Unit 5 “Everything is on the Move”
APPENDIX 7
THE ARROW AND THE SONG
H.W.Longfellow
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where.
For so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
I breathed a song into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where
For who has sight so keen and strong
That it can follow the flight of a song?
Long, long afterward in an oak,
I found the arrow, still unbroke:
And the song from beginning to end,
I found again in the heart of a friend.
APPENDIX 8
THE GUINESS BOOK OF RECORDS
N1
The fastest flying bird in level flight is white-throated spine-tailed swift.
N2
The largest butterfly found in Britain is the Monarch butterfly also called the
Milkweed or Black-veined brown butterfly. It breeds in the southern United States
and Central America
N3
The fastest of all animals over a short distance (i.e. up to 549m) is the Cheetah
or Hunting Leopard of the open planes of East Africa, Iran, Turkmenia and
Afghanistan, with a probable maximum speed of 96 – 101kmh.
N4
The fastest land animal over the distance of 914m or more is the Pronghorn
antelope of the Western United States.
N5
The only flying mammals are bats of which there are about 1,000 species.
N6
No other animal can match the extreme proven 119 years attained by Man
(Homosapiens).
It is probable that the closest approach is made by the Asiatic elephant. The
greatest age that has been verified with absolute certainty is 78 years in the case of
a cow named ‘Modoc’, who died at Santa Clara, California, USA on 17 July 1975.
She was imported into the USA from Germany in1898 at the age of two.
UNIT 6 “Taking a Bath is Easy”
APPENDIX 9
“THE GUINESS BOOK OF RECORDS”
N1
The heaviest human in recorded medical history was John Brower Minnoch
(b.29 Sept. 1941) of Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA, who was carried on
planking by a rescue team into the University Hospital, in March 1978. His highest
recorded bodyweight was 442kg in September 1976. To roll him over in his
hospital bed it took 13 attendants.
N2
The heaviest woman ever recorded was the late Mrs.Percy Washington, 46
who died in hospital on 9 Oct. 1972. The hospital scales registered only up to
362,8kg but she was believed to weigh about 399,1kg. The previous feminine
weight record had been set 84 years earlier at 386kg.
N3
Mrs Flora Mac Jackson (nee´ King), a 175cm Negress was born in 1930 in
the USA. She weighed 4,5kg at birth (10lb), 121kg at the age of 11, 282kg (621lb)
at 25 and 381kg (840lb) shortly before her death in Miridian, Mississippi,on 9 Dec.
1965.
She was known in show business as “Baby Flo”.
N4
The reported record for gaining weight was set by John Minnoch when in
October 1981 he was readmitted to University Hospital, Washington State, the
USA having re-gained 91kg in 7 days.
N5
The brain of an average adult male (20 – 25 years) weighs 1424g, decreasing
gradually to 1395g with advancing age. The heaviest non-diseased brain on record
was that of Ivan Sergeyvich Turgenev (1818 – 1883), the Russian Auther. His
brain weighed 2012g.
N6
There are two recorded cases of patients surviving body temperatures as low
as 16,0ºC. Dorothy Stevens,(1924 – 74) was found in an alley in Chicago, Illinois
on 1Feb. 1951 and Vickie Mary Davis aged 2 years 1 month in an unheated house
in Marshall town, Iowa on 12 Jan. 1956, both with this temperature. People may
die of hypothermia with body temperature of 35,0º
UNIT 7
The House is 300 Years Old
APPENDIX 10
THIS IS THE HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT
This is the house
That Jack built.
This is the malt
That lay in the house
That Jack built.
This is the rat
That ate the malt
That lay in the house
That Jack built.
This is the cat
That killed the rat
That ate the malt
That lay in the house
That Jack built.
This is the dog
That worried the cat
That killed the rat
That ate the malt
That lay in the house
That Jack built.
This is the cow with crumpled horn
That tossed the dog
That worried the cat
That killed the rat
That ate the malt
That lay in the house
That Jack built.
APPENDIX 11
35, Manor Road,
Harpole
Portsmouth.
30th August
Dear Bob,
I’m just writing to let you know our new address and to invite you to our
house-warming party next Saturday. I’m sorry about the lack of warning, but
we’ve been busy moving house and I’ve had little time for anything else. In any
case we found out that the cost of moving was not as high as we had reckoned and
that we had a little cash to spare.
We moved in here two days ago and we’ve been working non-stop ever
since. This evening we decided to have a few hours’ rest, so I’m writing a few
invitations to some friends.
You do this trip from Oxford to Portsmouth in two hours now the motorway
is open. Harpole is rather difficult to find though, because it’s a new housing estate
and few people know where it is.
Give us a ring when you are in the area, and I’ll give detailed directions to
you then. Our number is 67453.
Barbara and I hope you can make it in spite of the short notice.
All the best,
Charles.
P.S. We can fix you up with a place to sleep – I imagine you can put up with a
mattress on the floor!
UNIT 8 “ NO TALKING!”
APPENDIX 12
TO-MORROW
P.B.Shelley
Where art thou, beloved To-morrow?
When young and old, and strong and weak,
Rich and poor, through joy and sorrow,
Thy sweet smiles we ever seek, In thy place – ah, well-a-day!
We find the thing we fled – To-day!
