Major Semester Exam Concepts:
Chapter 1
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2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
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9.)
10.)
11.)
12.)
13.)
14.)
15.)
16.)
17.)
18.)
What are the first and last things to do before entering and leaving the lab area?
Give 3 examples example of how humans maintain homeostasis.
Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables.
What is meant by a controlled experiment? Why is it important to only test one variable at a time?
What is biology?
What is the best graph to use in representing measured data? Categorical data? Percentage data?
Be able to interpret information from line graphs, bar graphs, pie charts, and data tables.
Explain the difference between a scientific theory and a hypothesis.
What is the control in an experiment?
Explain what to do if an experiment gives an unexpected result.
What are the metric units on a meter stick? A ruler? A graduated cylinder? A balance?
What type of microscope would be used to view living samples?
Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative research.
Describe the relationship between cells and organisms.
List the 4 characteristics that all living things share.
Why are observations critical to the scientific process?
How do biologists test hypotheses?
Explain scientific theories and list one reason why they may be altered or replaced.
Chapter 2
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
What type of bond is responsible for the properties of water?
What is an atom? …an element? …a compound? …a molecule?
How are compounds and mixtures different?
List the four carbon-based molecules and their associated building blocks.
What element is found in all organic molecules?
What kind of special bonds link amino acids?
Why are lipids important?
Why are enzymes considered catalysts, and what factors control the efficiency of enzyme
function?
Chapter 3
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2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
9.)
10.)
11.)
12.)
13.)
What is the main difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Where would you find water with respect to the cell?
How are cilia and flagella similar in function?
If rice swells after sitting in water, explain what caused the swelling.
Active and passive transport are ways in which the cell works to maintain what?
List one example of osmosis.
A cell placed in a hypertonic solution will do what? What if it was placed in a hypotonic solution?
Which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the cell?
What are 2 functions of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
Why are lipids important?
What organelle synthesizes protein?
Draw a picture of the phospholipid bilayer.
What are three things found in plant cells that are not found in animal cells?
Chapter 4
1.)
2.)
3.)
Write the equation for photosynthesis and explain the reaction in words.
Write the equation for cellular respiration and explain how respiration could be measured in
humans.
Where does glycolysis happen (specifically inside the cell) and how many ATP molecules are
generated per molecule of glucose?
3
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
9.)
Draw and label the parts of a chloroplast and include thylakoid and stroma.
Where do light dependent reactions take place? …the dark reactions take place?
Why do plants look green?
How is ATP stored?
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?
ATP is most efficiently produced during what process?
Chapter 5
1.)
2.)
3.)
Draw and label the stages of mitosis in the correct order.
Why is mitosis important for multicellular organisms?
If plants reproduce via vegetative propagation, will the offspring be genetically identical to the
parent plant or genetically unique?
List the advantages of asexual reproduction.
List the advantages of sexual reproduction.
During what phase of mitosis do chromosomes become visible?
What is dividing during mitosis?
Draw the process of binary fission.
DNA is replicated during what phase of the cell cycle?
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
9.)
Chapter 6
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2.)
3.)
4.)
Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
In a testcross what two individuals are crossed?
What is the result of meiosis? What is the result of mitosis?
In a cross between a homozygous dominant parent and a heterozygous parent, predict the
genotypic and phenotypic ratios in the offspring.
Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous traits.
Draw an illustration of crossing over.
What is nondisjunction?
During meiosis, in which phase do homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
What is the difference between haploid and diploid chromosome number?
How many chromosomes are in human somatic cells? …in human gametes?
Male and female gametes combine to form what?
5.)
6.)
7.)
8.)
9.)
10.)
11.)
Chapter 7
1.)
2.)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Explain sex linked traits.
How would the following be represented be represented in a pedigree?
males exhibiting a trait
males without the trait
females exhibiting a trait
females without the trait
female carriers of the trait
Chapter 8
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)
6.)
7.)
Draw an example of inversion.
What is deletion?
Draw a DNA molecule and explain the structure.
What is genetics?
What are the parts of a DNA molecule?
According to base pairing rules cytosine pairs with what and thymine pairs with what?
Explain DNA replication.