APPENDIX 13
The Guiness Book of Records
1. The longest recorded continuous speech in the Chamber of the House of
Commons was that of Henry Peter Brougham (1778 – 1868) on 7 Feb.1828, when
he spoke for six hours on Labour Reform. He ended at 10.40 p.m. and the report of
this speech occupied 12 columns of the next day’s edition of the TIMES.
2. The longest back bench speech under present, much stricter, Standing
Orders, has been one of 3 hr.16 min. by Sir Bernard Braine (b.1914), the
Conservative Member for Essex, South East concerning Canvey Island on 23 – 24
July 1974.
3. Historically the longest recorded after dinner speech with unsuspecting
victims was one of 3 hr. by the Rev. Henry Whitehead (d. March 1896) at
the Rainbow Tavern, Fleet Street, London on 16 Jan. 1874.
Gyles Brandreth spoke for 12,5 hours at the National Playing Fields Association
dinner at the London Embassy Hotel, on 3 -4 Apr. 1982 until after breakfast.
4. The longest continuous speech in the history of the United States Senate was
that of Senator Morse (1900 – 1974) of Oregon on 24 -25 Apr.1953, when he
spoke on the Tide Lands Oil Bill for 22 hr. 26 min. without resuming his seat.
Interrupted only briefly by the swearing of a new senator, Senator Strom
Thurmond (b.1902) (South Carolina, Democrat) spoke against the Civil Rights Bill
for 24.hr 19 min. on 28 -29 Aug. 1957.
The United States national record duration for a filibuster is 43 hr. by Texas
State senator Bill Meier against nondisclosure of industrial accidents in May 1977.
( a filibuster – one who obstructs legislation by speeches, motions).
5. A feminine non-stop talking record was set by Mrs Mary E. Davis, who on 2
– 7 Sept. 1958 started at a radio station in Buffalo, New York, USA and did not
draw breath until 110 hrs. 5 sec. later in Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
UNIT 9 “USING A DICTIONARY”
APPENDIX 14
Dictionaries
Lexicography is the science of dictionary-compiling. It deals with the form,
meaning and origin of vocabulary units.
The material collected in dictionaries is widely used by linguists in their research.
It is believed that all the words and phraseological units existing in the language
are recorded in dictionaries. But different dictionaries register different number of
words. One of the reasons is the constant growth of English. New words appear in
the language.
All dictionaries may be roughly divided into two main types – encyclopaedic
and linguistic. Linguistic dictionaries are word-books, they describe the vocabulary
units. Encyclopaedias are thing-books, they deal with concepts. For example, the
entry ‘influenza’ in a linguistic dictionary presents its spelling and pronunciation,
grammar characteristics, derivatives, synonyms, etc. In an encyclopaedia the entry
‘influenza’ shows the causes, symptoms, characteristics and varieties of the disease,
various treatments etc.
All the linguistic dictionaries fall into
1) general dictionaries which present a wide range of data about the vocabulary
items in ordinary use. Two most widely used types of dictionaries – explanatory
and parallel or translation dictionaries belong to this group;
2) specialized dictionaries which deal with one particular aspect. Specialised
dictionaries are dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms, word-frequency, new
words, slang. There are also phraseological, etimological, pronouncing dictionaries
and others.
All types of dictionaries may be monolingual or bilingual, i.e. the information
may be given in the same language or in another language.
General Dictionaries
1. Explanatory Dictionaries
There is a great number of explanatory dictionaries, big and small, e.g. Shorter
Oxford Dictionary on Historical Principles (SOD), Webster’s New International
Dictionary (NID), H.C.Wyld’s Universal Dictionary of the English Language, The
Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Current English (COD), Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary (WCD) etc.
Most of the dictionaries deal with the form, usage and meaning of words in
modern English. In explanatory dictionaries the entry usually presents spelling and
pronunciation, grammatical characteristics, meanings, illustrative examples,
derivatives, phraseology, etymology, synonyms and antonyms. Not all these data
can be found in every dictionary of this type.
2. Translation Dictionaries
Translation or parallel dictionaries contain vocabulary items in one language and
their equivalents in another language.
3. Learner’s Dictionary
Some dictionaries were specially compiled for foreign language learners. The
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary by A.S.Hornby is a dictionary compiled on the
basis of COD for advanced foreign learners of English and language teachers.
Specialized Dictionaries
1) Dictionaries of Synonyms
The best known of the group are A Dictionary of English Synonyms and
Synonymous Expressions by R.Soule and Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms.
Some dictionaries merely enumerate words close in meaning to help the user recall
synonyms that may have been forgotten. Others explain the difference in use and
style, and how each synonym is related to and differs from all the others in the
same group.
2) Phraseological Dictionaries
By phraseology compilers mean all sorts of linguistic anomalities. The Oxford
Dictionary of English Proverbs, V.Collins’ ‘Book of English Idioms’ are best
known.
3) Pronouncing Dictionaries
They record contemporary pronunciation. The world-famous is English
Pronouncing Dictionary by Daniel Jones.
4. Etymological Dictionaries trace present-day words to the old forms.
5. Ideological Dictionaries are different from the other types of dictionaries.
Words there are not arranged alphabetically but grouped by the concepts expressed.
They are designed for English-speaking writers, orators or translators seeking to
express their ideas adequately; that is why they contain no stylistic remarks,
definitions or explanations of usage. P.M.Roget’s THESAURUS of English Words
and Phrases is the oldest ideological dictionary in the world.